Overvoltages

Overvoltage types

external

internal

generatedby atmospheric di t b disturbances(lightning) (li ht i )

generatedby g ychanges g intheoperating conditions ofthenetwork

Internal overvoltages l Switching g o.v. Temporary p y o.v.

Switchingovervoltages
switchingsurgeshavebecomethegoverningfactorinthedesignofinsulationfor EHV andUHV systems. systems Inthemeantime, meantime lightningovervoltages comeasa secondaryfactorinthesenetworksfortworeasons:

Overvoltages producedontransmissionlinesby lightningstrokesareonlyslightlydependenton thepowersystemvoltages.Asaresult,their magnitudesrelativetothesystempeakvoltage decreaseasthelatterisincreased externalinsulationhasitslowestbreakdown strengthundersurgeswhosefrontsfallinthe range50500S,whichistypicalforswitching surges

 According to the IEC recommendations, all equipment designed for operating voltages above 300 kV k should h ld be b tested d under d switching h impulse. l

Originofswitchingovervoltages
Energization oftransmissionlinesandcables. Specially:
Energization ofalinethatisopencircuitedatthe farend Energization ofalinethatisterminatedbyan unloadedtransformer Energization ofalinethroughthelowvoltageside ofatransformer

Reenergization ofaline.Speciallywhenhigh speedreclosures areused.

Originofswitchingovervoltages cont. cont

Loadrejection. Faultinitiationandclearing. witchingonandoffofequipment.Particularly:
Switchingofhighvoltagereactors Switchingoftransformersthatareloadedbya reactorontheirtertiarywinding. Switchingofatransformeratnoload

Energization ofunloadedtransmissionline

Temporaryovervoltages
theylastforlongdurations,typicallyfromafewcyclesto afewseconds.Theytaketheformofundamped or slightlydampedoscillationsatafrequencyequalorclose tothepowerfrequency.Someofthemostimportant originsare:

Loadrejection Ferrantieffect Groundfaults

Loadrejection

Ferrantieffect

GroundFaults
A single i l line li to t ground d fault f lt will ill cause the th voltages lt to ground of the healthy phases to rise. In the case of a linetoground fault, fault systems with neutrals isolated or grounded through a high impedance may y develop p overvoltages g on healthy y p phases higher than normal linetoline voltages. Solidly g rounded systems, on the other hand, will only permit it phase h to t ground d overvoltages lt well ll below b l the linetoline value. An earth fault factor is defined as the ratio of the higher of the two sound phase voltages to the linetoneutral voltage at the point in the system y with the fault removed. same p

Travellingwave

Forlosslessline:

Surgeimpedance(Z0)
Thesurgeimpedanceisclearlyindependentof thelinelength.Inpractice,itisabout300400 ohm h f foroverhead h dtransmission i i li linesand d about3080ohmforundergroundcables.

Velocityofwavepropagation

FortheT.L.:

=3x108 m/sec

 For F th thecable: bl
3x108 m/sec

Reflectionandrefractionoftravellingwave

Latticediagram

Overvoltageprotection
Theadverse Th d effects ff t of fovervoltages lt onpower networkscanbereducedintwoways: byusingprotectivedevice(surgearresters) Reducingtheirmagnitudeswhereverthe surgeoriginates(overvoltagecontrol)

Controlofswitchingsurges
Resistorswitching PhaseControlledClosure UseofShuntReactors DrainageofTrappedCharges

Resistorswitching

Atthetimeofenergization,themainbreaker i openwhile is hil the th auxiliary ili breaker b k closes. l Th The voltageimpressedatthelineentranceisthus Ve =e(t).Z0/(R+Z0)

ThevalueofresistanceRingeneraldependson alargenumberoffactorsasfollows: ThevalueofRisselectedtoachieveoptimum forthesystem. y resultsf Thesurgeimpedanceofconnectedlineswhen thereisasinglelineormultiplelines. lines Theinsertiontimeoftheresistancecontrols theovervoltage.(normallycycle). Thevalueofresistanceisslightlyhigherthan thesurgeimpedanceofasinglelinewhichis switched.(normally it h d ( ll 400ohm) h )

Phasecontrolledclosure
By properly timing of the closing of the circuit poles, the resulting g switching g breaker p overvoltage can be greatly reduced. Phase controlled switching should be carried out successively for the three poles to accomplish a reduction in the initial voltages on all three phases. This is extremely difficult with conventional circuit breakers but is quite possible with solidstate circuit breakers p

UseofShuntReactors
Shunt reactors are used on many highvoltage transmission lines as a means of shunt compensation to improve the performance of the line, which would otherwise draw large capacitive currents from the supply. They have g of reducing g the additional advantage energization surge magnitudes. This is accomplished mainly by the reduction in temporary overvoltage

DrainageofTrappedCharges
Chargesaretrappedonthecapacitanceto groundoftransmissionlinesaftertheir sudden dd reenergization. i i Ifthe h li linei is reenergized g soonafter, ,usually yby ymeansof automaticreclosures,thesechargesmay causeanincrease i in i th theresulting lti surge.In I practice,trappedchargesmaybepartially drainedthroughtheswitchingresistors incorporatedincircuitbreakers

Controloftemporaryovervoltages
=

Asseenintheaboveequation,thevoltagecanbe reducedby yincreasing gcapacitive p reactance.a shuntreactorofreactanceXr isaddedtothe transmissionline, ,theequivalent q input p reactance ofthatlinewillbeincreasedfromXc to

Overvoltageprotectionusingsurge arreters
SurgeProtectiveDevices should:
Remaininactivewhilethevolage isnormal Activaterapidlywhenthesurgeisdetected Beabletowithstandtheassociatedcurrent Derivatecurrenttotheearthtermination Reducethesurgetoanonhazardouslevel Return R t t toi inactivity ti it oncethe th surgedi disappears.

1sparkgaparresters

Drawbacks
thetimelagthatoccursbeforethegapsparksover thevariationofthesparkover voltagewiththepolarity andsurroundingcondition Thecurrentcontinuesevenaftertheovervoltagehas disappeared causingalinetogroundshortcircuiton disappeared, thenetwork.

Horngaparresters

Thearccanbeeasilyinterrupted

2Metaloxidesurgearresters

Non N linear li resistor i t of fth therelation: l ti

Adavatages
verysimpleconstruction. Rapidoperation Noarc Nofollowcurrentaftersurgeabsence.

3 ZincOxideVaristors

(ZnO)varistors aresemiconductingceramicshaving highlynonohmic currentvoltagecharacteristics

Properties p
TheresistivityofaZnO varistor isveryhigh (morethan1010ohm.cm) ( )belowacertain thresholdvoltage(Vtb),whereasitisverylow (lessthanseveralohm.cm) ( )abovethethreshold voltage. belowthethresholdvoltage voltage,ZnO varistors are highlycapacitive.ThedielectricconstantofZnO is8.5, 8 5 whereasanapparentdielectricconstant ofaZnO varistor istypically1000. Typical T i l values l of fZnO Z O varistors i t arefrom f 30to t 100

Surgearresterselection
ProtectiveLevelRatio(Np)

Earthing Cofficient(EC)

 DischargeCurrent: whichthearrester materialhastodischargewithoutdamageto itself. itself ProtectiveLevel.