ABSTRACT

GSM based Irrigation Water Pump Controller for Illiterates The aim of this project is to provide an efficient solution for automatic control of irrigation motor for illiterates. Now a days technology is running with time, it completely occupied the life style of human beings. Even though there is such an importance for technology in our routine life there are even people whose life styles are very far to this well known term technology. So it is our responsibility to design few reliable systems which can be even efficiently used by them. This basic idea gave birth to the project DTMF controlled soil moisture sensor. Here the automation process is done through the micro controller based technology.

INTRODUCTION
.

In our project we make use of one microcontroller, which is dedicated at the water pump. The microcontroller forms the heart of the device. A relay switch to which irrigation motor is connected which is operated through microcontroller. To operate the system initially we should make a call to the mobile phone which is present at the soil moisture sensor in the fields. That mobile phone will be automatically will be answered after one or two rings then the control of the sensor is in our hands by using keypad buttons of our mobile phone the motor will be ON/OFF through Relay switch. The design of this system is very much sensitive and should be handled with utmost care because the microcontroller is a 5 volts device and it is employed to monitor the house hold power consumption per day where it should be interfaced with a 240 volts energy meter. So every small parameter should be given high importance while designing the interfacing circuit between the controller and the water motor.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

DESCRIPTION

This project provides exposure to the following technologies: 1. Microcontroller. 2. Embedded C programming for microcontroller. 3. DTMF decoder. 4. Design of PCB. The major building blocks of this project are: 1. Regulated Power Supply. 2. Microcontroller. 3. DTMF decoder. 4. Relay with driver (Interfacing circuit). 5. Crystal oscillator. 6. Reset. 7. LED indicators.

Softwares used: 1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming. 2. PIC kit programmer for dumping code into Micro controller. 3. Express SCH for Circuit design. 4. Proteus for hardware simulation.

FEATURES

1. Controls high voltage water pumps. 2. Feedback generated with the help of LED indicator. 3. Highly sensitive. 4. Power saving. 5. Low cost. 6. Remote control from anywhere in the world.

APPLICATION 1. Utilized for irrigation purpose. 2. Very useful for illiterates operation. 3. Can be operated from any place in the world. 4. No need of manual check for moisture level in soil.

Regulated Power Supply:

Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "Tone dialing" redirects here. For Ornette Coleman album, see Tone Dialing (album). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009)

One of the few production telephone DTMF keypads with all 16 keys, from an Autovon Telephone. The column of red keys produces the A, B, C, and D DTMF events. Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) is used for telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other communications devices and the switching center. The version of DTMF that is used in pushbutton telephones for tone dialing is known as Touch-Tone. It was developed by Western Electric and first used by the Bell System in commerce, using that name as a registered trademark. DTMF is standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. It is also known in the UK as MF4. Other multi-frequency systems are used for internal signaling within the telephone network. Introduced by AT&T in 1963,[1] the Touch-Tone system using the telephone keypad gradually replaced the use of rotary dial and has become the industry standard for landline service.

Contents

1 Multifrequency signaling 2 #, *, A, B, C, and D 3 Keypad 4 Special tone frequencies 5 See also

6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links

Multifrequency signaling
Prior to the development of DTMF, numbers were dialed on automated telephone systems by means of pulse dialing (dial pulse, DP, in the U.S.) or loop disconnect (LD) signaling, which functions by rapidly disconnecting and re-connecting the calling party's telephone line, similar to flicking a light switch on and off. The repeated interruptions of the line, as the dial spins, sounds like a series of clicks. The exchange equipment interprets these dial pulses to determine the dialed number. Loop disconnect range was restricted by telegraphic distortion and other technical problems,[which?] and placing calls over longer distances required either operator assistance (operators used an earlier kind of multi-frequency dial) or the provision of subscriber trunk dialing equipment. Other vendors of compatible telephone equipment called the Touch-Tone feature Tone dialing or DTMF, or used their own registered trade names such as the Digitone of Northern Electric (now known as Nortel Networks). The DTMF system uses eight different frequency signals transmitted in pairs to represent 16 different numbers, symbols and letters - as detailed below. As a method of in-band signaling, DTMF tones were also used by cable television broadcasters to indicate the start and stop times of local commercial insertion points during station breaks for the benefit of cable companies. Until better out-of-band signaling equipment was developed in the 1990s, fast, unacknowledged, and loud DTMF tone sequences could be heard during the commercial breaks of cable channels in the United States and elsewhere.[citation needed] Multi-frequency signaling (see also MF) is a group of signaling methods that use a mixture of two pure tone (pure sine wave) sounds. Various MF signaling protocols were devised by the Bell System and CCITT. The earliest of these were for in-band signaling between switching centers, where long-distance telephone operators used a 16-digit keypad to input the next portion of the destination telephone number in order to contact the next downstream long-distance telephone operator. This semi-automated signaling and switching proved successful in both speed and cost effectiveness. Based on this prior success with using MF by specialists to establish long-distance telephone calls, Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling was developed for the consumer to signal their own telephone-call's destination telephone number instead of talking to a telephone operator. AT&Ts Compatibility Bulletin No. 105 described the product as "a method for pushbutton signaling from customer stations using the voice transmission path." In order to prevent consumer telephones from interfering with the MF-based routing and switching between telephone switching centers, DTMF's frequencies differ from all of the pre-existing MF signaling protocols between switching centers: MF/R1, R2, CCS4, CCS5, and others that were later replaced by SS7 digital signaling. DTMF, as used in push-button telephone tone dialing, was

known throughout the Bell System by the trademark Touch-Tone. This term was first used by AT&T in commerce on July 5, 1960 and then was introduced to the public on November 18, 1963, when the first push-button telephone was made available to the public. It was AT&T's registered trademark from September 4, 1962 to March 13, 1984, and is standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. It is also known in the UK as MF4. In telephony, multi-frequency signaling (MF) is a signaling system that was introduced by the Bell System after WWII. It uses a combination of tones for address (phone number) and supervision signaling. The signaling is sent in-band over the same channel as the bearer channel used for voice traffic. Multi-frequency signaling is a precursor of modern DTMF signaling (TouchTone), now used for subscriber signalling. DTMF uses eight frequencies. Operation: Digits are represented by two simultaneous tones selected from a sets of five (MF 2/5), six (MF 2/6), or eight (MF 2/8) frequencies. The frequency combinations are played, one at a time for each digit, to the remote multi-frequency receiver in a distant telephone exchange. MF was used for signaling in trunking applications. Using MF signaling, the originating telephone switching office sends a starting signal such as a seizure (off-hook) by toggling the AB bits. After the initial seizure, the terminating office acknowledges a ready state by responding with a wink (short duration seizure) and then goes back on-hook (wink start). The originating office sends the destination digits to the terminating switch. MF signalling tones were vulnerable to being spoofed using blue boxes which generated a 2600 hertz tone to disconnect a toll call in progress and provided an operator-style MF keypad to dial another call using the same trunk. MF and other in-band signaling systems differ from Signaling System 7 (SS7) in that the routing digits are out-pulsed in MF format in the same voiceband channel used for voice. The dialing user cannot detect these digits being out-pulsed because the audio connection is not established all the way to the users handset or device until after the connection is established with the terminating switch. Following a full connection, the same audio channel is connected to the user in order to communicate the voice, modem or fax data across that same 64-kbit channel previously used for the in-band MF signaling.

#, *, A, B, C, and D

DTMF keypad layout. DTMF dialing

Menu 0:00 How DTMF dialing sounds.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

The engineers had envisioned phones being used to access computers, and surveyed a number of companies to see what they would need for this role. This led to the addition of the number sign (#, ''pound'' or "diamond" in this context, "hash", "square" or "gate" in the UK, and "octothorpe'' by the original engineers) and asterisk or "star" (*) keys as well as a group of keys for menu selection: A, B, C and D. In the end, the lettered keys were dropped from most phones, and it was many years before these keys became widely used for vertical service codes such as *67 in the United States of America and Canada to suppress caller ID. Public payphones that accept credit cards use these additional codes to send the information from the magnetic strip. The United States Armed Forces also used the letters, relabeled, in their now-defunct AUTOVON telephone system.[2] Here they were used before dialing the phone in order to give some calls priority, cutting in over existing calls if need be. The idea was to allow important traffic to get through every time. The levels of priority available were Flash Override (A), Flash (B), Immediate (C), and Priority (D), with Flash Override being the highest priority. Pressing one of these keys gave one's call priority, overriding other conversations on the network. Pressing C, Immediate, before dialing would make the switch first look for any free lines, and if all lines

were in use, it would disconnect any non-priority calls, and then any priority calls. Flash Override will kick every other call off the trunks between the origin and destination. Consequently, it was limited to the White House Communications Agency. Precedence dialing is still done on the military phone networks, but using number combinations (Example: Entering 93 before a number is a priority call) rather than the separate tones and the Government Emergency Telecommunications Service has superseded AUTOVON for any civilian priority telephone company access. Present-day uses of the A, B, C and D keys on telephone networks are few, and exclusive to network control. For example, the A key is used on some networks to cycle through different carriers at will (thereby listening in on calls). Their use is probably prohibited by most carriers. The A, B, C and D tones are used in radio phone patch and repeater operations to allow, among other uses, control of the repeater while connected to an active phone line. The *, #, A, B, C and D keys are still widely used worldwide by amateur radio operators for repeater control, remote-base operations and some telephone communications systems. DTMF tones are also used by some cable television networks and radio networks to signal the local cable company/network station to insert a local advertisement or station identification. These tones were often heard during a station ID preceding a local ad insert. Previously, terrestrial television stations also used DTMF tones to shut off and turn on remote transmitters. DTMF signaling tones can also be heard at the start or end of some VHS (Video Home System) cassette tapes. Information on the master version of the video tape is encoded in the DTMF tone. The encoded tone provides information to automatic duplication machines, such as format, duration and volume levels, in order to replicate the original video as closely as possible. DTMF tones are sometimes used in caller ID systems to transfer the caller ID information, but in the United States only Bell 202 modulated FSK signaling is used to transfer the data.

Keypad

1209 Hz on 697 Hz to make the 1 tone Main article: Telephone keypad

The DTMF keypad is laid out in a 44 matrix in which each row represents a low frequency and each column represents a high frequency. Pressing a single key sends a sinusoidal tone for each of the two frequencies. For example, the key 1 produces a superposition of tones of 697 and 1209 hertz (Hz). Initial pushbutton designs employed levers, so that each button activated two contacts. The tones are decoded by the switching center to determine the keys pressed by the user. DTMF keypad frequencies (with sound clips) 1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1633 Hz 1 2 3 A 697 Hz 4 5 6 B 770 Hz 7 8 9 C 852 Hz * 0 # D 941 Hz

Special tone frequencies

It has been suggested that this article be merged into Call-progress tone. (Discuss)
Proposed since June 2011.

National telephone systems define additional tones to indicate the status of lines, equipment, or the result of calls with special tones. Such tones are standardized in each country and may consist of single or multiple frequencies. Most European countries use a single precise frequency of 425 Hz, where the United States uses a dual frequency system. Event Low frequency High frequency Busy signal (US) 480 Hz 620 Hz Ringback tone (US) 440 Hz 480 Hz Dial tone (US) 350 Hz 440 Hz The tone frequencies, as defined by the Precise Tone Plan, are selected such that harmonics and intermodulation products will not cause an unreliable signal. No frequency is a multiple of another, the difference between any two frequencies does not equal any of the frequencies, and the sum of any two frequencies does not equal any of the frequencies. The frequencies were initially designed with a ratio of 21/19, which is slightly less than a whole tone. The frequencies may not vary more than 1.8% from their nominal frequency, or the switching center will ignore the signal. The high frequencies may be the same volume as or louder than the low frequencies when sent across the line. The loudness difference between the high and low frequencies can be as large as 3 decibels (dB) and is referred to as "twist." The duration of the tone should be at least 537 ms.[3] European Tones: Event Low frequency High frequency

Busy signal (UK) Busy signal (Most of Europe) Ringback tone (UK & Ireland) Ringback tone (Most of Europe) Dial tone (UK) Dial tone (Most of Europe)

400 Hz 425 Hz 400 Hz 425 Hz 350 Hz 425 Hz

------450 Hz ---440 Hz ----

As with other multi-frequency receivers, DTMF was originally decoded by tuned filter banks. Late in the 20th century most were replaced with digital signal processors. Although DTMF can be decoded using any frequency domain transform (such as the popular Fast Fourier transform), the Goertzel algorithm is a common algorithm to consider due to its high performance for DTMF.

DTMF Decoder / Encoder

DTMF Decoder is a very easy to use program to decode DTMF dial tones found on telephone lines with touch tone phones. DTMF Decoder is also used for receiving data transmissions over the air in amateur radio frequency bands.

The following are the frequencies used for the DTMF (dual-tone, multi-frequency) system, which is also referred to as tone dialling. The signal is encoded as a pair of sinusoidal (sine wave) tones from the table below which are mixed with each other. DTMF is used by most PSTN (public switched telephone networks) systems for number dialling, and is also used for voice-response systems such as telephone banking and sometimes over private radio networks to provide signalling and transferring of small amounts of data.

Table of DTMF frequencies (CCITT) Symbol

697 Tone 770 A [Hz] 852 941 Tone B [Hz] 1209 1336 1477 1633

1 4 7 *

2 5 8 0

3 6 9 #

A B C D

Live tone signals are fed from telephone line or radio into soundcard of computer. Either line- or microphone input jack is used. It is highly recommended to ensure galvanic decoupling between PC and telephone line or radio receiver. DTMF Decoder output is clear text consisting of the symbols shown in table above. An exact log is displayed; when, which number was dialled. This log is automatically stored into a log file for later exploration.

System requirements:
Windows 95 / 98 / Me / NT4 / 2000 / XP / Win 7 (see instructions below) Processor Pentium or higher Processor clock 1Ghz 256 MB RAM or more 5 MB free disk space Soundcard

Windows 7 specific instructions: Locate DTMF Decoder at it's Program folder location for example "C:\Programs\HamRadioSoftware\......DTMFdecoder.exe" Right click on the DTMFdecoder.exe file to access the properties In the properties / compatibility table one must set: XP Service pack2

Technology:
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Finest 5th order Gaussian Bandfilters with adjustable bandwith. Excellent Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

More Info:
Download and view the DTMF Decoder Help File

Download: 15 Day Trial Version Win XP: In case of any problems with execution of MRP40 under
Win XP you should know that MRP40 is a Visual Basic program and requires the VB6 Runtime Files to be installed. If you do not jet have the Visual Basic 6.0 Runtime files installed on your computer, please choose one of the download sites below. (1MB, free download ) Download VB RunTimeLib here! Win 7: Do not install VB6 Runtime Libary! It is already included in Win7

Register for
19.90 USD via PayPal The key code to unlock DTMF-Decoder (turn into full version) will be be send to you via email

Download the DTMF Encoder (Dial Tone Generator), it's Free! ( no cost at all )

Contact:
Send your problems, suggestions, and questions to my e-mail: dtmfSPAM@polarelectric.com (remove the letters "SPAM")

Related Links: Decoder and Controller Products (Hardware) http://www.icircuits.com/

Soil moisture sensors measure the water content in soil. A soil moisture probe is made up of multiple soil moisture sensors. One common type of soil moisture sensors in commercial use is a frequency domain sensor such as a capacitance sensor. Another sensor, the neutron moisture gauge, utilize the moderator properties of water for neutrons. Cheaper sensors -often for home use- are based on two electrodes measuring the resistance of the soil. Sometimes this simply consists of two bare (galvanized) wires, but there are also probes with wires embedded in gypsum. The bare wire sensor is extremely affected by soil salinity and pH. A driving rain can temporarily remove ions from water in the soil making it less conductive - similar to a 'dry'

reading. Gypsum probes provide a constant source of ions, but they do not dry at the same time as the soil surrounding it, and they are plagued by clogging from small soil particles. Time domain transmission (TDT) and time domain reflectometry (TDR) is also used to measure moisture content; water has a high dielectric constant; a higher water concentration causes a higher average dielectric constant for the soil. The average dielectric constant can be sensed by measuring the speed of propagation along a buried transmission line.[1][2] A new heat dissipative sensor using exact heating and cooling profiles (Patent Pending) from WaterGreat LLC provides another accurate method of soil detection that is not affected by soil salinity, pH, soil compaction and temperature. Heat dissipation sensors rely on the effective heat R-value (insulation) of soil. Soil with additional water conducts heat more readily than dry soil. New precise inexpensive microcontrollers make this type of measurement possible.[3]

Contents

1 Agriculture 2 Landscape irrigation 3 References 4 External links

Agriculture
Measuring soil moisture is important in agriculture to help farmers manage their irrigation systems more efficiently. Not only are farmers able to generally use less water to grow a crop, they are able to increase yields and the quality of the crop by better management of soil moisture during critical plant growth stages. Besides agriculture, there are many other disciplines using soil moisture sensors. Golf courses are now using sensors to increase the efficiencies of their irrigation systems to prevent over watering and leaching of fertilizers and other chemicals offsite.

Landscape irrigation
In urban and suburban areas, landscapes and residential lawns are using soil moisture sensors to interface with an irrigation controller. Connecting a soil moisture sensor to a simple irrigation clock will convert it into a "smart" irrigation controller that prevents an irrigation cycle when the soil is wet.