INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GANDHINAGAR

LAB REPORT 3 Two dimensional heat conduction (Electrical analogy)

CL-251 Chemical Engineering Lab-I

Submitted by: Sanchayni Bagade 12110085

Abstract: Voltage at different nodes of two dimensional electrical resistance grid is measured using a digital multimeter and is then compared with theoretically calculated value using two dimensional heat conduction method that is by the principle that net flow in a control element is zero. As the plate was symmetrical values were calculated for half of the plane later would be just mirrored/ symmetrical, this symmetry can be explained by linearity of flow. The experimental and theoretical values were close enough and in average the percentage error was 2% which is very low as there is no much human or instrumental error possible. The variation in voltage is related to temperature gradient at the nods. Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to known the method of calculating the variation of voltage when there is a two dimensional steady state heat flow. Temperature is related to heat and voltage can be related to voltage and thus voltage can be to temperature, thus by knowing the variation in voltage we can find the temperature gradient. For a linear flow differential equation of heat conduction is known but for a two dimensional heat flow a differential equation is difficult to solve thus we used a numerical method to solve this problem. This method is applicable only for steady state situation. Let the centre point be set as 0 and four other points 1 to 4 in clockwise direction. Heat flow from 1 to 0 will be: Q1-0 = -K * ( dY*dZ) * T1-T0/ dX (1)

Similarly for remaining three points: Q0-3 = -K * ( dY*dZ) * T0-T3/ dX Q4-0 = -K * ( dX*dZ) * T4-T0/ dY Q0-2 = -K * ( dX*dZ) * T0-T2/ dY (2) (3) (4)

The cross section is considered to be one i.e., dZ=1 and dX=dY then under steady flow net flow into control is equal to net flow out thus: Q1-0 - Q0-3 + Q4-0 + Q0-2 = 0 Or K* [T1 + T2 +T3 +T4 -4T0 ] =0 T0 = ( T1 + T2 + T3 + T4)/ 4 Thus will be same for the voltage .Temperature change is difficult to note practically hence voltage variation is calculated and thus variation in temperature can be known. By knowing the pattern of variation of temperature effects of various appliances like ovens, heaters and various heating gadgets on the feed can be known. (6) (5)

Fig 1. 2D resistance grid Procedure: The plate is symmetrical thus there is no need to calculate voltage at each knot. Calculate voltage at edge points of down board and it will be symmetrical about the upper one. Calculate voltage of knots 10,20 and 30 as shown in Fig.1. Then calculate the values of

remaining knots by iterative method by the formula (6) in excel. Finding values of voltage at each knot calculate the percentage error of the theoretical value to practical value. Care should be taken that the reference point should be the same. Values should not be recorded when they are fluctuating. Make sure that the plate is heated for few minutes and the recording is taken or the values will keep changing for same knot for two different measurements. Result: Table 1. Estimated values of voltages at each knots using excel by iteration.

10.28 8.31 6.18 3.64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10.28 8.74 7.11 5.38 3.64 3.01 2.76 2.66 2.62 2.61 2.63

10.28 9.24 8.17 7.11 6.18 5.65 5.38 5.26 5.21 5.19 5.22

10.28 9.76 9.24 8.74 8.31 8.03 7.87 7.79 7.76 7.75 7.77

10.28 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.28 10.28

The values at the right end of Table 1 are Vf and the one at left are V0. The table can be related with the Fig1. Table 2.Percentage error for voltage values from 10-17
Point Number Voltage measured at point Voltage predicted at point %Error 10 2.63 2.63 0.00 11 2.63 2.61 0.76 12 13 14 2.82 2.76 2.17 15 3.87 3.01 16 3.70 3.64 17 5.43 5.34 1.68

2.65 2.70 2.62 2.66 1.14 1.50

28.57 1.64

Table 3.Percentage error for voltage values from 20-28

Point Number Voltage measured at point Voltage predicted at point %Error 20 5.22 5.22 0.00 21 5.17 5.19 0.38 22 23 24 25 5.68 5.65 0.53 26 6.21 6.18 0.48 27 7.17 7.11 0.84 28 8.23 8.17 0.73

5.23 5.26 5.40 5.21 5.26 5.38 0.38 0.00 0.37

Table 4.Percentage error for voltage values from 30-39

Point Number Voltage measured at point Voltage predicted at point %Error 30 7.77 7.77 0.00 31 7.75 7.75 0.00 32 33 34 35 8.03 8.03 0.00 36 8.31 8.31 0.00 37 8.68 8.74 0.68 38 9.20 9.24 0.43 39 9.75 9.76 0.10

7.78 7.83 7.87 7.76 7.79 7.87 0.26 0.51 0.00

The average error calculated was approximately 2%. The theoretical and practical value for knots from 30-39 was approximately same it can be seen from table 4. The error was very less as there was very less chance of human or instrumental error as the apparatus was easy to handle and simple. These errors might be due to nonlinearity in the flow. Discussion and conclusion: The numerical method is applicable only at steady state and easier than solving differential equation of more orders. There were a lot of assumptions and symmetry taken into consideration thus the job was easy but in real life it would be more complex. This kind of information is very useful in various heating appliances. As we know in most of the appliances the supply is AC but here we have taken a DC supply it would be interesting to known how the equation modifies for AC. We have neglected temperature variation of atmosphere and its effect on the plate. Heat flow measurement is useful in finding heat conduction gains and losses thus very helpful in creating insulation for buildings. Appendix: Sample calculation: T0 = ( T1 + T2 + T3 + T4)/ 4 We have: T1= 5.21 T2=2.66 T3=5.38 T4=7.79

T0= (5.21 + 2.66 +5.38 + 7.79)/4 T0= 5.26. References:

1. http://me.queensu.ca/Courses/346/L_9_4b.pdf 2. http://www.buildingphysics.com/manuals/avh_TB.pdf 3. Wikipedia 4. Lab manual.