INDEX

abstract, 14664, 167 connection, 1478, 1601 thinking, 148 abstraction, 14558, 1602, 1648 action, 72, 1456, 155, 15768 plan, 16976, 1578 execution, 170, 1736 negotiation, 170, 1736 theory, 7, 12, 179, 183 volition, 158 activity, 49 concept, 48 theory, 48, 49, 163 Adams, Douglas, 210, 21314 adequatism, 77 Adorno, Theodor W., 3 agency, 69, 712 agent, 702 agentive cognition, 723 AI see artificial intelligence algorithm, 578 American Philosophical Association (APA), 6 analytic metaphysics, xi analytical philosophy, 52 android epistemology, 70 anti-realism, 946, 215 see also populations anti-realist pancomputationalism, 215 Andreas, Holger, x, 11 approximation, 155 arbor porphyriana, 912, 956 Aristotle, ix, 78, 16, 57, 75, 77, 867, 96, 117, 133, 135, 226, 229 On the Soul, 414 Armstrong, David, 88 ARPANET, 4950

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Barker-Plummer, Dave, 6 Barwise, Jon, 117 Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), 5, 14 Bateson, Gregory, 42 behaviour, 184 see also explanations being informative see informative being informed see informed Bentham, Jeremy, 16, 225, 229 Betti, Arianna, 203 biodiversity, 83 bioinformatics, ix, 79 biology, 534, 77, 81 biomedical informatics, x biomedicine, 81

artificial agents, 23 cognitive systems, ix intelligence (AI), vii, ix, xi, 3, 11, 4651, 54, 99, 118, 216 AI-thesis, 57 new AI, 58 philosophy of, vii, 67, 69 symbolic AI, 578, 61 life, 65 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 16, 224 athena system, 101, 108 attractor, 59, 601 attribute, 93 characteristics, 93, 95 augmenting technologies, 25 automation, 46, 55 autonomy, 2278 axiom System, 153 of Nave set theory, 153

267

268

Philosophy, Computing and Information Science

black-box functionalism, 47 Bloch, Ernst, 48 Boden, Margaret A., 70 Bodenreider, Olivier, 80 Bohr, Niels, 54 bounded rationality, 63 brain, 57, 602, 64 Brandom, Robert, 39 Brentano, Franz, 52 Bringsjord, Selmer, vii, 11 business process management, 176 Bynum, Terrell W., 6

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complex dynamical system, 59, 60, 62 complex systems, 7 computer network, 62 science, vii, ix, 41, 45, 48, 52, 89 computability, 96 computation, 32, 37, 68, 71, 215, 217 philosophy of, 5 computational cognitivism, 578 logic, vii psychology, 34 spacetime,70 capacity, 1468, 15562, 1656 systems, ix, 137 actualization of, 148, 159, 1623, 166 computing Capurro, Rafael, 29, 31 ethics of, vii Capurro trilemma, 412 and information science, 1 Carnap, Rudolf, 3, 79 and information, philosophy of, viii Cartesian agent, 24 and philosophy, vii Cassirer, Ernst, 3 conceptual, 823 categorical imperative see Kant, Immanuel conceptualization, 812 categories, 87 concrete, 14661, 1636 causality, 184 humanism, 556 cellular automata, 59, 60 process, 146, 14952, 157, 1601 Chaitin, Gregory J., 15, 201, 205 computing, 45, 52 Chalmers, David, 215 concept, 945 chaos theory, ix, 7, 150, 168 concretion, 146, 14950, 152, 1548, chemistry, 77 1612, 1646 Chomsky, Noam, 11 construction of reality, 1706 Churchland, Paul, 3 constructive realism, 48 Church-Turing thesis, 57, 104 constructivism, 32, 48, 170, 172, 177 Clark, Micah, vii, 11 content, 53 classes, 1345 context, 303 classification, 767 contextualism, 31, 335 codes of ethics, utility of, 224 contextualized understanding, 137 cognition, 57, 61, 69, 713 continuants, 77 cognitive science, vii, viii, x, 138 continuity, 95 philosophy of, 34 contradiction, 149, 1525, 160, 1657 collective concrete contradiction, 1524, 160, action, 170, 174 1656 assignment of function, 170 dialectical contradiction, 153 identity, 174 Logical contradiction, 149, 1524 intentionality, 170 law of dialectical contradiction, 153 commitment, 77 law of logical contradiction, 149, 155 communication, 2930, 347, 39, 48, 56, 158 law of negation, 153 theory of, 41 law of transition, 153 control, 59, 60, 634 complexity, 67, 9, 16, 59, 624, 2034, controlled emergence, 60, 64 206, 2078

Index Copernicus, Nicolaus, 19 Copernican revolution, 19 correspondence theory, 58 Craig, Edward, 167 creative learning organizations, 55 critical thinking, 223 culture, 1323 cultural schemas, 132, 133, 138, 1403 see also schemas culturalism, 48 customization, 27 cybernetics, 478, 52 cyberspace, 26 Dodig-Crnkovic, Gordana, vii, 15, 216 domains, 78, 812 Dourish, Paul, 4 Doyle, Jon, 71 Dretske, Fred, 31 Dreyfus, Hubert L., 4850 Dudda, Friedrich, 167

269

Ebeling, Werner, 53 ecology, 81 Eden, Amnon H., 6 effect, 53 Eigen, Manfred, 534 Elsasser, Walter, 53 embedded belief, 31 Dane, Francis, x, 16 embodied Darwin, Charles, 21 cognition, 61, Darwinian revolution, 212 intentionality, 59, 61 data, 29, 389 mind, 31, 59, 623, database, 801 robot, 63 Davidson, Donald, 14, 312, 167, 179 emergence, 589, 60, 63, 1523, 158 Davidsonian analysis, 180 Engelbart, Douglas, 25 Davidsonian events, 181 epistemic de Chardin, Pierre T., 546 closure, 161 de-individualization, 26 practices, 34 de Jong, Willem R., 203 epistemology, ix, xi, 31, 701, 162 decidability, 104 equivalence class, 1556 Dennett, Daniel, 36 equivocations, 91 deontology, 170 Etchemendy, John, 117 Descartes, Ren, 21, 57 European Network for the Advancement of desktop application, 164 Artificial Cognitive Systems, InteracDessauer, Friedrich, 3 tion and Robotics (EUCog), ix determinism, 48 evaluation Deutsch, David, 219 of action, 158 dialectic, 478 evolution, 59, 60, 635, 151, 155, 166 dialectics, 146, 149, 1516, 1612, 1656 theory, 48 dialectical approach, 46 evolutionary epistemology, 48 dialectical thinking, 146, 149, 1535, 1601 evolutionary process, 150 differentia specifica, 91, 96 existential fore-structure, 1378 digital experiential contexts, 136 computing, 214 experiment, 1501, 1535 immigrants, 26 expert-system approach, 68 metaphysics, 70 explanation soul, 26 behavioural, 179, 184 discourse, 1727 causal, 179, 1834 representation structure (DRS), 1812, intentional, 179, 184 185 rational, 183 representation theory (DRT), 179, 1824 extensional and intensionallogic, 100 discursive practices, 1727 external to internal metaphysics, 133

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270

Philosophy, Computing and Information Science Haefner, Klaus, 53 Hagengruber, Ruth, viii, 1 Hart, Herbert L. A., 228 Hawley, Katherine, 161 Hayes, Patrick J., 70, 7980 heap paradox, 149, 1523 Hebbian learning, 60 Hegel, G.W.F., 56, 151 Heidegger, Martin, 34, 12, 48, 1313, 1369 being-in-becoming, 132 being-in-the-world, 1367 being-in-the world-with others, 136, 138 hermeneutics, 48 high-level ontology, 61 see also ontology history of philosophy, 86 Hobbes, Thomas, 223 Hofkirchner, Wolfgang, 53 Holzweiig, Kai, x, 13 Horst, Steven, 6 human beings, 467, 50, 56 humancomputer interaction (HCI), 25, 50 human-oriented design, 45 humanrobot interaction (HRI), 634 humanism, 55 identification, 1478, 151, 155, 161 identity, 140 IIASA, 50 illocutionary force, 32 imitation approach, 68 Immermann, Neil, 6 indwelling, 159, 1613, 165 infectious, 83 info-computationalism, vii, 7, 15, 201, 204, 205, 209, 210, 216 informatics, 456, 48, 52, 55 information, 2229, 4556, 69, 70, 73 and communication technologies (ICTs), 19, 25, 39, 459, 51, 56 and computer ethics, viii and computation science (IS/CS), 13 centres, 49 concept of, 2931, 35, 38, 414, 53 constructivist versus objectivist, 434 generation, 54 genesis of, 52

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game theory, 106 genomics, 83 geography, 81 Gettier, Edmund, 167 Gettier cases, 11, 14 Gilbert, Margaret, 14 global supervenience, 218 Glocenius, Rudolf, 867 goal-directed human-machine collaboration, 187 Gdels first incompleteness theorem, 107 Gogol, Nikolai, 26 Google, 26 granularity, 77 Gruber, Thomas R., 9, 51, 812, 131 guidelines, 468 Habermas, Jrgen, 39, 48 Hacker, Winfried, 49

Facebook, 27 falsification see Popper, Karl family resemblance, 147 Feyerabend, Paul, 4 file sharing structures, 1756 Financial Times, 27 first-order logic (FOL), 1025, 107 Fleiner, Pete, 53 Flores, Fernando, 4 Floridi, Luciano, vii, 5, 68, 29, 38, 39 Floyd, Christiane, 51 Fodor, Jerry, 31, 34, 37, 47 Fonseca, Frederico, x, 1213 Ford, Ken M., 70 form, 53 formal logic, vii, 47, 106 ontologies, 5, 9, 131, 143 foundry, 82 fourth revolution, 226 frame systems, 11 Fredkin, Edward, 205 Frege, Gottlob, 52 Freud, Sigmund, 21 Freudian or neuroscientific revolution, 212 see also Freud, Sigmund friction, 9 Fuchs-Kittowski, Klaus, x, 8, 45, 53

Index genetic, 29, 34 neuronal, 29, 34 ontological status of, 312 organisms (inforgs), 236 philosophy of, xi, 38 processing, 456, 4850, 524 relational, 34 science, 38, 423, 86, 889, 133, 136, 179, 186 semantic definition of, 35 shared, 33, 38 society, 29, 38 system design, 47 system designs, theory and methodology of, x system ontologies, xi systems, 456, 49, 512, 545, 135 technology, 132, 145, 165, 1756 IT systems, 145 theory, vii transfer, 307 informational revolution, 8 turn, 38 informative, 3040 informativeness, 31, 347 informed, 328 infosphere, 246, 131 inherence, 81 instances, 1345 instantiation, 81 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 16, 224 Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science (IFOMIS), ix institutions, 170 institutional reality, 172 intelligence analysis, vii intelligent artefacts, 6773 questionnaire design, 91 intentions, 184 see also explanation intermediary approach, 68 International Association for Computing and Philosophy (IACAP), viii, 6 International Association for Ontology and its Applications, viii internet, 38 interpretation, 33, 35, 39

271

James, William, 16, 21, 225 Janich, Peter, 12, 48 Jansen, Ludger, viii, 14 Jantsch, Erich, 53 Jaskolla, Ludwig, x, 10 Johansson, Ingvar, 77 justified true belief definition see knowledge Kant, Immanuel, 16, 61, 64, 87, 2278, 229 categorical imperative, 277 Kern, Andrea, 148, 156, 158, 161 kinds, 75, 77, 7980 Klaus, Georg, 478 know-how, 40 knowledge, viii, 23, 1011, 301, 334, 3940, 6872, 89, 99100, 11314, 1456, 1489, 15768 artefacts, 145, 1634 acquisition of, 164 based systems (KBS), 100, 116 as dynamic process, 145 economic growth, 145 intensive working processes, 51 as justified true belief, 148 justified true belief definition of, 11 management, ix, 187 management system (KMS) 1625 practical knowledge, 141 propositional knowledge, 160, 162 representation, 5, 7, 1011, 14 representation and reasoning (KR&R), 99, 10311, 11618 standard analysis of, 1601, 167 transfer of, 1623 Kohne, Jens, viii, 10 Krebs, Jakob, 8, xi Krger, Jens, xi, 13 Kuhn, Thomas S., 4 Kyburg, Henry E., 69 Ladd, John, 228 language, 167 language game see Wittgenstein, Ludwig philosophy of, 32

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272

Philosophy, Computing and Information Science metaphysics, 702, 75, 857 Mill, John S., 16, 225 mind, 54 computational theory of, vii, 47 philosophy of, x, xi theory of (ToM), 64 Minsky, Marvin, 11 moderate constructivism, 171 Moor, James, 209 moral responsibility, 228 morals versus ethics, 2234 Morris, Charles W., 53 Mller, Vincent, ix, 15, 210 MySpace, 2627 mystical exaggeration, 46 natural language, 1834, 187 descriptions, 179 naturalised epistemology, 31 Naur, Peter, 79 neo-structuralism, 48 network, 4951, 56, 62 neural network, 602 Neurath, Otto, 3 neurology, ix, 83 new AI see artificial intelligence Newell, Allen, 47 Nilsson, Nils, 81 nominalism, 856, 889 Nonaka, Ikujiro, 5, 146 nonlinear, 59, 60 noosphere, 556 Nussbaum, Martha, 16, 229

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machine intelligence, 69, 72 learning, xi Mainzer, Klaus, ix, 9 man-computer symbiosis, 50 materialistic rationalism, 47 mathematics, 1067, 118, 149, 151, 153, 167 philosophy of, ix proof, 151 mathesis universalis, 57 matter, 54, 56 McCarthy, John, 70, 79 McCorduck, Pamela, 70 meaning, 33, 1703, 1757 media literacy, 39 philosophy of, xi mendacity, 108 mentalistic terms, the analysis of, epistemological problem of, 69 medicine, 81 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 59 mesocosm, 76 metaphorology, 29, 36 metaphors, 30, 359 object, 132 objectivity, 3 objects, 75, 778, 82 occurrents, 767 ontology, viii, ix, 7, 911, 57, 858, 917, 13143 Aristotelian categorical notion of, 132 computational, 133 engineering, 52 Heideggerian phenomenological notion of, 132 hierarchical structure of, 91 ontologies, 512, 1323, 179 of questions, 927

learning, 29, 34, 37, 39 algorithm, 60 by instruction, 159 explicit learning, 2931, 345, 37, 1589 implicit learning, 159, 165 Leibniz, Gottfried-Wilhelm, 5, 57 Leibnizs law (LL), 104 Leontev, Alexei N., 5 Licklider, J.C.R., 4950 life, types of, in Aristotle, 423 see also Aristotle linear-stability analysis, 59 living organisms, 47, 53 location function, 182 logic, ix, x logical analysis of action sequences, 179 Lorhardus, Jacobus, 756, 86, 87 Lowe, Jonathan, 77 low-level ontology, 60 see also ontology Lloyd, Seth, 205

Index philosophical, 133 questions of, 957 ontology-as-category, 1334 ontology-as-hermeneutic, 1367, 141 ontological reductionism, 21819 Open Biological Ontologies (OBO), 14 order parameter, 59, 61, 62, 65 organization, 458, 545 Ott, Stephan, 41 Pagin, Peter, 33, 35 pancomputationalism, 15, 201, 205, 21321 see also anti-realist pancomputationalism see also realist pancomputationalism paraconsistentlogic, 116 paradigm, 489, 55 paradigm change, 49 Parnas, David, 2234, 227 Pascal, Blaise, 22 Peano arithmetic, 107 Peirce, Charles S., 53 phenomenology, 48 philosophica prima, 133 philosophies of science, 136 philosophy, 38, 456, 49, 524, 165 analytical philosophy, 160, 1667 see also History of philosophy physical interaction, 150 Piaget, Jean, 48 plant, 83 Plato, 3 Polanyi, Michael, ix, 11, 13, 159, 1612 sense-giving, 162 sense-reading, 1623 subsidiary awareness, 1567 Popper, Karl R., 47, 923, 154, 214 falsification, 92, 154 population, 79, 934 object-population, 934 subject-population, 934 positivism, 1702, 1767 pragmatism, 35, 39 probability theory, 106, 151 problem solving, 50 problem-solving approach, 1768 procedural epistemology, 70 process, 767, 79, 82 models, 16977 product creation, 16977 proof see mathematics properties, 158, 161 propositional calculus, 100, 1034 Pross, Tillmann, xi, 14 public interest, 2256 Putnam, Hillary, ix, 3, 16, 220 quality, 82 quantity, 81 quantum theory, 150, 154 quantum mechanics, 153, 155 Quine, Willard Van Orman, 779, 133 Qvortrup, Lars, 8

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radical constructivism, 172 Raeithel, Arne, 49 rational capacity, 146, 15860, 162, 166 see also capacity Rawls, John, 16, 229 re-engineering technologies, 256 re-identification, 26 realism, 489, 823, 856, 89, 946, 166, 216 see also constructive realism see also populations realismantirealism debate, 95 realist pancomputationalism, 21617 reality, 879 reality construction, 48 see also social reality reasoning, psychology of, vii reductionism, 76 reductive info-computationalism, 21920 see also info-computationalism Reichenberg, Hans, reification, 37 relational properties, 30, 37 relationship between minds and bodies, the ontological problem of , 69 relevance, 37, 39 of philosophy in information science, 179, 186 representation, 34, 57 61, 63 Resource Description Framework Schema (RDFS), 12 Riedel, Rupert, 48 Ringle, Martin H., 70

274

Philosophy, Computing and Information Science Sloman, Aaron, 70 Sluga, Hans, 48 Smith, Barry, ix, 5, 910, 52, 75, 91, 131, 135 tower of Babel problem, 135 Smith, John, 207 social network structures, 1756 reality, 170, 173 Software, 1756 sciences, 94 socialization, 172, 175, 177 socio-cognitive calculus, 11011 socio-pragmatic constructivism, 172, 177 socio-technical systems, 1778 software development, 479 software-based ontology, xi software-engineers, 91 software-engineering process, 97 Sorites paradox, 149, 167 space, 81 speech act, 33 pluralism, 33 theory, 48 Stanford Enzyclopedia of Philosophy, 6 statistical analysis, 923, 96 status functions, 170 Stegmller, Wolfgang, 4 Steinhart, Eric, 70 Stevens, R., 80 Stonier, Tom, 207 structures causal, 1856 extrapersonal structures of the world, 133 intentional, 1856 intrapersonal cognitive structures, 133 plan-goal, 1856 subject, 132 sublation, 146, 1525, 15761, 1656 subsidiary awareness see Polanyi, Michael substantialism, 77 supervenience, 34 symbolic AI see artificial intelligence syntactic, 4950 system design, 478 theory, 9

Riss, Uwe, ix, 1, 1213 robot, 58, 601, 634 Ruben, Peter, 14650, 152, 154, 157 classifying activity, 157 evaluating activity, 157 processing activity, 157 Rugel, Matthias, xi, 10 Russel, Bertrand, 47 Russells antinomy, 1534 Russian cultural school, 48 Ryle, Gilbert, 11, 13 Saab, David, 1213 Sayre, Kenneth M., 69 scaling, 956 schemas, 13840 shared, 140 Schweizer, Frank, 53 science, 4550, 525 classical model of, 201, 2034, 207 philosophy of, vii, ix, x, xi, 36 scientific progress, 154 revolution, 19, 155 Searle, John R., 14, 183, 215, 219 second life, 27 second-orderlogic (SOL), 104 Seel, Martin, 48 self-consciousness, 64, self-organization, 479, 55, 59, 60, 634 semantic, 4951, 53 holism, 32 information, 181 minimalism, 334 representation, 179 technologies, xi Web, 103 Web discussion, 5 semantics, 77, 132 semi-formal language, 91 Sen, Amartya, 16, 229 set, 778, 81 set theory, 1534 set-theoretic model structure of timepoints, 184 Shagrir, Oron, 215 Shannon, Claude E., 5, 8, 29, 31, 53 simplest, 76

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Index Takeuchi, Hirotaka, 5 Tarski, Alfred, 58 task, 1645 task management (TM), 1634 management systems, 13 journal, 163 model, 165 taxonomy, 76, 82 Taylor, Joshua, 11 techne, 23, 7 technological approach, 67 technology pessimism, 46 temporal entities, 1824, 186 individuals, 179, 183, 185 ontology, 187 processes, 179 profiles, 183, 185 variation, 1834, 186 segmentation, psychology and philosophy of, 186 tendencies, 81 Thagard, Paul, 4, 71 theories of being, 141 theory of event nucleus, 1801 of event perception structure, 183 of explanatory identification, 183 of regional ontologies, 91 of temporal entities, 187 see also ontology thought, centres of, 49 thought worlds, 171 time, 150 Toyama, Ryoko, 146 Tractatus Logico Philosophicus, 48 trial and error, 154 trust, socio-cognitive models of, vii Tumblr, 27 Tuomela, Raimo, 14 Turing, Alan, 22, 57, 62 Turing architecture, 37 Turing machine, 57 Turing-machine computing, 217 Turner, Raymond, 6 ubiquitous computing, 63 Ukena, Stefan, 51 universal Turing machine, 57 see also Turing machine utility as ethical principle, 2256 Varela, Francisco J., 48, 53 variable, 78 Vendler, Zeno, 180 Vernadsky, Vladimir I., 556 virtual reality, 26, 89 virtue as ethical principle, 2267 vocabulary, 79 Voigt, Uwe, 8 von Frster, Heinz, 48 von Glaserfeld, Ernst, 48 von Weizsacker, Ernst, 53 Vygotsky, Lev S., 5, 49

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Wallner, Friedrich, 48, 53 wave-particle duality, 153 Weaver, Warren, 5, 8, 53 Wehner, Theo, 49 Weizenbaum, Josef, 48 Wiener, Norbert, 47, 523 Winograd, Terry A., 4, 47 wiki, 1756 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 45, 13, 32, 48, 58, 147 language game, 32, 152 Wolfram, Stephen, 205 Wolpert, Daniel M., 209 World Wide Web (WWW), 62 Yahoo, 27 Zambak, Aziz, 9 Zuse, Konrad, 205

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