Types of Adjectives

Attributive Attributives are the ones that come right before the word(s) they modify. The old man asked a question. That is a good book. I found an old, black, cotton sweater. Appositive Appositives come after the words they modify. They are usually in used in pairs. The woman, beautiful and smart, knew what she was doing. The winner, tired but happy, waved and smiled. Predicate redicates come after verb to be or after linking verbs. They come at the end of the sentence and they modify the sub!ect. The tickets are expensive. "he looked old. The oven felt hot. #e was young and shy.

The Order of Adjectives

$hen there are more than % ad!ectives modifying the same word, they are usually placed in a certain order. a& $hat we think ('ovely, beautiful, intelligent, nice, fine...) b& "i(e (small, big, large, short, tall...) c& Age (young, old...) d& "hape (round, slim, fat, square...) e& )olor (white, green, red...) f& *aterial (plastic, glass, wooden...) g& +rigin (,erman, -ussian, American...) A nice big house. A big square table. A lovely little town. An old plastic pipe. An e.pensive "cotch whiskey. A tall young woman. Intelligent young /anish scientist.

Present and Past Participles as Adjectives

Ing / d ! Interesting / Interested 0oring& )auses boredom 0ored& -esult of boredom (something boring) Tiring& )auses tiredness Tired& -esult of something tiring 1 #e is bored with his !ob. 0ecause his !ob is boring (at least to him), it caused him to be bored. 1 #e is boring.

I don2t want to be with him because he is a boring person. 1#e is interested in your offer. 0ecause your offer is interesting (at least to him), it drew his attention. 1#e is an interesting man. #e engages attention, you want to know him better. "ome other verb roots that can become adjectives in a sentence by adding ed or ing )harm, admire, ama(e, amuse, depress, worry, thrill, e.cite, disgust, disappoint, discourage, embarrass, fascinate, frighten, frustrate, horrify, irritate, please, satisfy, shock, startle, stimulate, surprise, terrify, confuse

#egrees of Adjectives
Positive #egree $ 3.presses a quality without a comparison The twins are smart. The tree is tall. The book is old. %omparative #egree $ 4sed to compare things to each other.

Form er

Use Shorter adjectives (1 syllable or 2) longer adjectives (2 or more syllables) adjectives that end withed , ing , 's' (even if they are 1 syllable)

Example hotter area, warmer water more interesting subject, more comfortable couch I am more tired , more boring book

more

more

5red is taller than 0arney. #e is the more aggressive of the two. 0arney is smarter than 5red. )limbing is more tiring than running. "uperlative #egree $ "uperlative is the highest or the lowest degree when comparing two or more things6persons. The inflectional suffi. for superlative degree is est. 'onger superlatives usually takemost instead of est. This is the brightest room in the house. /uncan is the tallest player on the team. 0ritney is the most beautiful girl in the class. Article the is used with superlative ad!ectives since it is definite (thing6person) what2s being talked about.

Absolute Adjectives
7ou either have the quality or you don2t. There is no comparison. /ead, perfect, round... 7ou can2t be deader than someone else who is only dead. "ome Absolute Adjectives$ absolute complete devoid final square full meaningful superior basic empty e.cellent dead essential harmless obvious ultimate certain entire fatal perfect unique immortal pure universal

Informally, to emphasi(e or metaphorically, you may hear people say 8I am more dead8, 8This one is whiter8. 0ut they are misusing absolute ad!ectives.

Adverbs
&unction of an adverb Adverbs are used to give more information about the action in a sentence. They mainly modify verbs. They tell us how, where, when...etc something happens or is done. Also "ee$ Adverbials Ad!ectives Adverbs 3.ercises Ad!ectives vs Adverbs )arol drives carefully. (#ow does she drive9) I looked for her every'here. ($here did you look for her9) "he came to 'ondon yesterday. ($hen did she come to 'ondon9) Adverbs are generally divided into seven groups$ %) *anner: slowly, bravely, carefully, simply, quietly... ;) lace: there, here, up, down, near... <) Time: yesterday, tomorrow, now, yet, still... =) 5requency: never, always, often, once, twice... >) "entence: actually, really, obviously, evidently... ?) /egree: very, quite, rather, fairly, hardly... @) 5ocus: !ust, only, simply, even, also...

&orming Adverbs
They are generally made from ad!ectives. (any adverbs of manner and degree are formed by putting !ly at the end of an adjectives) slow & slowly happy & happily

cold & coldly bad & badly

rapid & rapidly kind & kindly

I donAt know why, but they spoke to me coldly. The weather was a'fully cold. 7ou should treat people gently. lease, drive the car slo'ly. *hen an adjective ends in consonant + y, it becomes !ly) busy & busily happy & happily easy & easily dry & drily (or dryly) "he is working busily. )huck passed the test easily. *hen an adjective ends in !le, 'e omit !e and add !,l-y noble & nobly possible & possibly simple & simply gentle & gently 3.: *y mom brushes my hair gently every day. *hen an adjectives ends in !e, 'e keep !e and add !ly) e.treme & e.tremely free & freely brave & bravely safe & safely #is political ideas are extremely dull. +ur army fought bravely. *hen an adjective ends in !ic, 'e add !ally) "ystematic & systematically honetic & phonetically $e searched the attic systematically. *rs. 0urns wanted us to write the words phonetically.

#egrees of Adverbs
Positive $ 3.presses a quality without a comparison. Ivan walks slo'ly. %omparative $ 3.presses a higher or lower degree than the positive. Ida walks faster than Ivan. "uperlative $ 3.presses the highest or the lowest degree when comparing more than two things6persons.

0rad walks slo'est. .) Adverbs having the same form as adjectives$ PO"ITI/ fast early late hard %O(PA0ATI/ faster earlier later harder "1P 02ATI/ the fastest the earliest the latest the hardest

They came earlier than me. Benyans always win pri(es in marathons because they run the fastest of all. *y parentsA plane will arrive later than my uncle2s. 3) Adverbs formed 'ith 4ly) PO"ITI/ easily quickly fluently carefully %O(PA0ATI/ more easily more quickly more fluently more carefully "1P 02ATI/ most easily most quickly most fluently most carefully

'inda drives more carefully than her husband. 3li(abeth speaks 3nglish the most fluently. 5) Irregular adverbs PO"ITI/ well badly far much %O(PA0ATI/ better worse father 6 further more "1P 02ATI/ the best the worst the farthest 6 the furthest the most

$ho speaks 3nglish the best9 They do everything 'orse than us.

Adverbials

C An adverbial gives us e.tra information about the time, place or the manner of an action. C Through adverbials we find the answers to the questions like: $here 6 when 6 how 6 why 6 how much 6 how long 6 how often Also "ee$ Adverbs -educing Adverbial )lauses I have been living in 2)A since 3663) (where and how long9) I moved here in ;DD; because of better !ob opportunities. (when and why9) They can be classified into three groups$

dverbs dverbial !hrases dverbial "lauses

As Adverbs
They modify the verb of the sentence and they are mostly used at the end of the sentences ending in &ly. The teacher looked at me anxiously. *y father always drives very carefully. 7ote$ Eot all the adverbs of manner end in Fly, there are a few e.ceptions like these: #ard 6 fast 6 late 6 straight In order to pass his e.ams, he studied very hard. /onAt drive fast.

As Adverbial Phrases
They are composed of a group of two or more words modifying a verb. $e decided to take part in this film in (ay last "eptember. I tried to drive as carefully as I could, but I couldn2t avoid hitting the tree. I will escape as far as I can.

As Adverbial %lauses
An adverbial clause is a dependent sentence which has a function of an adverb. "ee reducing adverbial clauses. They can be classified into si. groups: Time$ when 6 while 6 after 6 before 6 as soon as 6 by the time 6 since 6 until 6 as 6 as long as etc. 0eason$ because 6 since 6 as 6 seeing that 6 inasmuch as 6 now that 6 on the grounds that

 that as

Purpose$ so that 6 in order that 6 lest 6 in case 6 for the purpose that 6 for fear %ontrast$ although 6 though 6 even though 6 whereas 6 notwithstanding 6 much %omparison$ as if 6 as though %ondition$ if 6 provided(ing) (that) 6 so long as 6 unless 6 only if 6 even if 6 on condition that $hen my father came, I had already finished my homework. "eeing that it was raining we decided not to go out. In order that I can improve my 3nglish I have decided to go to 3ngland. Although she is so beautiful I wonAt marry her. #e speaks as if he was an e.pert. If you finish your assignment early you can go out with your friends.

0educing Adverbial %lauses

7ou are here: GG #ome GG 3nglish ,rammar 'essons GG -educing Adverbial )lauses

Also "ee$

Adverbials Adverbs

A- After!8efore!*hile
$hile I was walking down the beach, I saw a dolphin stranded. $hile walking down the beach, I saw a dolphin stranded. $alking down the beach, I saw a dolphin stranded. 7ote$ To make reduction, the sub!ects of the two sentences should be the same.

8- *hen
Instead of 'hen + clause, 'e can use on/upon + / ing $hen "andra graduated from university, she applied for a !ob. On/upon graduating from university, she applied for a !ob. 7ote$ In passive sentences or when the verb Hto beI is the main verb of the sentence, we can omit the sub!ect and be. $hen $hen $hen $hen 7ote$ HwhenI may also be used like HwhileI. $hen you are walking alone at night in aris streets, be careful. he was a little boy, he was very naughty. a little boy, he was very naughty. they are used too often, words or phrases may lose their value. used too often, words or phrases may lose their value.

$hen walking alone at night in aris streets, be careful.

%- 1ntil ! "ince
All the old museums must be renovated until they are opened for public again. All the old museums must be renovated until opened for public again. "ince I came to this city, I2ve lived in the same house. "ince coming to this city, I2ve lived in the same house.

#- As ! "ince ! 8ecause
In cause and effect sentences, we can omit Has, since, becauseI using/ing/having /5 0ecause she is a mother now, she has more responsibilities. 0eing a mother now, she has more responsibilities. 7ote$ 3ven if we use before6after instead of while, we use /ing After we ate dinner, we went out for a walk. After eating dinner, we went out for a walk. After we had eaten dinner, we went out for a walk. After having eaten dinner, we went out for a walk. 9aving eaten dinner, we went out for a walk. After he was promoted, he became more interested in his !ob. After being promoted, he became more interested in his !ob. After he had been promoted, he became more interested in his !ob. After having been promoted, he became more interested in his !ob. 7ote$ If adverbial clause mentions an event which happened before the event in main clause, then we prefer Hhaving J<I (perfect participle). 0ecause I in!ured my back yesterday, I now have difficulty in walking. 9aving injured my back yesterday, I now have difficulty in walking. 7ote$ If there is 8to be K ad!ective8 in adverbial clause, then we can use (being) K ad!ective 0ecause "ince she is suitable for the vacant post, she is lucky. As 0eing suitable for the vacant post, she is lucky. "uitable for the vacant post, she is lucky. 7ote$ In negative reductions, we use 8not K Jing8 or 8not having J<8

0ecause I donAt know her phone number, I canAt call her. 7ot kno'ing her phone number, I canAt call her. 0ecause she hadn2t studied well, she failed in the e.am yesterday. 7ot having studied well, she failed in the e.am yesterday. 7ote$ $e can make reductions even when the sub!ects are different as long as we use them at the beginning of the sentence. 0ecause our car is broken down, we have been travelling to work by bus since last week. +ur car being broken down, we have been travelling to work by bus since last week. As the weather was cold, we had to postpone the picnic. The weather being cold, we had to postpone the picnic. 0ecause there was a long queue, we didn2t want to wait. There being a long queue, we didn2t want to wait. 7ote$ $e can make reductions with Hif, unless, as if, whether LorI If they were treated fairly, they wouldn2t lose the game. If collected treated fairly, they wouldn2t lose the game. 4nless we are paid fairly, we will go on a strike. 4nless paid fairly, we will go on a strike. They were running hurriedly, as if they were being chased by someone. They were running hurriedly, as if being chased by someone.

Adjectives vs Adverbs
:ey #ifference$ Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns. Adverbs modify verbs, ad!ectives or other adverbs. Also "ee$ Ad!ectives Adverbs xercises$ Ad!ectives Adverbs 3.ercises A- %omplete the follo'ing exercise 'ith adjective or adverb form of the 'ords)

1# $hat %itbull looks 2# She s%oke

# (angry) # (&uiet) # (careful)

'# (rica listened to her mother

)# *ary makes +# "hildren grow ,# -e is very .# It/s raining 0# *organ was

mistakes# (careless) (&uick) today# (ha%%y) # (heavy) hurt in a car accident# (serious) # (serious)

1# -is situation was very

Adjectives vs Adverbs xamples .- Adverbs and Ad!ectives are both modifiers, so it is easy to confuse them with each other. And even more confusingly, some words sometimes act as ad!ectives, and sometimes act as adverbs. Hint: Ask yourself which word is being described: ad!ectives always modify nouns or pronouns, but adverbs never do. "arah was a little sleepy. (adverb modifying ad!ective sleepy) "arah took a little nap. (ad!ective modifying noun nap)

3- 4se the comparative degree of an ad!ective or an adverb when speaking of two things and the superlative degreee when speaking ofthree or more: This is the larger of the two roooms. This white one is the smallest of the three puppies.

;ood vs 'ell
Good is an ad!ective. The adverb is well. 3.: *y father is a good driver &G #e drives well. 7our 3nglish is good &G 7ou speak 3nglish well. I feel good. (psychologically 6 morally) I feel well. (healthy 6 well being) 7ou must study in bed until you feel 'ell / better / good. I hope you will get 'ell / better / good soon. %omplete the exercise 'ith adjective or adverb form) ,;ood vs *ell-

1# I %lay tennis but I/m not very 2# 2our e3am results were very '# 2ou did very +# I didn/t slee% very in your e3ams# )# $he weather was very ,# -ow are you4 re you doing .# 5eorge s%eaks 5erman very 0# 5eorge/s 5erman is very #

# # while we were on holiday#

last night# 4 #

1# 6ur new business is going very 17# I like your jacket# It looks

at the moment# on you# #

11# I/ve %layed with him a few times# -e %lays very

&ast / 9ard / 2ate

These words are both ad!ectives and adverbs: A#< %TI/ " Mack is a very fast runner. Ann is a hard worker. The train was late. 2ately = recently #ave you seen Tom lately9 9ardly = very little, almost not "arah was rather unfriendly to me at the party. "he hardly spoke to me.(she spoke to me very little, almost not at all) ,eorge and #ilda want to get married but they2ve only known each other for a few days. I don2t think they should get married yet. They hardly know each other. (they know each other very little) $e cannot form adverbs from ad!ectives ending in ly. )ommon ad!ectives: friendly, lively, ugly, lonely. $e add the pattern in a L way6manner or fashion to make them adverb. 5riendly: In a friendly way6manner6fashion #e behaves in a friendly way. 'ively : In a lively way 6 manner 6 fashion A#/ 08" #e runs very fast. (fastly) "he works very hard. (hardly) The train arrived late. (lately)