Exp.

No: 1 Date :

TENSION TEST ON A MILD STEEL ROD

AIM: To conduct tension test on the given specimen and determine the following Yield Stress Nominal stress Actual breaking Stress Ultimate stress Percentage of elongation Percentage reduction in cross sectional area / E APPARATUS REQUIRED: Universal Testing Machine (UTM) Mild steel specimen Ruler Divider Vernier caliper TABULATION: LOAD ( KN) EXTENSION (mm)

SL.NO

STRESS (N/mm2)

STRAIN

FORMULAE USED: Yield Load 1) Yield Stress = Cross Sectional Area N/mm2

Ultimate Load 2) Ultimate Stress = Cross Sectional Area N/mm2

Breaking Load 3) Nominal Breaking Stress = Cross Sectional Area of Specimen N/mm2

Breaking Load 4) Actual Breaking Stress = Neck Area N/mm2

Change in length 5) Percentage of Elongation = Original gauge Length x 100 %

Change in area 6) Percentage reduction in Area of cross section GRAPH: = Original area x 100 %

Where, P Proportional Limit E Elastic limit YU Upper Yield Point YL Lower Yield Point S Ultimate Tensile strength B Fracture point

PROCEDURE: 1. Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be length of gauge section which is marked in the specimen with a preset punch. 2. Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain measuring device to it. 3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.

4. Take readings more frequently and record as yield point is approached. 5. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler. 6. Continue the test till fracture occurs. 7. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together the final length and diameter of specimen.

RESULT: Different parameters of the given specimen are. 1. Yield stress 2. Ultimate stress 3. Nominal breaking stress 4. Actual breaking stress 5. Percentage of elongation 6. Percentage reduction in Cross sectional area = __________ % = __________N/mm2 = __________ N/mm2 = __________N/mm2 = __________N/mm2 = __________ %

Exp. No: 2 Date : AIM:

DOUBLE SHEAR TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD

To determine shear stress by conducting shear test on the specimen under double shear.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Universal Testing Machine Double Shear assembly box Vernier caliper Test specimen FORMULAE USED:

Ultimate Shear Stress () =

W 2A

N/mm2

Where, W A - Ultimate Shear strength (N/mm2) - Ultimate load in (N) - area of the specimen in mm2

OBSERVATION:
Given material of specimen Diameter of specimen rod Maximum Shear Load = Mild steel = -----= ------

TABULATION: Diameter of Specimen the specimen d (mm) Mild steel Rod Cross Sectional area A(mm2) Maximum Shear Load W (kN) Ultimate Shear stress ( N/mm2)

PROCEDURE: 1. The diameter of rod is measured using vernier caliper. 2. The specimen is inserted in position in double shear assembly box and is gripped between the compression plates of universal testing machine. 3. The universal testing machine is switched on. 4. A suitable load is selected. 5. Left side valve is kept in a closed position and right side loading valve is gradually opened and the load is applied on the specimen till it shear. 6. The maximum load taken by the specimen at that time is noted. 7. Then the machine is stopped and the ultimate shear strength of the specimen is noted.

RESULT: The ultimate Double shear stress of the Mild steel specimen is_____________ N/mm2.

Exp. No: 4 Date :

IMPACT STRENGTH TEST (CHARPYS TEST)

AIM: To determine the impact strength of material of the given specimen by charpys impact test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Impact testing machine Charpys test specimen Vernier caliper.

OBSERVATION: Breath of specimen (b) Depth of specimen (d) Length of specimen (l) Depth of notch(d1) TABULATION: = ________ = ________ = ________ = ________ mm mm mm mm

Specimen

Dimensions of Specimen Depth of Breath Depth Length Notch b d l d mm mm mm mm

Impact Energy Observed k J

Impact Strength I=k/A J / m2

MODEL CALCULATION: Area of cross- section of specimen (A) = b X (d-d1) mm2

Impact energy observed Impact strength

(K) = _______ (I) = K/A

J J/m2

FORMULAE USED: Notch Impact Strength I =K/A Where, I = Notch impact strength in J/m2 K = Impact energy absorbed by specimen in Joules A = Area of the cross section of specimen below notch before test in m2 J/m2

PROCEDURE: 1) The hammer is raised and locked. 2) The pointer is set at maximum position of graduated energy of dial. 3) The safety load bar is placed horizontally arms of projecting bars. 4) The trigger is released and pendulum is allowed to swing. This actuates the pointer to move in the dial. 5) See that no person is on within range to swing of pendulum. 6) The specimen is placed in such a way that notch is opposite to the direction of the pendulum for contact centering of specimen. The end stop is provided. 7) The latches are released and pendulum is allowed to strike on specimen (or) bending the specimen is noted in the dial. 8) Then the impact energy required for the rupture of the specimen is directly measured on indicator.

RESULT: The Charpy impact strength is calculated as, The impact strength of the given specimen (I) = J/m2

Exp. No: 5 Date AIM: :

IMPACT STRENGTH TEST (IZOD TEST)

To determine the impact strength of the given specimen by Izod impact test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Impact testing machine Izod specimen Vernier caliper.

OBSERVATION: Breath of specimen (b) Depth of specimen (d) Length of specimen (l) Depth of notch (d1) = ________ = ________ = ________ = ________ mm mm mm mm

TABULATION:

Specimen

Dimensions of Specimen Depth of Breath Depth Length Notch b d l d mm mm mm mm

Impact Energy Observed k J

Impact Strength I=k/A J / m2

MODEL CALCULATION: Area of cross- section of specimen (A) = b X (d-d1) mm2

Impact energy observed Impact strength

(K) (I)

= _______ = K/A

J J/m2

FORMULAE USED: Notch Impact Strength I =K/A Where, I = Notch impact strength in J/m2 K = Impact energy absorbed by specimen in Joules A = Area of the cross section of specimen below notch before test in m2 PROCEDURE: 1. The hammer is raised and locked. 2. The pointer is set at max. position of graduated energy of dial. 3. The safety load bar is placed horizontally arms of projecting bars. 4. The trigger is released and pendulum is allowed to swing. This actuates the pointer to move in the dial. 5. See that no person is on within range to swing of pendulum. 6. The specimen is placed vertically ie cantilever position in such a way that notch is opposite to the direction of the pendulum for contact centering of specimen. The end stop is provided. 7. The latches are released and pendulum is allowed to strike on specimen (or) bending the specimen is noted in the dial. 8. Then the impact energy required for the rupture of the specimen is directly measured on indicator. J/m2

RESULT: The Izod impact strength is calculated as, The impact strength of the given specimen (I) = J/m2

Exp. No: 6 Date :

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

AIM: To determine the brinell hardness number of the given specimen.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Brinell Hardness Testing Machine Brinell Microscope Ball Indenter (5,10 mm) Test specimens

TABULATION: Diameter of Impression d1

(mm)

S. No

Name of the Material

Load (Kgf) P

d2
(mm)

Mean dia of Impressio n (mm) d

Area A mm2

Brinell Hardness Number (BHN)

MODEL CALCULATION: Name of the Specimen Applied Load (P) Ball diameter (D) Diameter of the impression d1 Diameter of the impression d2 = = = = = Kg mm mm mm.

D Surface Area of Impression (A)

=

D -

(D2 d2 )

] mm2

Brinell Hardness Number (P/A)

= _____________ Kg/mm2 Or BHN

PROCEDURE: 1. The type of ball indenter of specified diameter is selected and fixed in machine head. 2. The surface of specimen is to be cleaned from dust, oil etc. before placing it on the test platform. 3. The platform with specimen is raised until gap between indenter and specimen is minimum. Now the machine is switched on. 4. The load-applying lever is released to original position. 5. A minor load is applied manually while the specimen is made contact with the indenter. 6. The platform is lowered and the machine is switched off. 7. Then with the help of brinell microscope the diameter of impression is measured and tabulated. 8. Then with the help of brinell microscope the dia of impression is measured in two directions at right angle to each other and average dia to be taken and tabulated. 9. The above procedure is repeated for different specimen with minimum three readings in each specimen.

RESULT: The Brinell hardness number of 1. ____________with _______ Ball diameter 2. ____________with _______ Ball diameter 3. ____________with _______ Ball diameter = __________ BHN = __________ BHN = __________ BHN

Exp. No: 7 Date AIM: :

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

To determine the Rockwell hardness Number of given specimen.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Rockwell hardness testing machine 2. Penetrates 3. Test specimen. TABULATION: Name of the Material Load (Kgf) Load (N) Dial Reading Rockwell Hardness Number

S.No

Penetrates

Scale

PROCEDURE: 1. Insert ball of dia. 'D' in ball holder of the m/c. 2. Make the specimen surface clean by removing dust, dirt, oil and grease etc. 3. Make contact between the specimen surface and the ball by rotating the jack adjusting wheel. 4. Push the required button for loading. 5. Pull the load release lever wait for minimum 15 second. The load will automatically apply gradually. 6. Remove the specimen from support table and locate the indentation so made. 7. Repeat the entire operation, 3-times. RESULT: The Rockwell hardness number of 1. ____________with _______penetrate 2. ____________with _______penetrate 3. ____________with _______penetrate 4. ____________with _______penetrate = __________ RHN = __________ RHN = __________ RHN = __________ RHN

Exp. No: 8 STEEL) Date AIM: :

DEFLECTION TEST ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM (MILD

To find the values of Youngs modulus of the material of a simply supported beam (mild steel) by conducting deflection test. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1) Deflection of beam apparatus 2) Weight 3) Beam ( steel) 4) Deflect meter 5) Knife edge support 6) Loading hanger 7) Vernier caliper FORMULA USED: W a x (L2 a2 x2) Youngs Modulus Where, bd3 I W L x a b d = = = = = = = = Moment of inertia in mm Load applied in N Effective span of the beam in mm Mean deflection of the beam in mm Distance between the deflect meter and one knife edge in mm Distance between the load hanger and another knife edge in mm Breath of specimen in mm Thickness of the specimen in mm
4

E= 6 IL

N/mm2

= 12

OBSERVATIONS: Effective span of the beam L Breath of specimen in b = =

Thickness of the specimen ind Least count deflection of the beam Distance between the deflect meter and one knife edge x Distance between the load hanger and another knife edge in a

= = = =

TABULATION: Load applied S.No ( W) Kg Load applied ( W) N Loading Unloading Mean Deflection () mm Youngs Modulus (E) N/mm2 1

Deflect meter Reading

PROCEDURE: 1. Place the beam on the knife edges on the blocks so as to project equally beyond each knife edge. See that the load is applied at the centre of the beam. 2. Note the initial reading of vernier scale 3. Add a weight of 50 N (say) and again note the reading of the vernier scale. 4. Go on taking reading adding 50 N (say) each time till you have minimum six readings. 5. Find the deflection in each case by subtracting the initial reading of vernier scale. Plot the graph between load and deflection. On the graph choose any two convenient points and between these points find the corresponding values of W and . putting these values in the above relation, we can find the E.

GRAPH: X-Axis Y-Axis Deflection (mm) Load (N)

RESULT: The Youngs modulus of given mild steel material is Theoretical (E) Graphical (E) = =

COMPRESSION TEST ON HELICAL SPRING

MODEL GRAPH

OBSERVATION: Diameter of the rod (d) Diameter of the spring (D) Inner diameter of spring (D1) Height of the spring (h) Number of turns (n) = = = = = d + D1 Mean radius of spring ( R) = 2 Mm mm mm mm mm

Exp. No : 9 Date :

COMPRESSION TEST ON HELICAL SPRING

AIM: To study the load deflection behavior of the helical spring and to determine the Stiffness of spring and Modulus of rigidity.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Spring testing machine A spring Micrometer Vernier caliper Scale FORMULA USED: 1. Stiffness of spring S =

(Slope of W- curve)

W/

N/mm

2. Modulus of rigidity (C) W R n d applied Load (N)

64 WR3n = d
4

N/mm2

Mean radius of the spring (mm) No. of turns Deflection of the spring ( mm ) diameter of the spring Wire (mm)

TABULATION: Compression due to the load Sl. No Applied Load (Kg) Applied Load (N) Loading (mm) Unloading (mm) Mean (mm) Modulus of rigidity C (N/mm2) Stiffness S (N/mm)

PROCEDURE: 1. Measure the diameter (d) of the spring bar forming the coil at 3 locations and take the average value as the diameter of the bar. 2. Determine the mean radius(r) of the spring, record the number of turns (n). Determine the pitch (p) of the spring and measure the free height of spring (h). 3. The compression spring is placed centrally on the bottom plate and the upper plate is lowered such that it just touches the upper plate. 4. The pointer on the dial is set to zero. The Load is gradually applied. 5. Note the deflections for both loading as well as Unloading. Calculate the average of the loads for the various deflections. 6. Unlock the testing machine and fix the spring in position. Make zero adjustment in the dial by adjusting the weight on the spring. 7. Apply the load slowly note the deflections for both loading and unloading by 20N steps. At least 6 readings have to be noted.

RESULT: 1. Stiffness of spring (S) i) From calculation ii) From graph 2. Modulus of rigidity (C) i) From calculation ii) From graph = ________ = ________ N/mm2 N/mm2 = ________ = ________ N/mm N/mm

Exp. No : 10 Date AIM: :

TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL

To conduct torsion test on mild steel specimens to find the following Modulus of rigidity Maximum Shear stress

APPARATUS REQUIRED: A torsion testing machine. Twist meter for measuring angles of twist A steel rule and Vernier Caliper or micrometer.

FORMULA USED: Torsion test of square rod 4.8 Tmax Maximum Shear stress = b3 5.5 T L Modulus of rigidity C = b4 T C L = = = = = b = Torque applied (Nmm) Modulus of rigidity (N/mm2)

Angle of twist (radians) Gauge length (mm) Shear stress (N/mm2) width of the square rod (mm)

OBSERVATION:

Width of the square rod (b) Gauge length (L)

= =

mm mm

TABULATION: Angle of S.No Twist (deg)

Tropotometer reading Kgf(cm)

Torque Nmm

Modulus of rigidity (C) N/mm2

PROCEDURE:
1. Select the driving dogs to suit the size of the specimen and clamp it in the machine by adjusting the length of the specimen by means of a sliding spindle. 2. Measure the diameter at about three places and take the average value. 3. Choose the appropriate range by capacity change lever 4. Set the maximum load pointer to zero. 5. Set the protector to zero for convenience and clamp it by means of knurled screw. 6. Carry out straining by rotating the hand wheel in either direction. 7. Load the machine in suitable increments. 8. Then load out to failure as to cause equal increments of strain reading. 9. Plot a torque- twist (T- ) graph. 10. Read off co-ordinates of a convenient point from the straight line portion of the torque twist (T- ) graph and calculate the value of C by using relation

RESULT:
Maximum shear stress Modulus of rigidity C (From Calculation) Modulus of rigidity C (From Graph) =__________N/mm2 =__________ N/mm2 =__________ N/mm2

Exp. No: 11 Date :

EFFECT OF HARDENING IN IMPACT RESISTANCE OF STEEL

AIM: To determine the effect of hardening in impact resistance of steel before and after hardening.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Impact testing machine Muffle Furnace Vernier caliper Scale

PROCEDURE:
1. The hammer is raised and locked. 2. The pointer is set at maximum position of graduated energy of dial. 3. The safety load bar is placed horizontally arms of projecting bars. 4. The trigger is released and pendulum is allowed is to swing this actuates the pointer to more in the dial. 5. The specimen is placed in such a way that notch is opposite to the direction of the pendulum for contact centering of specimen the end stop is provided. 6. The latches are released and pendulum is allowed to strike on specimen or bending the specimen is noted in the dial. 7. Then the input energy required for the rapture of the specimen is directly measured on indicator. 8. Now another specimen is taken and kept into a furnace at 8500C to 9500C. 9. The specimen is the same piece is cooled suddenly in quenching media. 10. Now the variation in the input strength before and after hardening is studied.

OBSERVATION:

Breadth of specimen (b):__________________ Depth of Specimen (d):___________________ Length of Specimen (L):___________________ Depth of notch (d1):______________________

TABULATION: Dimension of specimen Specimen Breadth b (mm) Before hardening After hardening Depth d (mm) Length L (mm) Depth of notch d1 (mm) Are of cross section A (mm2) Impact energy observed K (J) Impact strength I=K/A (J/m2)

MODEL CALCULATION: = b (d -d1) mm2 J/m2

Area of the cross section of specimen (A)

Impact strength (I)

= K/A

RESULT: The charpy impact strength is calculated as, 1. The impact strength of the given specimen (Before hardening) = ________ J/m2 2. The impact strength of the given specimen (After hardening) = __________J/m2

Exp. No : 12

STUDY OF MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF HARDENED AND TEMPERED SAMPLES

Date

AIM: To determine the microscopic examination of hardened and tempered samples (steel) APPARATUS REQUIRED: Specimen Metallurgical microscope

COMPOSITION:

C=0.6% Si=0.4% Mn=0.1% P=0.05% S=0.05%

Heat treatment: yes Mechanical treatment:: NIL

OBSERVATION: The structure contains tempered martensite. The given structure is identified as quenched and tempered steel.

Exp. No : 13

STUDY OF MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF UNHARDENED SAMPLES

Date AIM:

To determine the microscopic examination of unhardened samples (medium carbon steel) APPARATUS REQUIRED: Specimen Metallurgical microscope

COMPOSITION:

C=0.6% Si=0.6% Mn=0.8% P=0.004% S=0.004%

Heat treatment: NIL Mechanical treatment: NIL

OBSERVATION: The structure contains pearlite and ferrite. The given structure is identified as medium carbon steel.