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Cells:
Structure and Function
Chapter 3
Cytology
The Study of Cell Structure
and Function
Cell Biology
What is a cell?
Sel merupakan
kesatuan struktural,
fungsional, dan
herediter yang terkecil
dari makhluk hidup
SeI meIakukan semua proses kehIdupan
Penemuan Sel
Robert Hooke, IImuwan ngrIs(1665)
x seI tanaman matI pada
gabus (daIam buku MIcrographIa)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1674
(pembuat Iensa darI 8eIanda)
seI hIdup daIam aIr
Sel gabus
Organisme sel tunggal volvox
yang hidup di dalam air danau
Penemuan Sel
MathIas SchIeIden (ahII tumbuhan darI ]erman), 1838
semua tanaman terdIrI atas seI
Theodor Schwann (zooIogIs darI ]erman), 1839
seI merupakan unIt struktur terkecII darI
makhIuk hIdup
RudoIp VIrchow (]erman), 1855
seI berasaI darI seI yang sudah ada
(TEOR SEL)
Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of one or
more cells.
Cells are the smallest living units of all
living organisms.
Cells arise only by division of a previously
existing cell.
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3e| rerupa|ar ur|l dasar slru|lur dar lurgs| da|ar
sualu orgar|sre
3e| rarya oerasa| dar| reprodu|s| se| yarg le|ar ada
Teori Sel
What are the main cell part?
Cell Characteristics
Genetic material
single circular molecule of DNA in prokaryotes
double helix located in nucleus in eukaryotes
nuclear envelope (double membrane)
Cytoplasm fills cell interior
sugars, amino acids,
proteins - organelles
Plasma membrane encloses
the cell phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipid
Membrane
proteins
Membran Sel
Membran sel (=membran plasma)
merupakan lapisan tipis yang
mengelilingi sel
Fungsi :
- melindungi bagian dalam sel,
- menyokong dan memberi bentuk sel
- mengontrol transport material ke
dalam dan ke luar sel
Plasma membrane: Fluid Mosaic Model
Separates the intracellular
from the extracellular
environments
A fluid mosaic model
A bilayer of lipids with mobile
globular proteins
Membrane lipids
make up 90-99% of molecules
in membrane
Phospholipids - 75% of lipids
Cholesterol - 20%
Glycolipids - 5%
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Cytoplasm
All materials inside the cell and outside the
nucleus:
cytosol (fluid):
dissolved materials:
nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products
organelles:
structures with specific functions
Sitoplasma
Sitoplasma : bagian
dalam sel, selain
nukleus
Sebagian besar
aktivitas dalam sel
terjadi di sitoplasma
Sitosol : bagian di luar
organel sel
Bentuk bulat
Mengontrol semua
aktivitas dan
reproduksi sel
Terdapat DNA yang
berisi informasi untuk
menjalankan aktivitas
sel
Nucleus/Inti
Visualizing Cells
Mengapa sel berukuran kecil?
Cell Size
Most cells are relatively small because as
size increases, volume increases much
more rapidly.
longer diffusion time
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Tre r|croscop|c s|ze ol lre rosl ce||s ersures a sull|c|erl surlace area
Across Wr|cr rulr|erls ard Wasles car rove lo serv|ce lre ce|| vo|ure
Tre ce||'s ruc|eus car or|y corlro| a cerla|r arourl ol ||v|rg,
acl|ve cylop|asr.
Volume = sisi x sisis x sisi
Area permukaan = 6 (sisi x sisi)
Bentuk Sel
Why do cells have different shapes?
Different cells have different functions or jobs
The shape and structure of most cells help them to do their jobs
Amoeba
Unicellular organism that lives in water
Have the ability to change shape, use pseudopods to move and get food
Red Blood Cells
Carry oxygen
Do not have a nucleus, can easyly bend and fold (flexible)
Can fit through very small tubes
Nerve cells
Store or transfer information,
carry message (impulses) from one part of the body to another...long and very thin
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Ukuran Sel
Sel berukuran sangat kecil.
Hanya beberapa tipe sel yang cukup besar untuk dapat dilihat
dengan mata telanjang
Sebagian besar sel berukuran 1-100 m dan hanya dapat
dilihat dengan mikroskop.
Bakteri berdiameter antara 1-10 m.
Sel eukariota: 10-100 m.
Bakteri mikoplasma merupakan sel yang paling kecil yang
berdiameter antara 0,1-1 m.
Organel Sel
Organel sel : suatu struktur di dalam
sitoplasma yang mempunyai tugas
khusus
Mitokondria
Retikulum endoplasma
Ribosom
Badan Golgi
Vakuola
Lisosom
What are othe cell parts?
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes
composed of two subunits that join and
attach to messenger RNA.
site of protein synthesis
assembled in nucleoli
Endoplasmic Reticulum
2 Types:
1.Rough ER:
Rough appearance because it has ribosomes
Function: helps make proteins, thats why it
has ribosomes
2.Smooth ER:
NO ribosomes
Function: makes fats or lipids
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Types of Organelles
Nonmembranous organelles:
no membrane
direct contact with cytosol
Membranous organelles:
covered with plasma membrane
isolated from cytosol
Mitochondria
A. "Powerhouse of the cell" - cellular
metabolism
B. Structure- outer and inner membranes,
cristae
C. Have their own DNA
Mitokondria
Tempat terjadinya respirasi seluler
Tempat dihasilkan energi
Organelles With DNA
Mitochondria
bounded by exterior and interior membranes
interior partitioned by cristae
Chloroplasts
have enclosed internal compartments of
stacked grana, containing thylakoids
found in photosynthetic organisms
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Mempunyai ribosom dan DNA (own
prokaryote-like genomes)
Secara evolusi terbentuk dari bakteri yang
diendositosis
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than
mitochondria
Grana closed compartments of stacked
membranes
Thylakoids disc shaped structure light
capturing pigment
Stroma fluid matrix
Chloroplast
Ditemukan pada tanaman
Mempunyai membran dalam dan membran luar
(double membrane)
Membran tilakoid internal mengandung klorofil
Klorofil menangkap dan merubah energi
matahari menjadi energi kimia
Chlorophyll captures light energy and
converts it to chemical energy
Badan Golgi
Suatu struktur seperti kantong yang berlipat-lipat
Tempat maturasi protein setelah disintesis di
retikulum endoplasma
Lisosom
Untuk membersihkan organel yang sudah usang
Untuk fagositosis
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein fibers supporting cell shape and
anchoring organelles
Actin filaments
cell movement
Microtubules
Hollow tubes
Facilitate cell movement
Centrioles barrel shaped
organelles occur in pairs
help assemble animal cells microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Stable - dont break down
Actin
Microtubules
Intermediate
filaments
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1. Cellular structure/shape
2. Movement of cell
3. Movement of molecules or organelles within cell
Sitoskeleton:
Tubules and filaments
Plant Cells
Central vacuole
often found in the center of a plant, and
serves as a storage facility for water and other
materials
Cell wall
primary walls laid down while cell is growing
middle lamella glues cells together
secondary walls inside the primary cell walls
after growth
Vakuola
Tempat menyimpan sementara (makanan, sisa
metabolisme, kelebihan air)
Central Vacuole
Main function = pressure = presses cell
contents against cell wall (plant wilts if
vacuole not filled with water)
Small vacuoles = storage
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Perbandingan organisme prokaryota dan eukaryota
Prokaryota Eukaryota
0rgan|sme akter| Prot|sta, Fung|, tumbuhan dan
hewan
Ukuran se| 1 - 10 m 10 - 100 m
Hetabo||sme an aerob|k atau aerob|k aerob|k
0rgane| r|bosom erbaga| jen|s: m|tokondr|a, RE,
||sosom, komp|e| go|g| d||
0NA 8|rku|er d| da|am s|top|asma L|near d| da|am se|aput nuk|eus
RNA dan prote|n RNA dan prote|n d|s|ntes|s d|
ruang yang sama
RNA d|s|ntes|s d| nuk|eus, prote|n
d|s|ntes|s d| s|top|asma
Pembe|ahan se| Pembe|ahan b|ner H|tos|s dan s|tok|nes|s
0rgan|sas|
se|u|er
|asanya un|se| 8ebag|an besar mu|t|se|
R|bosom 70 8 80 8
8|top|asma Tanpa s|toske|eton 8|toske|eton
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