Nervous system

Developed:
• basal plate (ventral) – motor
• alar plate (dorsal) – sensory
CNS:
• brain
• SC
PNS:
• somatic: afferent + efferent
• visceral afferent + efferent (autonomic): sympathetic + parasympathetic
• autonomic NS is always visceral efferent
Brain
• prosencephalon
• telencephalon
• diencephalon
• mesencephalon
• rhombencephalon
• metencephalon (pons + cerebellum)
• myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
In vertebral canal
• gray matter – neurons (inside)
• white matter – nerve fibers (around)
Gray matter
• anterior horn (motor neurons) – from basal plate
• posterior horn (sensory neurons) – from alar plate
Spinal chord starts to develop slower than vertebral column after 3ed week, reaches L1-L2
Spinal cord segment = part of SC from which ventral and dorsal root form 1 pair of spinal nerves.
31 segments: C=8 Th=12 L=5 S=5 Co=1
1 spinal nerve is formed by one ventral and one dorsal root.
Spinal nerve:
• ventral root – motor, effernet fibers
• dorsal root (always has ganglion)– sensory root, afferent fibers (spinal root ganglion)
• ventral(anterior) branch – forms plexuses
• C1 – C4 : cervical plexus
• C5 – Th1: Brachial plexus
• T1 – L1: intercostal nerves
• L1 – L4: lumbur plexus
• L4 – S5: sacral plexus
• dorsal branch – dorsal root branches after intervertabral foramen to smaller branches
innervating skin and such
Grouping of neurons in CNS – nucleus
Grouping of neurons in PNS – ganglion

Spinal cord
• upper 2/3 of vertebral canal
 • 42-45 cm
• from foramen magnum to L1-L2
• conus medullaris – filum terminale (S2) – cauda equina
• central canal – opens in 4th ventricle – terminal ventricle
Enlargments
• Cervical
• Lumbar
Longitudinal divisions:
• anterior median fissure
• posterior median sulcus
• posterolateral sulcus
• posterior intermediate
Puncture site: L4-L5
Dura mater in the spinal cord comes to foramen magnum and immediately sticks to the skull.
H-shaped:
• inner – gray matter (neuronal bodies)
• outer – white matter (nerve fibers)
Gray matter (10 Rexed's laminae)
• 1-6 posterior (dorsal) column (horn)
• receives sensory information
• 8-9 anterior (ventral) column (horn)
• motor function – innervates muscles
• 7 lateral column (horn), intermediate
• provides visceral functions
• 10 pericentral area
Proper nucleus of dorsal horn is in lamina 3-4, receives information about pain and temperature.
Lamina 5-6. Dorsal or thoracic nucleus of Clark, receives information about balance.
Lamina 7 – intermediate lateral nucleus, for viscera found between Th1-L4 or S2-S4
Lower motor neuron, dorso-lateral, for innervation of muscles.
Posterior white column:
• fasciculus gracillis, fasciculus cuneatus
• main sensitive tract, dorsal column pathway
(fine sensation, tactile discrimination, vibration)
• Spinal ganglion (FG, FC)
• Nucleus gracilis + cuneatus (internal arcuate fibers, medial lemniscus)
• Thalamus (to cerebral cortex)
Anterior white column:
• Anterior spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature)

Ascending pathway usually consists from a chain of 3 neurons.

First neuron is always in the spinal root ganglion.
They carry sensory information