tafila technical university Faculty engineering

Experiment 2 Compression test

Name: Salam Fayez Albaradie Lecturer name: Dr.Tamer Alshaqarin

Date of submission: 9/3/2014

1.

Introduction

Compression tests are used to determine how a product or material reacts when it is compressed, squashed, crushed or flattened by measuring fundamental parameters that determine the specimen behavior under a compressive load. These include the elastic limit, which for "Hooke an" materials is approximately equal to the proportional limit, and also known as yield point or yield strength, Young's Modulus (these, although mostly associated with tensile testing, may have compressive analogs) and compressive strength. Compression tests can be undertaken as part of the design process, in the production environment or in the quality control laboratory, and can be used to:

Assess the strength of components e.g. automotive and aeronautical control switches, compression springs, bellows, keypads, package seals, PET containers, PVC / ABS pipes, solenoids etc. Characterize the compressive properties of materials e.g. foam, metal, PET and other plastics and rubber

1.1 Objective
To determine the compressive strength of given sample To determine the modules of elasticity

1.2 Benefits

of Compression Testing

Compression testing provides data on the integrity and safety of materials, components and products, helping manufacturers ensure that their finished products are fit-for-purpose and manufactured to the highest quality. The data produced in a compression test can be used in many ways including:

To determine batch quality To determine consistency in manufacture To aid in the design process To reduce material costs and achieve lean manufacturing goals To ensure compliance with international and industry standards

1.3 Applications

of Compression Testing

Compression testing is used to guarantee the quality of components, materials and finished products within wide range industries. Typical applications of compression testing are highlighted in the following sections on:

Aerospace and Automotive Industry Construction Industry Cosmetics Industry Electrical and Electronic Industry Medical Device Industry

2.

Theory

Stress-strain diagrams for compression have different shapes from those for tension. Ductile materials such as steel, aluminum and brass have proportional limits in compression very close to those in tension. Therefore the initial regions of their compression stress-strain diagrams are very similar to the tension diagrams. However, when yielding begins, the behavior is quite different. In a tensile test, the specimen is stretched, necking may occur, and fracture ultimately takes place. When a small specimen of ductile material is compressed, it begins to bulge outward on the sides and become barrel shaped. With increasing load, the specimen is flattened out, thus offering increased resistance to further shortening (which means the stress-strain curve goes upward). These characteristics are illustrated below, which shows a compression stress-strain diagram for copper. Brittle materials in compression typically have an initial linear region followed by a region in which the shortening increases at a higher rate than does the load. Thus, the compression stress-strain diagram has a shape that is similar to the shape of the tensile diagram. However, brittle materials usually reach much higher ultimate stresses in compression than in tension. Also, unlike ductile materials in compression, brittle materials actually fracture or break at the maximum load. The tension and compression stress-strain diagrams for a particular type of cast iron are given in Figure 1.

Figure 1. The tension and compression stress-strain diagrams for a particular type of cast iron

3.

Calculation And Figures

Figures
160 140 120 100 80

3.1.

y = 0.2668x - 11.651 R = 0.9934

stress (mpa)

60

40
20 0 0 -20 100 200 300 400 500 600

strain (mm/mm)

Figure 2 true stress vs. strain

3.2.

Calculation

Modules of elasticity (E) = and its (E) equal to (0.2667751.2%) (Gpa).

From the figure the slope of the line is

3.3.

Sample of calculation
Force (N)
0 0 95 99 120.5 176 187.5 199 513.5 1368.5 1373.5 1378 1382.5 1382.5 1387 1391.5 1975 1979.5 1979.5 1984 1988.5 1993 1997.5 1997.5 2002.5 2007 10104.5

Deformation (10^-3)
2 9 686 691 720 772 780 789 935 1277 1279 1280 1281 1282 1284 1285 1486 1487 1489 1490 1491 1492 1494 1495 1496 1499 5517

Stress (mpa) 0 0 1.326445127 1.382295448 1.682490924 2.45741413 2.617983803 2.778553477 7.169784976 19.10779112 19.17760402 19.24043563 19.30326724 19.30326724 19.36609886 19.42893047 27.57609606 27.63892767 27.63892767 27.70175929 27.7645909 27.82742251 27.89025412 27.89025412 27.96006702 28.02289863 141.0848925

Strain (mm/mm)
0.2 0.9 68.6 69.1 72 77.2 78 78.9 93.5 127.7 127.9 128 128.1 128.2 128.4 128.5 148.6 148.7 148.9 149 149.1 149.2 149.4 149.5 149.6 149.9 551.7

4. conclusions
In this experiment, we have seen how the response of the sample with a Compression force acting on them; was the type specimen of aluminum; we find that the closest relationship to be linear between stress and strain.