Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided. 1. Fig.

1 illustrates the apparatus used in an experiment investigating photosynthesis in green leaf of a land plant.

Fig. 1 The leaf has 2 small containers pressed against its lower surface and a glass plate pressing down on top. It is left in the light for 6 hours, and then the entire leaf is taken and tested for the presence of starch.

(a)

(i)

What is the function of the sodium hydroxide pellets in container X?

[1]

(ii)

What is the function of plastic beads in container Y?

[1]

(b)

What feature of the experiment makes the results more reliable? Give a reason for your answer.

[2]

(c)

Explain why the containers are attached to the lower surface rather than the upper surface?

[1]

(d)

Draw a labelled diagram to show clearly which parts of the leaf would contain starch and which would not after testing.

[1]

(e)

State two possible fates of sugar formed by photosynthesis.

[2]

(f)

Suggest how the structure of the xylem in Fig. 1 might differ from that found in the leaves of water plant.

[2] [Total: 10]

2.

Read the following passage regarding biological washing powders and then answer the questions that follow: Biological washing powders contain enzymes to help break down stains and dirt in fabrics. Do you know that these biological washing powders were not new invention? The first patent for a protein-digesting enzyme was issued as long ago as 1913. This early enzyme was extracted from animal pancreases. It was of limited use since it was not very stable and was easily broken down when the detergent was used. In the 1960s a much more useful enzyme was obtained from a bacterium known as Bacillus subtilis. This enzyme is stable in the conditions needed for a detergent wash. These include temperatures up to 600C and a high pH. Since then, more enzymes have been extracted from bacteria, yeasts and other sources and added to washing powders. A number are proteases which can deal with stains such as blood, egg and gravy. Others break down starchy stains or act on fats and grease. Addition of an enzyme called cellulase to the washing powder breaks down microfibrils on cotton, brightening the colour of the washed clothes. All these enzymes work efficiently at temperature as low as 400C. Soon it may be possible to make genetically engineered enzymes with improved performance. For example, proteases could be made which are not damaged by bleach in the wash.

(a) (i)

Using the lock and key hypothesis, explain what is meant by the sentence It was of limited use since it was not stable and easily broken down when the detergent was used.

[2]

(ii)

how genetically engineered enzymes help to improved performance of the detergent wash.

[2]

(b)

What are the advantages of using microorganisms to produce enzymes?

[2]

3.

4. Figure A below shows a shoot of a destarched plant at the start of an experiment on the movement of substances within a plant. In two places on the stem, Y and Z, tissue was removed as in the sections shown in Figure B.
shoot

Figure B

Figure A

The plant was left in sunlight for six hours, after which it was noticed that there was more water on the inside of bag C than on the inside of bag D.

(a) (i)Name the process carried out by the leaf that was responsible for the water inside the bags.

____________________________________________________________________[1] (ii)Suggest how the appearance of leaf E might differ from that of leaf G. Explain your answer. Appearance

________________________________________________________________________ [1] Explanation

___________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(b) Explain how the removed tissue at Y will affect the growth of the plant shoot.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________ [3] (c) After six hours, leaves F and G were tested for the presence of starch. Both leaves were found to contain starch. Explain how leaf G was able to make starch even though the leaf was enclosed in a bag and tissue has been removed from the stem at Z.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________ [3] [Total: 10]