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ADMINISTRATION OF CORDYMAX
Wu ZM, Dai DW, Bao TT, Xu CF, Zhu J-S
Pharmanex Pharmacology Center Beijing , China; Institute of Materia Medica;
Peking Union Medical University, Beijing, China; Pharmanex Provo, USA
P : Ref
+18.4%
4.0
vitality. This study was to evaluate the effect of CordyMax on tissue MDPA (Ref.)
PME
Pi β-ATP
Ratio of β-ATP
PC
PDE
spectroscopy. Mice were divided into 3 groups. Groups A and B 3.6 +12.3% 400 mg/kg
(n=5 each) received an extract of CordyMax , 200 or 400 mg/kg/day, 3.4
200 mg/kg
and Group C (n=6) received placebo. All treatments were given by Placebo
gavage for 7 days and then discontinued. Hepatic β-ATP and 3.2
Ratio of Pi : Ref
reference in mice receiving CordyMax: Group A 3.81±0.03 31P NMR Spectroscopy on mouse liver: 400 mg/kg
(+12.3% on average); Group B 4.00±0.04 (+18.4%); compared
α-, β-, γ-ATP, other triphosphorate 1.0
-17.6%
with Group C 3.36±0.04 (p<0.001). Inorganic phosphate was 200 mg/kg
compounds, and inorganic phosphate;
decreased in Groups A and B, but not in Group C (p<0.001). 0.9
calculate cellular pH.
Consequently, the ratio β-ATP/Pi was also significantly increased in
0.8
mice receivingg CordyMax:
y Groupp A 4.81±0.05 (+47.7%
( on -24.5%
3.10±0.04 (p<0.001). At the end of the washout phase, β-ATP had Increases in Hepatic β-ATP 0 7 14 (Days)
returned to baseline in Groups A and B. Hepatic tissue pH was In Response to Oral CordyMax
unchanged throughout the study. We conclude that CordyMax
3.8 CordyMax
Ratio of β-ATP : Ref
increased steady state levels of hepatic bio-energy when 400 mg/kg/d Increases in the Ratio of
administered to mice for 7 days. Our findings may explain the β-ATP : Pi
5.0
reported energizing effect of CordyMax in human subjects. 3.6
+13.7% +47.7%
p>0.20 p<0.001
Ratio of β-ATP : Pi
p>0.20
3.4
4.0
+41 4%
+41.4%
Placebo 200 mg/kg
3.2
400 mg/kg
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (Days) 3.0
Placebo
Treatment
2.0
Experimental Design 0 7 14 (Days)
Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. Placebo group No treatment (n=6mice)
(Collected from Qinghai-Tibetan plateau of China) CordyMax 200 mg/kg No treatment (n=5mice)
Changes in Hepatic Tissue pH
Isolation & Purification CordyMax 400 mg/kg No treatment (n=5mice)
8
0 (days) 7 14
4
At the time indicated, 7-day Rx
Industrial Fermentation •Anaesthetized mice with 7-day post-Rx
2
Pentobarbital
CordyMax •Preformed 31P NMR 0
Placebo
200 400 (mg/kg/d)
spectroscopy on mouse liver CordyMax
Introduction
♦ CordyMax improves aerobic capability Summary
and enhances endurance in older humans 7-day CordyMax Treatment:
(Chin J Integrat Med 2004; 10:187-192; SH J Prevent Med
2008, 20:367-369).
↑ Hepatic ATP
↑ VO2max, ↑ Anaerobic Threshold, ↓ Hepatic inorganic phosphate
↑ Maximal Ventilation, ↑ Hepatic ratio of ATP:Pi
↓ RER, ↓ Lactic acid
No ∆ in hepatic tissue pH
♦ CordyMax improves glucose and lipid
metabolisms (J Alternat Compl Med 2002; 8:309-314;
Chin J Clin Pharmacy 2007; 16:274-277; Proceedings 2008
Conclusion
Symposium Chin Asso Med Mycol. 2008, pp157-164). • CordyMax improved steady-state hepatic bio-energy status
CordyMax Improves Glucose Metabolism in
Animals and in Humans
Wu ZM, Nicodemus K, Zhao CS, Zhu J-S
Pharmanex Pharmacology Center, Beijing, China; Fit Stop Human
Performance Lab, Encinitas, CA, USA, Pharmanex Provo, USA
Abstract
Preliminary reports demonstrated that supplementation with Experimental Design (1): Experimental Design (2):
a mycelia fermentation product of Cordyceps sinensis
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled
((CordyMax)
y ) increased maximal O2 uptake
p and anaerobic Placebo (n=12 rats)
threshold in mid-age to elderly humans, and enhanced in Placebo (n=15) (4.5 g/day)
vivo bio-energy metabolisms in animals (J Alternat CordyMax 250 mg/kg (n=12 rats)
Complement Med 7:231, 2001; Chin J Integrat Med 10:187, CordyMax (n=15) (4.5 g/day)
2004; Shanghai J Prevent Med 20:367, 2008). We further CordyMax 500 mg/kg (n=12 rats)
studied in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial the effect
0 (weeks) 6
of CordyMax (4.5 g/day, 6 weeks) in highly-fit athletes on
0 (days) 18
glucose metabolism. Male adventure racers and multi-sport
endurance athletes (age 32±4 yrs; VO2peak 63±8 Sub-maximal exercise-metabolism testing
ml/kg/min) were assigned to either a CordyMax or a control 8 Reduction of FBG
group (n=15 each). We found a 7% decrease in fast blood
mol/L)
controls. During prolonged sub-maximal exercise (70% Healthy, highly fit, male endurance athletes
p=0.768
p=0.262
p<0.001
p<0.001
4
VO2peak, 60 min), reductions of respiratory exchange ratio 3 under the age of 40 years
Day 18
2
mice given CordyMax for 4 weeks, responses of serum Training Training vol. Number of
1
insulin and C-peptide to an oral glucose load were 0
Background Hrs./wk. Subjects
diminished and recovered to the pre-load levels quickly vs. Vehicle 250 500 (mg/kg) Adventure Racers 11 ± 7 9
control group (p<0.01 or 0.05) with no change in the glucose Control CordyMax
tolerant curve. The glucose-insulin index was lower in the Pro/Competitive Triathletes 15 ± 7 10
CordyMax (7±1 x105 units) vs. control group (10±1 x105)
Improvement
p of oral Glu tolerance Active Military (Reco/SeALs) 11 ± 1 3
(p<00.01).
(p 01) Our data suggest that CordyMax (1) safely lowers
basal glucose in normal humans, (2) improves glucose 11 Vehicle Olympic Rower/Kayak 10 1
Blood Glucose (mmol/L)
(mg/dL)
Reduction of fasting serum insulin 80 p=0.006
Post-Rx
Pre-Rx
-7.22%
70
40
Insulin (mU/ml)
p=0.012
20 Placebo CordyMax
Isolation & Purification
10
0
(A Paecilomyces Vehicle 250 500
Cs-4 Reduction of RER during sub-maximal exercise
hepiali Chen strain) Control CordyMax
1.05
0.95
0.22
RER
Pre-Rx
CordyMax 0.20 0.90
Post-Rx
008
p<0.001
0 18
0.18
Insulin
p=0.0
0.85 Post-Rx
Introduction 0.16
Pre-Rx
0.80
♦ CordyMax improves aerobic capability 0.14 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Vehicle 250 500 (mg/kg)
and enhances endurance in older humans Control Exercise Time (min)
CordyMax
(Chin J Integrat Med 2004; 10:187-192; SH J
Prevent Med 2008, 20:367-369).
↑ VO2max, ↑ Anaerobic Threshold, Summary and Conclusion
↑ Maximal Ventilation,
CordyMax
y Treatment:
↓ RER,
RER ↓ Lactic acid
♦ Improves oral glucose tolerance, and reduces fasting blood
♦ CordyMax improves lipid metabolism glucose within normal ranges;
(Proceedings 2008 Symposium Chin Asso Med ♦ Increases insulin sensitivity, and reduces fasting serum insulin;
Mycol. 2008, pp157-164).
♦ Enhances fat mobilization and beta-oxidation thereby sparing
♦ CordyMax improves steady-state hepatic glycogen expenditure during prolonged submaximal exercise in
bio-energy status (J Alternat Compl Med highly-fit humans.
2001; 7:231-240).
CORDYMAX INCREASES SERUM HDL-CHOLESTEROL AND
REDUCES OXIDIZED LDL-CHOLESTROL IN HUMANS WITH
REDUCED SERUM HDL-CHOLESTEROL
Wu ZM, Wang BE, Pei Y, Liu CZ, Li SQ, Zhang W, Xu ZB,
Rippe J, Zhu JS
Pharmanex Clinical Center, Beijing; Beijing Friendship Hospital
and Beijing Association for Medico-Pharmaceutical Research &
Development; Rippe Lifestyle Institute, Shrewsbury, MA, USA;
Ph
Pharmanex Provo,
P UT,
UT USA
Week 0
on serum HDL-cholesterol
Week 8
of Cordyceps sinensis, regulated the blood lipids in 55
p=0.023
43
Week 0
Week 8
41
hyperlipidemic patients and prevented the formation of
g/dl)
(p=0.003)) in males. Apolipoprotein
(p p p p A1 was increased with 1.4
0.2
females ≤ 45 mg/dl
Introduction 0.0
Placebo CordyMax
♦CordyMax increases activities of scavenging oxygen
free radicals in elderly senescent patients Reduction of Serum LDL-Cholesterol
LDL Cholesterol Reduction of Atherosclerosis Index
(Administ Tradit Chin. Med. 1995;5:14-18) 160
8
150
↓ Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA)
Serum LDL (mg/dl)
Week 8
Week 8
o of oxLDL : HDL
0.7
25
0.6
20
0.5
p=0.852
15 p=0.549 0.4
-22.9% -10.5%
p=0.001 0.3 p=0.003
Week 0
Week 8
10
Ratio
Week 0
Week 8
0.2
5
0.1
0 0.0
Placebo CordyMax Placebo CordyMax
months of age, half males and half females) were randomized into 4
CM 1000 mg/kg 32 dead 16 Live
3.4
groups, receiving either vehicle or CordyMax at a dose of 500, 1000, or 1500 CM 1500 mg/kg 27 dead 21 Live
mg/kg.bw. All mice were fed with regular forage or forages contained 3.0
CordyMax in different concentrations. Body weight was monitored once a 2.6 CM 500
After 64 weeks of CM Treatment
CM 1500
week. Calorie intake was monitored twice per week and adjusted carefully to
2.2
match the average calorie intake levels for vehicle controls, males and 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
12 m-old (n=48)
females respectively. y CordyMax
y administration continues until all mice die.
27 m-old
Time ((weeks)) 8 m-old
Mice have been treated for 64 weeks thus far. The preliminary results show:
(1) no significant differences in body weight and calorie intake were observed
amongst 4 groups. (2) Compared to controls, the survival time of 75% Food intake of male mice Kaplan-Meier Cumulative Survival Plot
animals in the CordyMax groups (500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg.bw) extends
4.9
over 14, 14, and 16 weeks respectively, and the survival time of 50% animals 1.0
CM 1500
CM 500 0.8
Analysis with use of Kaplan-Meier Cumuli Survivor Plot showed significantly
4.1 Control
extended lifespan of the mice and reduced death risks by CordyMax: p=0.049 CM 1000
0.6
(Week 36); p=0.036 (Week 40); p=0.059 (Week 48); p=0.027 (Week 64). The 3.7
Control
y
low dose CordyMax treatment ((equivalent
q to the human dose)) appeared
pp to 33
3.3
0.4
CM 500
show the best survivor curve. This study demonstrates the lifespan-extending
effects of CordyMax in mice, while the experiment is still ongoing. At the 2.9 0.2
CM 1500
meanwhile, additional studies demonstrated that CordyMax has anti-oxidation 2.5
p=0.027
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0
activity, and improves glucose, lipid and energy metabolisms and aerobic
Time (weeks) 0 100 200 300 400 500
exercise capacity in animals and in humans (reported separately), all of which Time (days)
support the general anti-aging function of CordyMax.
CM 500
herb with anti
anti-aging
aging activities and promoting longevity. 48
Body Weight (g)
140
120
80
41
60
CM 1000
Cs-4 (A Paecilomyces hepiali 39 CM 1500
Bod
40
Chen strain) 20
37
Industrial Fermentation 35
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ‐20
97. 95. 93. 91. 89. 87. 85. 83. 81. 79. 77. 75. 72. 70. 68. 66. 64. 62. 60. 58. 56. 54. 52. 50. 47. 45. 43.
9% 8% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 3% 2% 1% 0% 9% 8% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 3% 2% 1% 0% 9% 8% 8%
Time (weeks) 500mg/kg
CordyMax 23 35 85 76 50 85 98 94 85 12 10 98 60 80 80 78 82 82 74 45 42 75 65 66 69 72 57
1000mg/kg ‐6 49 44 46 35 43 25 87 92 10 84 94 63 59 56 35 35 35 25 ‐2 ‐6 13 3 10 14 25 15
1500mg/kg 75 87 88 95 78 13 13 12 12 13 12 10 74 63 60 35 35 32 28 ‐9 5 19 39 39 38 43 28
Experimental Design:
Lifespan studies in mice Summary
Vehicle control ((n=48 mice)) 1 Analysis with use of Kaplan
1. Kaplan-Meier
Meier Cumuli Survivor Plot showed significant
CM 500 mg/kg (n=48 mice) extension of mouse lifespan and reduced death risks by CordyMax: p=0.049
CM 1000 mg/kg (n=48 mice) (Week 36); p=0.036 (Week 40); p=0.059 (Week 48); p=0.027 (Week 64).
CM 1500 mg/kg (n=48 mice) 2. The low dose CordyMax treatment (equivalent to the human dose) appeared to
show the best survivor curve.
~ 3 years
Treatment starts 3. This study demonstrates the lifespan-extending effects of CordyMax in mice,
all mice
8m-o
at the age of 12 months
dead
while the experiment is still ongoing.
Anti-oxidation activities of CordyMax:
a mechanism of its anti-aging property
Wu ZM, Yang JY, Tan NZ, Zhang Y, Zhao C, Zhu J-S
Pharmanex Beijing, China; Pharmanex Research Institute,
Provo Utah, USA
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis and its mycelia fermentation product CordyMax have Increases in plasma thiol groups Increases in liver CAT
g and endurance enhancement. We
been used for Centuries for anti-fatigue 0.7
reported anti-fatigue and endurance enhancement properties, and
+ 20.8%; p=0.001
+ 25.0%; p<0.001
+ 22.9%; p=0.001
p<0.001
+16%; p=0.001
+15%; p=0.002
+16% p<0.001
models with oxidative damage. Mice were randomized into 5 groups, 0.5
20
receiving vehicle or CordyMax at a dose of 500, 1000, or 1500 mg/kg.bw
for 60 days. Mice in vehicle and 3 CordyMax groups were given a single
0.4
dose of 11 Gry 60Co γ-rays radiation, and sacrificed in Day 4 after 10
radiation. We found that plasma glutathione (GSH) and the thiol groups,
and liver superoxide
p dismutase (SOD)
( ) and catalase (CAT)
( ) were 0
0.3
significantly reduced by 29.0%, 22.6%, 6.0% and 24.7%, and liver protein Normal Vehicle 500 1000 1500 (mg/kg)
Normal Vehicle 500 1000 1500(mg/kg)
carbonyl groups was significantly increased by 37.3% in vehicle controls, control control CordyMax
CordyMax
compared to normal mice. As compared to vehicle controls, CordyMax 60Co -11Gy
therapy at a dose of 500, 1000, or 1500 mg/kg.bw increased plasma thiol 60Co -11Gy
groups by 22.9%, 20.8%, and 25% respectively (p=0.001, 0.001, and
<0.001), and liver CAT by 16%, 14.8%, and 16.4% respectively (p=0.001,
0.002, and<0.001). CordyMax at a dose of 1000 or 1500 mg/kg.bw reduced
liver protein carbonyl groups by 8.7% and 13.5% respectively (p=0.035 Increases in plasma GSH
and 0.001), and increased plasma GSH by 26.3% and 26.5% (p=0.023 and
Increases in liver GSH-Rd
40
0.026). Liver SOD was increased with CordyMax (1000 and 1500 mg/kg.bw)
byy 9.4% and 5.7% ((both p<0.05).
p ) Liver GSH-reductase was increased with
o.)
35
8
(nmol/min/mg pro
Glutathione(mg/L)
GSH-Rd
6 + 7.6%
oxidative injure, representing one of the mechanisms of anti-aging
+26.5%; p=0.026
+26.3%; p=0.023
+29% p=0.072
+11%; p=0.039
functions of CordyMax. p<0.001 20
4
Introduction
♦ Cordyceps sinensis is believed as an “Yin-Yang” double 2 10
Cordyceps
y p sinensis ((Berk.)) Sacc.
o.)
ps
60
6.0
(nmol/mg pro
Carbonyl group
400
(Collected from Qinghai-Tibetan plateau of China)
+6.0%
+ 9.4%; p<0.05
+ 5.7%; p<0.05
p=0.018
- 14%; p=0.001
4.0
- 37%
200 p<0.001
Abstract
To Examine the Effects of CordyMax on Heart Rate during CWR
and reduced heart rate (HR) by 2.2%, RER by 2.5%, and lactic acid by 10.5% 0%
(L/min)
-4%
Week
Week
0%
♦ CordyMax, the mycelia fermentation product of C. sinensis, 1.4
-1%
p
improves senescence-related symptoms,
y p , includingg fatigue,
g , 13
1.3
and increases activities of scavenging oxygen free radicals -2%
in elderly senescent patients (Administ Tradit Chin Med 1995; 1.2 -3%
5:14-18) 1.1 -4%
Week 0
Week 6
CordyMax Placebo
2001; 7:231-240; J Alternat Compl Med 2002; 8:309-314; Chin J Clin +30%
Pharmacy 2007; 16:274-277; Proceedings 2008 Symposium Chin Asso p=0.031
Med Mycol. 2008, pp157-164) +20%
W k Output
Work O t t +10%
Incremental work-rate (IWR) exercise 1.5
on cycle ergometer +3.1%, p=0.033 0%
Work Output (KJ/kg)
1.4
1.3 -10%
VO2 (L/min)
1.2
Week 12
-20%
Week 0
Sub-Maximal Exercise
4% p=0.05 ↓ RER
3%
2% ↓ Blood lactate
1% ↓ Time for 1-mile walk and for
VO2 (L/min)
0%
-1%
recovery
-2% CordyMax Treatment:
-3%
-4% In healthy subjects, improved
-5% aerobic exercise capacity,
Work Rate at 70% VO2max CordyMax Placebo
endurance, glucose-lipid
Time (min)
metabolisms during endurance
exercises
Maturation of Cordyceps sinensis associates with
co-existence of Hirsutella sinensis and
Paecilomyces hepiali DNA
Zhu J-S, Guo Y, Yao YS, Zhou YJ, Zheng TY, Chen W
Pharmanex Research Institute, Provo UT, USA; Shihezi University, Xinjiang; Pharmanex
Clinical Center, Beijing; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
Abstract ITS PCR Products Nested PCR Products
A decades-long debate has not given a consensus on the
Using Phsp3/5Primers
Template: Fresh C. sinensis
anamorph-telemorph connection for Cordyceps sinensis
(Cs). Literature reported isolations of Paecilomyces hepiali 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
500
and Hirsutella sinensis from natural Cordyceps
y p sinensis,, 400
300
and evidence of molecular existence of H. sinensis in C. 200
sinensis. We tested a hypothesis in this study that P. hepiali 100
and H. sinensis co-exist in natural C. sinensis, and their
proliferation predominance changes during maturation of C.
sinensis. Mycological and molecular approaches were
ITS4/5 DNA segments by single-step PCR. rDNA was
employed to examine the growth of P. hepiali and H. sinensis extracted from P. hepiali (Lane 1), H. sinensis (Lane 2),
AccI
AccI
AccI
AccI
and C. sinensis (Lane 3) as the templates, and ITS4 &
(bp)
and their genes in freshly collected C. sinensis after
thorough prior cleaning and surface sterilization. A nested ITS5 primers were used.
PCR method with use of a touch-down program was used to
identify the genes of P. hepiali and H. sinensis in the DNA Sequences
caterpillar body and stroma of natural C. sinensis. We found 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Scientific Background
♦ Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. is a precious tonic
herb used in china for centuries, having broad
nutritional and health benefits (Zhu et al., J Alternat
Compli Med 4:289-303 & 429-457, 1998). Its life cycle
is complex and its natural supply is scarce.
♦ Although on the basis of DNA sequence Hirsutella
sinensis is hypothesized as the anamorph (asexual
stage) of C. sinensis, >10 fungi were isolated from
natural C. sinensis, possibly suggesting a multi-
fungi symbiosis in natural C. sinensis. Endonuclease Digestions of P. hepiali
♦ Through competitive proliferation, live Paecilomyces & H. sinensis ITS PCR Products
hepiali and Hirsutella sinensis were identified
BamHI
BamHI
Acc I
Acc I
Ava I
Ava I
Alu I
Alu I
Experimental Methods
♦ 100 pieces of fresh C. sinensis were
collected from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in
early May, following by immediate on-site
clean, surface sterilized and freeze in liquid
nitrogen for transportation and further Lane: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
process. DNA template: P. hepiali ITS4/5 H. sinensis ITS4/5
Summary
♦ Caterpillars and stromata of natural C. PCR Products Using Phsp3/5 Primers
sinensis were separately grounded into ♦ P. hepiali genes were amplified
P. hepiiali
DNA
powder
d iin li
liquid
id nitrogen.
it Rib
Ribosomal l DNA Template: Fresh C. sinensis from caterpillar and stroma of
was extracted. natural C. sinensis (GenBank
♦ A nested, dual-step PCR technique was used 600
500 #EF555097), in addition to the
400
(Guo and Zhu, FASEB J. 20: A431, 2006). 300
200 detections of H. sinensis genes.
100
1. A pair of primers, ITS4/5, were used for
Lane: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
the 1st PCR: annealing at 40 Ԩ for 30
cycles. Discussions
2. A pair of Paecilomyces hepiali primers, ♦ We found simultaneous existence
AccI
AccI
AvaI
AvaI
Scientific Background
Southern blots: P. hepiali (upper)
♦ Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. has been
used as a precious medicinal herb in china
& H. sinensis (lower) rDNA in
for centuries Type 1 or 2 C.
C sinensis
♦ It has broad nutritional and health benefits Caterpillar Stroma
(Zhu et al., J Alternat Compli Med 4:289-303
Collected in: May Jun May Jun
& 429-457, 1998)
Type of C. sinensis: 1 2 1 2
♦ Co-existence of fungi P. hepiali and H.
sinensis was found in fresh C. sinensis (Zhu P. hepiali
et al., J Mycol Res 5:214-224, 2007)
18S Internal Control
Maturation of C.
C sinensis and the C t ill Stroma
Caterpillar St
Temperature on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Collected in: May Jun May Jun Reversely orientated rDNA
Less Matured Matured Type of C. sinensis: 1 2 1 2 sequences (GC-bias)
Harvest Season Early May Late June H. sinensis
A B
Scientific Background
♦ Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. has been used
in china as a precious tonic herb for centuries
♦ It has broad nutritional and health benefits (Zhu
et al., J Alternat Compli Med 4:289-303 & 429-
457,, 1998).
)
♦ Co-existence of P. hepiali and H. sinensis was SELDI-TOF MS profiling of proteins
found in fresh C. sinensis (Zhu et al., J Mycol ♦ Caterpillars and stromata of C. sinensis and freeze-dried P. hepiali & H. sinensis mycelia were individually grinded
into powder in liquid nitrogen. The powder (0.5 g each) was dissolved in 600 ml Tris-Glycine (pH 8.3) & centrifuged at
Res 5:214-224, 2007) 14,000 rpm for 5 min at 4 Ԩ.
♦ Competitive proliferation abilities are altered ♦ Supernatants were diluted with PBS to about 200-300 nM, before being subjected to a normal-phase chip and
associated with unparallel alterations of gene analyzed on a PBS-II protein chip reader (Surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization – time of flight mass spectra,
or SELDI-TOF MS; Ciphergen Biosystems Inc.).
copies of the fungi (EB2008 Program #704.4, Apr.
6 Poster Board #C303)
A B