Integration Key Facts

Facts which are in the formula book

Standard Integrals you need to learn:
}
+
+
=
+
c x
n
dx x
n n 1
1
1

}
+ = c e dx e
x x

}
+ = c x dx
x
ln
1

}
+ = c x xdx sin cos
}
+ = c x xdx cos sin
}
+ = c x xdx tan sec
2

}
+ = c x xdx x sec tan sec
}
+ = c x xdx ec cot cos
2

}
+ = c ecx xdx ecx cos cot cos

Further generalisations using the above integrals:
}
+ +
+
= +
+
c b ax
n a
dx b ax
n n 1
) (
) 1 (
1
) (
}
+ =
+ +
c e
a
dx e
b ax b ax
1

}
+ + =
+
c b ax
a
dx
b ax
) ln(
1 1

}
+ + = + c b ax
a
dx b ax ) sin(
1
) cos(
}
+ + = + c b ax
a
dx b ax ) cos(
1
) sin(
}
+ + = + c b ax
a
dx b ax ) tan(
1
) ( sec
2

}
+ + = + + c b ax
a
dx b ax b ax ) sec(
1
) tan( ) sec(
}
+ + = + c b ax
a
dx b ax ec ) cot(
1
) ( cos
2

}
+ + = + c b ax ec
a
axdx b ax ec ) ( cos
1
cot ) ( cos

Area under a curve, where y = f(x) between x=a and x=b:
dx y
b
a
}


Volume of revolution formed by rotating y about the x axis, where y = f(x) between x=a and
x=b:
dx y
b
a
}
2
t

General patterns you should remember:
( ) ( )
}
+
+
=
+
c x f
n
dx x f x f
n n 1
) (
1
1
) ( ) ( '
}
+ = c e dx e x f
x f x f ) ( ) (
) ( '
}
+ = c x f dx
x f
x f
) ( ln
) (
) ( '

}
+ = c x f dx x f x f ) ( sin ) ( cos ) ( '
}
+ = c x f dx x f x f ) ( cos ) ( sin ) ( '
}
+ = c x f dx x f x f ) ( tan ) ( sec ) ( '
2


Integrating trigonometric powers
} }
= dx x xdx ) 2 cos 1 (
2
1
sin
2
(double angle formula used)
} }
+ = dx x xdx ) 2 cos 1 (
2
1
cos
2
(double angle formula used)
c x
n
xdx x
n n
+
+
=
+
}
1
sin
1
1
cos sin
c x
n
xdx x
n n
+
+
=
+
}
1
cos
1
1
sin cos
c x
n
xdx x
n n
+ =
}
sec
1
tan sec
c x
n
xdx x
n n
+
+
=
+
}
1 2
sec
1
1
sec tan

Integrating using Addition Formula
To integrate sin(ax)sin(bx), cos(ax)cos(bx) cos (A B) = cosAcosB sinAsinB (C3 section) are
required.
To integrate sin(ax)cos(bx) sin (A B) = sinAcosB sinAcosB (C3 section) are required.

Other trigonometric integrals:
c x c x xdx + = + =
}
) ln(sec ) ln(cos tan
}
+ + = c x x xdx ) tan ln(sec sec
}
+ = c x xdx ) ln(sin cot
}
+ + = c x ecx ecxdx ) cot ln(cos cos

Trapezium Rule (C2 section)
| |
n
a b
h
y y y y y
h
dx x f
b
a
n n

=
+ + + + + ~
}
+
) .... ( 2
2
) (
1 2 1 0







Separating variables:
} }
=
=
dx x f dy
y g
y g x f
dx
dy
) (
) (
1
) ( ) (


Then
When

Integrating parametric equations:

When x = f(t), y = (t), the area under the curve:
dt
dt
dx
y
}

Volume of revolution formed by rotating y about the x axis,
dt
dt
dx
y
t
t
}
2
1
2
t
Integration By Parts
c
dx
du
v uv dx
dx
dv
u + =
} }

How do you know which is u and
dx
dv
?

Integration by parts is used to integrate a product. One part of the product (u) should be easy to
differentiate (and will usually simplify when differentiated). The other part
dv
dx
| |
|
\ .
should be easy to
integrate and should not become too much harder when integrated.

Examples:
Function to be integrated u needs differentiating to find
dx
du

dx
dv
needs integrating to find v
x sin ax
x cos ax
x
x
sin ax
cos ax
x
n
ln x ln x x
n

x e
x
x e
x

x
2
e
x
x
2
sinx
x
2
cosx

x
2
parts will need to be applied
twice this would apply to
other similar examples.
e
x
sinx
cosx
lnx ln x 1
x(2x + 3)
4
x (2x + 3)
4

x sec
2
xtanx x sec
2
xtanx

Trigonometric Identities which could be required:
2
1
2
sin (1 cos2 ) x x

2
1
2
cos (1 cos2 ) x x +

2 2
sin cos 1 x x + =
2 2
tan 1 sec x x + =
2 2
1 cot cosec x x + =



Which method of integration do you use?

The methods of integrating an expression are:
1) directly writing it down (either by memory or by looking in the formula book);
2) writing the expression in partial fractions;
3) using the method of integration by parts;
4) using a substitution;
5) using a trigonometric identity (such as
2
1
2
sin (1 cos 2 ) x x = or
2
1
2
cos (1 cos 2 ) x x = + )

First look to see if the question tells you (or gives you a hint) about which method of integration you
should be using!!
First look to see if the integral is easy to work out: Is it one that you should remember (see my sheet)
or is it one in the formula book? Also is the integral easier to work out than it looks e.g.
5 2 x
dx
x
+
}

If you are asked to integrate an algebraic fraction
of the form
( )( )
ax b
cx d ex f
+
+ +
or
2
2
( ) ( )
ax bx c
dx e fx g
+ +
+ +
, you could try writing it in
partial fractions.
(Note: you might be asked in the first part of the
question to express it in partial fractions)
Examples are:
-
4
(2 1)( 2)
dx
x x +
}

-
4
(4 )
x
dx
x x
+

}

Other quotients (where the denominator cannot
be factorised into linear factors) can usually be
integrated using a substitution.
Examples are:
-
2
1
x
dx
x +
}
put
2
1 u x = +
-
sin
cos
x
x
}
put cos u x =
-
2 2
2 1
( 1)
x
dx
x x
+
+
}
put
2
1 u x x = +
Recognise that the integral is in the form
'( ) ( ) f x gf x . Examples are:
-
2
2
x
xe dx
}

-
2 3
cos( 2) x x dx
}

-
2sin
(cos )
x
x e dx
}

-
2
(2 5) ln( 5 ) x x x dx
}

Use integration by parts to integrate other
products, especially when one function is a
simple polynomial. Examples are:
-
2
(3 1)
x
x e dx +
}

-
2
cos x xdx
}

-
3
2 ln x xdx
}

To integrate even powers of sin x or cos x, use
the formulae
2
1
2
sin (1 cos 2 ) x x = or
2
1
2
cos (1 cos 2 ) x x = + .
Examples are:
-
4
cos xdx
}

-
2
sin xdx
}

To integrate odd powers of sin x or cos x, start
by using the formula
2 2
sin cos 1 x x + = and
then use a substitution.
Examples are:
-
5
cos xdx
}

-
3
sin xdx
}

To integrate sinaxcosbx, use:
sin (A +B) = sinAcosB + sinBcosA
sin (A -B) = sinAcosB - sinBcosA
}
xdx x 4 cos 3 sin
To integrate sinaxsinbx or cosaxcosbx, use:
cos (A -B) = sinAsinB + cosAcosB
cos (A +B) = sinAsinB - cosAcosB
}
xdx x 4 sin 3 sin
Integration involving trigonometric identities

Example:
2 1 1 1
2 2 2
cos (1 cos2 ) ( sin2 ) xdx x dx x x c = + = + +
} }







Volumes of revolution: rotating about x axis
The formula is:
2
V y dx t =
}


Example: The diagram shows the graph of
4
2 1
y
x
=

. The region trapped between the lines

x = 1, x = 4 and y = 0 is shaded. This region is
rotated completely about the x-axis. Find the volume
generated.
y
x
2
2
4
4
6
6
8
8
2
2
2
2
4
4
6
6
8
8
2
2


Volume =
2
4
2
1
4
2 1
y dx dx
x
t t
| |
=
|
\ .
} }

=
4
1
1
16
2 1
dx
x
t

}

=
4
1
1
16 ln(2 1)
2
x t
(

(


=
1 1
16 ln7 ln1 8 ln7
2 2
t t
| |
=
|
\ .

Integration by substitution


Find
}
xdx x 4 3 cos sin
Solution: We use the
sin (4x +3x) = sin4xcos3x + sin3xcos4x
sin (4x-3x) = sin4xcos3x sin3xcos4x

Subtracting 1 and 2
sin(4x+3x) sin(4x-3x) = 2sin3xcos4x

So, sin3xcos4x = sin7x sinx
}
xdx x 4 3 cos sin =
}
xdx x sin sin
2
1
7
2
1


=
c x x + +

cos cos
2
1
7
14
1

Example:
2 5
( 3) x x dx +
}
.
Make the substitution
2
3 u x = +
We get:
5 5 1
2
xu dx u du =
} }

This gives:
6 2 6 1 1
12 12
( 3) u c x + = +



2
3 u x = +
1
2
2
2
So,
du
dx
x
du xdx
xdx du
=
=
=

Example 2: Use the substitution
2 1 t x = + to find
1
2 1
x
dx
x
+
+
}
.

Solution:
1 1 1
2
x x
dx dt
t t
+ +
=
} }

Since 2 1 t x = + ,
1
2
2 1 ( 1) x t x t = =
So we get
1
2
( 1) 1
2
t
dt
t

}





2 1 t x = +
2
dt
dx
=
1
2
2 dt dx
dx dt
=
=

Definite integrals using a substitution
Find
2
2
0
4
x
xe
}
.
Use the substitution
2
u x = .
2
2 4
4
0
0 0
4 2 2
x u u
u
xe e du e
=
( = =
} }

=
4 0 4
2 2 2 2 e e e =
2
2
2
4 2
u x
du
x
dx
du xdx
xdx du
=
=
=
=


x = 0 u = 0
x = 2 u = 4
Take the multipliers outside the integral:
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1 1 1
4 4 4
( 1)
( 1)
t
dt t t dt t t dt
t

= =
} } }

This gives:
( )
3/ 2 1/ 2 1 2
4 3
2 t t c +
But 2 1 t x = + , so
( )
3/ 2 1/ 2 1 2
4 3
(2 1) 2(2 1) x x c + + + .
This expands to give:
3/ 2 1/ 2 1 1
6 2
(2 1) (2 1) x x c + + +
This column gives the calculations
for changing the dx to du:
( )
( )
6
5
6
4
4(3 2) 3 2
3 6
2
3 2
9
x dx x c
x c
= +

= +
}





| |
( )
( )
1
1
0
0
1 1
ln(5 2 )
5 2 2
1
ln3 ln5
2
1 1 5
ln5 ln3 ln
2 2 3
dx x
x
=

=
| |
= =
|
\ .
}

Example 1: Find 2
x
xe dx
}
.

This is a suitable candidate for integration by parts
with 2 and
x
dv
u x e
dx
= = :
2 2
x x
du
u x
dx
dv
e v e
dx
= =
= =

Substitute these into the formula:
2 2 2 2 2
x x x x x
xe dx xe e dx xe e c = = +
} }


Example 2: Find cos x xdx
}
.
Here we take and cos
dv
u x x
dx
= = :
1
cos sin
du
u x
dx
dv
x v x
dx
= =
= =

Substitute these into the formula:
cos sin sin sin ( cos )
sin cos
x xdx x x xdx x x x c
x x x c
= = +
= + +
} }


Note: Sometimes it is necessary to use the
integration by parts formula twice (e.g. with
2
sin x xdx
}
).
Common examination questions
Example 1: Find ln x xdx
}
.
This can be found using integration by parts if we
take ln and
dv
u x x
dx
= = .
2
1
ln
2
du
u x
dx x
dv x
x v
dx
= =
= =

Substitute these into the formula:
2
1
ln ln
2
x
x xdx x
x
=
}
2
x

2 1 1
2 2
ln
2
dx x x xdx =
} }


2 2 1 1
2 4
ln x x x c = +

Example 2: Find ln xdx
}
.
This can be thought of as 1ln xdx
}
and so can be
integrated by parts with ln and 1
dv
u x
dx
= =
1
ln
1
du
u x
dx x
dv
v x
dx
= =
= =

1
ln ln xdx x x
x
=
}
x ln 1 dx x x dx =
} }

= ln x x x c +
Definite integrals (using by parts)

Example: a) Find the points where the graph of
(2 )
x
y x e

= cuts the x and y axes.

b) Sketch the graph of (2 )
x
y x e

= .
c) Find the area of the region between the axes and
the graph of (2 )
x
y x e

= .
a) Graph cuts y-axis when x = 0, i.e. at y = 2
Graph cuts the x-axis when y = 0, i.e. when x = 2..

b) The graph looks like:

c) Area is
2
0
(2 )
x
x e dx

}
.
2 1
x x
du
u x
dx
dv
e v e
dx

= =
= =

So (2 ) (2 )( ) 1
x x x
x e dx x e e dx

=
} }

= (2 )( )
x x
x e e dx


}

= (2 )( )
x x
x e e

+
Now that weve integrated, we substitute in our
limits:
( ) ( )
2
2
0
0
2 2 0 0
(2 ) (2 )
0 2
0.135 1 1.135
x x x
x e dx x e e
e e e e


( = +

= + +
= + =
}

x 0.5 1 1.5 2
y
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3