Artificial Changes to Latin Alan R. Libert Department of Linguistics University of Newcastle (1) Carpop orop ilus!

language (1"#$) %eltsprac e (&ol' an( )uc s) (1**#) %eltsprac e (+ic orn) (1**") Nov Latin (1*,-) Linguum .slianum (1,-1) Reform/Latein (1,-0) Latino sine )le1ione (a'a .nterlingua) (1,-#) 2un(elingva (1,-$) .nterpres (1,-*) +ulalia (1,-*/1,1-) Uropa (1,1#) Latinulus (1,1,) .nterlingua 3ystematic (1,00) Latinesco (1,04) Latin 3implifi5 (1,04) Latin sin fle1ion (1,0,) Neolatinus (1,#,) Latini (1,$1) Latina non sine )le1ione (1,#0) Universal/Latein (1,40) .lion (1,6") 3.27/LA8.NA937L (1,*0) Latino 2o(erne (1,,6) Creators Statements Uropa :Uropa is t e name . ave given to a new language; t e outcome of a protracte( in<uiry into t e first principles of speec = t e necessary an( universal laws w ic un(erlie t e e1pression of i(eas an( t eir conveyance from one min( to anot er. .t is a growt rat er t an an invention. All w o loo' forwar( to a universal p ilosop ical language are re<ueste( to rea( t roug t e following c apters= without mental protest= till t e en( is reac e(. 8 en= but not before= let t em pour fort t eir pent/up fury over its apparent s ortcomings an( (efects. . a(mit t at . s oul( myself protest against every part of it from t e alp abet onwar(= ta'en piecemeal; an( t at is w y . as' for a patient survey of t e c apters an( t e lessons= as a whole.> (Donist orpe 1,1#)

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37L
:% at are t e specifications for an international language? .t must be completely p onetic as to spelling= easily pronounceable= an( grammatically simple. 8 e Latin language complies wit t e first two re<uirements= but not wit t e t ir( one= (ue to its very (ifficult grammar. 8 e roots of Latin are in so many of t e mo(ern western languages t at t ey are= in a sense= alrea(y international. Close to "- percent of t e wor(s w ic one meets in +nglis ave come from Latin an( t e percentage is still

0 ig er in Romance languages. @AB 8 erefore= t e only possible international language must be base( on Latin.> (Dominicus 1,*0C1) Latino 2o(erne :Da( Latin survive( intact= wit out brea'ing up into its various (ialects as foun( in t e mo(ern Romance languages= but a( t roug t e centuries un(ergone t e same linguistic (evelopments an( c anges as t ey= ow woul( it appear in its mo(ern form an( w at woul( its function be in t e mo(ern worl(? .t woul( un(oubte(ly be t e perfect bri(ge language for a Unite( +urope an( a 7an American interlanguage easily un(erstoo( an( learne( by e(ucate( persons everyw ere. Latino 2o(erne see's to answer t is <uestion.> (3tar' LMSGS) :2o(ern Latin (L2) is t e language of t e ancient Roman +mpire in contemporary form. @AB Latin survives in t e mo(ern worl(= t oug covere( wit mo(ifications of its various (ialects. 2o(ern Latin is t e (istillation of t at surviving core language. % ere t ere as @sicB been no surviving forms to follow t e forms in 2o(ern Latin ave been (rawn from analogy base( on linguistic principles evi(ent in t e (evelopment of t e romance @sicB languages an( in t e evolution of Ancient an( 2e(ieval Latin itself. 2o(ern Latin s oul( provi(e a goo( intro(uction to foreign languages for t ose w o stu(y it. 3tu(ents will fin( t at t ey can rea(ily un(erstan( t e ot er romance @sicB languages= an( also ave a soli( foun(ation for t e stu(y of Classical Latin.> (3tar' LMSGS) (#) Comments/Descriptions by Others 2un(elingva :+n tiu ci s'iEo (e la lingvo estas nenio rimar'in(a 'aF essence (iferenca (e la ceteraF= pli frue publigitaF analogiaF proFe'toF> (DreEen 1,6"C16-) Nov Latin :3on principal (5faut est (e supposer c eE l!a(epte une certain connaisance (e la grammaire latineC et alors= (ira/t/on= pour<uoi ne pas employer le latin?> (CGL 1,-#91,",C$0-) %eltsprac e (+) :+ic orn!s %eltsprac e of 1**" intro(uce( a new principle= w ereby eac part of speec woul( be i(entifiable by its form= wit nouns s owing two syllables= a(Fectives t ree= pronouns one (wit t e a((itional proviso t at t ey must begin wit a consonant an( en( in a vowel) A @AB Little interest seems to ave atten(e( +ic orn!s proFect.> (7ei 1,6*C161) ($) Samples Carpop orop ilus! language H ba(erus no(erus= 'i (u esso in seluma= fa'(a(e san'a(us a nominan(a (uus (CG L 1,-"91,",C0$) Latino 2o(erne Latino 2o(erne es le plus bon lingua pro le communication internationalI JLatino 2o(erne is t e best language for international communicationI! ( LMSGS) Latino sine )le1ione 7atre nostro <ui es in celos= <ue tuo nomine fi sanctificato= <ue tuo regni a(veni (AGK

# 1,,$C00") Latinulus Leos abeo crassa capus circum(ata cum longa et ticca comas (e fulva colos J8 e lion as a big ea( surroun(e( by long an( t ic' air of tawny color! (7ei 1,6*C10*) Linguum .slianum Canus (um ferabat carnum= natans per fluminum= vi(eavit suum simulacrum in speculo lymp orum (Couturat an( Leau 1,-#91,",C4$#). Canis= per flumen carnem (um ferret natans= Lymp arum in speculo vi(it simulacrum suum. (original by 7 ae(rus= ibi(.) JA (og= w ile e carrie( a piece of meat as e swam in t e river= saw is own reflection in t e mirror of t e waters! (7ei 1,6*C10") 37L Non solum sat5llites= se( 5tiam omines e1ploratores mittuntur= uti al cognoscunt superfLcies et natura (i luna. JNot only satellites but also men/e1plorers are sent t at t ey may learn about t e surface an( nature of t e moon.! (Dominicus 1,*0C*4) %eltsprac e (& G )) Not pater= vel sas in les cMles= ton nomen sanctMt= ton regnon venNt (C G L 1,-#91,",C06,) (4) Articles (efinite no no no app. no no? no yes yes yes yes in(efinite no no no app. no no? suppose(ly no= but v. infra yes= but app. only for one use= v. infra yes yes yes

Latin Latinulus 37L 2un(elingva Linguum .slianum L3) Uropa Latino 2o(erne Nov Latin Reform/Latein

%eltsprac e (+)
%eltsprac e (&G)) )renc 7ortuguese 3panis Rumanian

yes
yes yes yes yes suffi1

yes
yes yes yes yes yes

L3)C 8 e KtI says t at t e article :is translate( wit a pronoun @sicB= li'e :illo>= :uno>= etc.= w en it as t e value of a pronoun an( its use is necessary>. . (o not 'now w at :necessary> means ere; consi(er t e following e1amples given by t e KtIC (6) a. (a a( me libro O give me t e boo'

$ b. (a a( @meB uno libro c. (a a( me uno meo libro O O give me a boo'. give me a boo' mine.

UropaC :P O a certain= a particular t ing> (Donist orpe 1,1#C,) :Hma me(eci furtQmC a man fell among t ieves. P oma me(eci furtQmC a certain man fell among t ieves.> (ibi(.C*) :3yOt eC O t e same= t e sai(.> (ibi(.C,) :2a vi(i 'anamC . saw a (og. 2a vi(i sy 'anamC . saw the (og; (t at is to say Jt e same (og=! Jt e (og of w ic we were spea'ing=! t e said (og).> (ibi(.C*) Apparently to ma'e a N7 containing an a(Fective is (efinite y is suffi1e( to t e a(FectiveC :Ruby (oma O t e re( ouse. Rub (oma O a re( ouse> (ibi(.C,) (") Number Nov Latin 3RC le 7LC les Number an( Ren(er %eltsprac e (+) 2 ) 3R lo la 7L lM lN (CGL 1,-#91,",C0,*) Number an( Case %eltsprac e (&G)) 3R 7L nom. le les gen. lis lum (at. li lib acc. la las (CGL 1,-#91,",C060) (*) Case Systems Cases in Nouns 6 (G loc.) at least $ no no no no no no no Declensions 4 # // // // // // // // )renc N le li 3R 7L 2 ) before &s an( some S Ts le la l! les ///////////////T How Many Definite Articles?

Cases in 7ers. 7ronouns Latin 4 (0 gens. in pl.) Linguum .slianum ? Reform/Latein 4 37L 4 Latino 2o(erne $ 2un(elingva $ Carpop orop ilus # (at least) %eltsprac e (+) 0 L3) no

4 Nov Latin )renc Rumanian (,) no $ # no no 0 (G voc.) // // yes

Pl ral Mar!ers %eltsprac e (+)C -s L3)C :An Js! mar's t e plural= but it is omitte( w en not necessaryC

tres filios or tres filio O t ree sons.> (KtI) Nov LatinC :"s ou "es (suivant (es rUgles (!eup onie)> (CGL 1,-"91,",C$16) Carpop orop ilusC plural mar'er -im (from DebrewI)= e.g. domusim J ouses! Reform/LateinC plural only mar'e( on articleC la femina= los femina %eltsprac e (&G))C :3ynt etic Declension> nom. gen. (at. acc. 3R // /is /i /a 7L /es /um /ib /as (after CGL 1,-#91,",C06#)

:Les substantives (ont le ra(ical se termine par une voyelle (mots 5trangers) sont invariables; seul l!article se (ecline (comme avec les autres substantives= (!ailleurs).> (ibi(.)
(1-) Personal Prono ns Nov Latin 1 0 #2 #) 3R me te il la 7L nos vos ils ilas %eltsprac e (+) 3R 7L 1 mo noi 0 (o voi #2 ro rM #) ra rN #N re ri (G ACC forms in sg.)

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Personal Prono ns# $eg lari%ation/&limination of S ppleti'e (orms

2un(elingva 1st 7erson 7ersonal 7ronouns (after CGL 1,-"91,",C"")C 3R NH2 ego R+N ega DA8 ege 7L egos egas eges

ACC

egi

egis

elo Jyou! (sg.)= ero J e!= efo Js e!= eso Jit!= elos Jyou! (pl.); an) eliso Jyou! (pol.) (10) Personal Prono ns# A))ition of Polite (orms Universal/Latein (based on Ptzl-Pecelius 1 !"#1!$C

Anre(eform 2 ) 3R NH2 ego tu &oso &osa R+N mei tui &osoi &osai DA8 al men al ten al &oson al &osan ACC men ten &oson &osan 7L NH2 nosos vosos &osos &osas R+N nosoru vosoru &osoru &osaru DA8 al nosons al vosons al &osons al &osans ACC nosons vosons &osons &osans

1st

0n(

2 eFo eFoi al eFon eFon eFos eForu al eFons eFons

#r( ) eFa eFai al eFan eFan eFas eFaru al eFans eFans

N eFu eFui al eFun eFun eFues eFuru al eFuns eFuns

)renc = an( various ot er .+ an( non/.+ languages= are similar in ma'ing a familiar9polite (istinction. Note owever t at w ile in )renc t e polite form is i(entical to t e plural= ere it is not i(entical= but very similar. Note also t e fact t at t e polite forms= unli'e t e regular forms= ave gen(er (istinctions. )renc (oes not ma'e gen(er (istinctions in 0n( person pronouns; 3panis (oes= but only in t e familiar plural forms (%osotros vs. %osotras). (1#) Car)inal * mbers

Latin
Latin sin fle1ion

Latino 2o(erne Latino sine )le1ione 2un(elingva Nov Latin 37L Universal/Latein Uropa %eltsprac e (+) %eltsprac e (&G)) )renc .talian Rumanian 3panis

Vnus un uno uno uno un unus une yw a' un un uno unu uno

(uo (u (uo (uo (uo (u (uo (ue (w e' (u (eu1 (ue (oi (os

trWs tri tres tres trio tre tres tre trw i' tres trois tre trei tres

<uattuor <uatuor <uatro <uatuor 'aro <uat <uYttuor <uattuor frw o' cvart <uatre <uattro patru cuatro

<uXn<ue <uin<ue cin<ue <uin<ue 'ino <uin <uin<ue <uin<ue pw u' cvint cin< cin<ue cinci cinco

(Uropa SwT O @uB; %eltsprac e (&G)) ScT O @'B)

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+erbal Systems 8enses9Asps. 6 6 6? 6 $Z $ G $Z # G #Z 0 G$Z 0 G at least #Z (#Z) ? (v. infra) # (G ps G Z) 7ers. +n(s.? yes yes yes? no. onlyI yes no yes no no no no yes yes 3ubFunc.? yes yes ? yesZ (Gcon(it.) no= con(it.Z yes (Gcon(it.) yes (a'a con(it.) no= con(itZ same as in(ic. no yes yes ConFugations $ 1 1 app. 1 $ # # # 1 1 # #

Latin Reform/Latein Linguum .slianum %eltsprac e (+) 37L Latinulus Latino 2o(erne Nov Latin Carpop orop ilus L3) Uropa )renc 3panis

(Z O analytic) .rr. &s? yes 1 (sum) 1 (esse) yes no yes no yes yesC :almost ,--> (Rreen 1,**C,,) 3ynt etic 7assive? yes= in # 89As yes yes no no no Deponents? yes

Latin Reform/Latein Linguum .slianum %eltsprac e (+) 37L Latinulus Latino 2o(erne Carpop orop ilus L3) )renc 3panis

yes // // //

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%eltsprac e (&G))C some verb forms em (iligam J. love! at (iligas Jyou (sg.) love! il (iligat J e loves! ems (iligami Jwe love! ats (iligasi Jyou (pl.) love! ils (iligati Jt ey love! (after CGL 1,-#91,",C066) pres. perf. in(ic. (iligam (iligesam subFunc. (iligNm (iligesNm optative (iligasNm (iligisNm con(itional

imperf. (iligasam pluperf. (iligisam

* fut. (iligosam fut. ant. (iligusam (16) (iligosNm (iligusNm (ibi(.)

Uropa tenses9aspects 2a salte J. Fump! 2a salti J. Fumpe(! 2a saltu J. s all Fump! 2a saltee J. am Fumping! 2a saltie J. ave Fumpe(! 2a saltue J. am going to Fump! 2a saltei J. was Fumping! 2a saltii J. a( Fumpe(! 2a saltui J. was going to Fump! 2a salteu J. s all be Fumping! 2a saltiu J. s all ave Fumpe(! 2a saltuu J. s all be about to Fump! (Donist orpe 1,1#C1#) :8 ere are no infle1ions or terminations in Uropa; not ing but %HRD3. 8 us e= i= an( u= @sicB are (istinct wor(s an( are use( separately. Dy besta e par(a O t is animal is a leopar(. @AB .t is obvious t at t e number of possible tenses is infinite= an( t ey can all be e1presse( in UropaC but a (oEen is even more t an enoug . J2a larmeie toen epys va abivi.! J. ave been crying ever since you left.! 8 is is a tense w ic is not in t e above= an( it is sel(om nee(e(. +ven in +nglis we (o not trouble to say J. s all be about to (epart w en you s all be arriving.! 7retty names li'e Jpaulo/post/futurum! can be given to all t e above tenses by t ose w o enFoy complicate( nomenclature. Rea(erI %e (on!tI> (ibi(.)

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A),ecti'al Agreement yes yes yes bonus puer= boni pueri= bella puella (Dominicus 1,*0C11) yes= if after noun= but optional for plural (re<uire( for gen(er?) no no no la magna pars= un pulc er carmen (CGL 1,-#1,",C4$$)

Latin Linguum .slianum 37L Latino 2o(erne Carpop orop ilus Latinulus Reform/Latein

%eltsprac e (+)
)renc (1*) Latin 37L

no
yes

-asic .or) Or)er (note t at t ese are sometimes not clear9(ispute( for nat. langs.) free= but basic or(er is 3H& :natural or(er> Dominicus (1,*0C#) is 3&H

3panis Rumanian )renc 7ortuguese

&H= but :3&H= &3H= an( &H3 or(ers are all foun(> (Rreen 1,**C114) :essentially 3&H> (2allinson 1,**C$-*) 3&H 3&H

Nov LatinC :7our la s&nta'e= l!auteur n!5(icte aucune rUgle sp5ciale. .l permet (e suivre la synta1e (e n!importe <uell langue romane ou germani<ue= pourvu <u!on observe les precepts suivantsC

1[ 3uivre l!or(re le plus logi<ue; A> (CGL 1,-#C$1")

$eferences Albani= 7. \ K. Kuonarroti (1,,$) Aga 2ag5ra Dif]ra. ^anic elli= Kologna. Couturat= L. \ L. Leau (1,-# an( 1,-"91,",). (istoire de la lan)ue uni%erselle boun( wit Les nou%elles lan)ues internationale. Reorg Hlms &erlag= Dil(es eim. (CGL) Dominicus= R. (1,*0) SPL# *n International Lan)ua)e based on Simplified Latin. Dominicus 7ublis ing Douse= %isconsin (no city given). Donist orpe= %. (1,1#) +ropa# * ,ew Simple Philosophicall&--onstructed Lan)ua)e .ased on Latin /oots. Ruil(for(. DreEen= +. 1,6". (istorio de la mondolin)%o (#r( e(ition= 1st e(ition= translate( an( e(ite( by N. Do lov an( N. Ne'rasov). Hsa'aC 7irato. Rreen= _. N. (1,**) :3panis >. .n 2. Darris an( N. &incent= e(s.= 0he /omance Lan)ua)es. Routle(ge= Lon(on. Ke& to Interlin)ua (original printe( version 1,#1) .nternet %%% pages at URL S ttpC99www.geocities.com9At ens9Hlympus90,$*9'ey. tmlT. (KtI) 2allinson= R. (1,**) :Rumanian>. .n 2. Darris an( N. &incent= e(s.= 0he /omance Lan)ua)es. Routle(ge= Lon(on. 7ei= 2. (1,6*) 1ne Lan)ua)e for the 2orld. Kiblo an( 8annen= New Por'. 7MtEl/7ecelius= `. (an( A. 3c lMgel ofer :als 2itarbeiter>) (1,40) +ni%ersal-Latein. &ienna. 3tar'= Davi( (1,,6) Latino Moderne Le Summario de la Grammatica Sue. .nternet %%% pages at URL S ttpC99www.geocities.com9At ens9#14-9latinomo(erne. tmlT. (L23R3)