Efficiency Notes Energy Effiency the measure of the useful energy energy efficient appliance would convert energy

y supplied to it with a minimal amount of heat returned as energy 2nd Law of Thermodynamics any spontaneous change, the entropy of the universe must increase (quality of earth deteriorates gradually over time - entropy is measure of randomness or disorder in a system and is also a measure of unusable energy within a closed or isolated system hemical ! mechanical ("heat# The omponents $nput all components entering the system (matter and %or energy# Throughput flow of all components within the system &utput all components leaving the system 'easure of Efficiency ( efficiency ) (output% input# * +,, output is mechanical wor- or energy (watts or .oules# input is quality of wor- or energy cannot e/ceed +,,( b%c Law of onservation of Energy 0eedbaccircular process it is how output becomes input and affects the system negative1 reverses the direction of the flow positive1 changes the rate of the throughput, but not direction 2ositive 0eedbac0eedbac- loop in which output of one type acts as input that moves the system in the same direction3 The input and output drive the system further toward one e/treme or another3 $t is bad 4egative 0eedbac0eedbac- loop in which output of one type acts as input that moves the system in opo direction3 The input and output essentially neutrali5e each other6s effects and stabili5es the system3 $t is 7ood 8igh Throughput one that has a high output the economy is boosted by a one way flow of matter or energy, generates a large amount of waste and pollution, energy output is low quality Low Throughput generals little waste, ma/imi5es energy efficiency, is one that has a balance of input and output 9educing Energy :aste and $mproving Energy Efficiency ;<( if commercial energy used in the =3>3 $s wasted <+( wasted due to 2nd law of thermodynamics $ncandescent light bulb1 ?@( lost as heat $nternal combustion engine1 ?<( lost

4uclear power plant1 ?2( of energy wasted through nuclear fuel and energy needed for waste management 9educing Energy :aste prolongs fossil fuel supplies reduce oil imports very high net energy low cost :ays to $mprove energy efficiency $ndustry can save energy and money by producing both heat and electricity from one energy source and by using more energy efficient electric motors and lighting :e can save energy in transportation by increasing fuel efficiency and ma-ing vehicles from lighter and stronger materials3 8ybrid Aehicles, >ustainable :ind 2ower, and &il imports hybrid gas electic engines with an e/tra lug in battery could be powered mostly by electricity produced by wind and get twice the mileage of current hybrid cars :ays to $mprove Energy Efficiency building by getting heat from the sun, super insulating them, green roofs strawbale houses =sing >olar Energy to 7enerate 8igh Temperature 8eat and Electricity 29&>1 moderate net energy, moderate environmental impact, no &2 emissions &4>1 low efficiency, high cost, needs bac-up or storage system 2roducing Electricity from the :ater ycle water flowing in rivers and streams can be trapped in reservoirs behind dams and released as needed to spin turbines and produce electricity

2roducing Electricity from :ind :ind power is the world6s most promising energy resource because it is abundant, ine/haustible, widley distributed, cheap, clean, and emits no greenhouse gases

2roducing Energy 0rom Biomass plant materials and animal wastes can be burned to provide heat or electricity or converted into gaseous or liquid biofuels

Ethanol crops such as sugarcane, corn, and switchgrass and agricultural forestry and municipal wastes can be converted into ethanol

7eothermal Energy consists of heat stored in soil underground roc-s, and fluids in the earth6s mantle used to in the earth6s mantle to heat and cool buildings and to produce electricity Cry >tream1 water vapor with no water droplets :et >tream1 a mi/ture of steam and water droplets 8ot :ater1 is trapped in fractured or porous roc-

8ydrogen is chemically loc-ed up in water an organic compounds it ta-es energy and money to produce it some e/perts view it as best fuel to replace oil

Economic, 2olitics, Education and Energy 9esources 7ov can use a combination of subsidies, ta/ brea-s, rebates, ta/es and public edu to promote or discourage us of various energy alternatives Energy >tar a .oint program of =>3 Environmental 2rotection Dgency and =3> Cepartment of Energy helping us save money and protect environment through energy efficient products and practices 0ederal Ta/ redits for Energy Efficiency Emergency Economic >tabili5ation Dct of 2,,;3 it e/tended ta/ credits for energy efficient home improvements3 Ta/ credits for these residential products, which had e/pired at end of 2,,E will now be available for improvement made during 2,,?3 however improvements made during 2,,; are not eligible for ta/ credit