Communication and the Evolution of Society Jurgen Habermas Translated and with an Introduction by Thomas McCarthy Beacon Press : BostonGerman Texts: Sprachpragmatik und Philosophie and Zur Rekonstruktion des Historischen Materialismus: Copyright © 1976 by Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main. Introduction and English translation: Copyright © 1979 by Beacon Press. Beacon Press books are published under the auspices of the Unitarian Universalist Association Published simultaneously in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Toronto All rights reserved (hardcover) 987654321 (paperback) 987654321 “What is Universal Pragmatics?” was originally published as “Was heisst Universalpragmatik” in Sprachpragmatik und Philosophie, edited by Karl-Otto Apel, Suhrkamp, Verlag, 1976. “Moral Development and Ego Identity,” “Historical Materialism and the Development of Normative Structures,” “Toward a Reconstruction of Historical Materialism,” and “Legitimation Problems in the Modern State” were originally published as “Moralentwicklung und Ich-Identitat,” “Binleitung: Historischer Materialismus und die Entwicklung normativer Strukturen,” “Zur Rekonstruktion des Historischen Materialismus,” and “Legitimationsprobleme in modernen Staat,” respectively, in Zur Rekonstruktion des Historischen Materialismus, by Jixgen Habermas, Suhrkamp Verlag, 1976. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following: American Psychological Association and Jane Loevinger for permission to print the schema “Stages of Ego Development,” from the article “The Meaning and Measurement of Ego Development,” by Jane Loevinger, American Psychologist, Volume 21, No. 3, March 1966. The Society for Research in Child Development, Inc., for permission to print the schema “Stages of Moral Consciousness,” from the article “Conflict and Transition in Adolescent Moral Development,” by Elliot Turiel, Child Develop- ment, 45 (1974). Academic Press and Lawrence Kohlberg for permission to print the schema “Definition of Moral Stages,” from the essay “From Is to Ought,” by Lawrence Kohlberg, Cognitive Development and Epistemology, Theodore Mischel (ed.), New York, 1971. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Habermas, Jiirgen. Communication and the evolution of society. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Social evolution. 2. Pragmatics. 3. Historical materialism. 4. State, The. 5. Social sciences— Philosophy. I. Title. HM106.H313 301.14 77-88324 ISBN 0-8070-1521-1 ISBN 0-8070-1513-X pbk.Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Contents Translator’s Introduction What Is Universal Pragmatics? Moral Development and Ego Identity Historical Materialism and the Development of Normative Structures Toward a Reconstruction of Historical Materialism Legitimation Problems in the Modern State Notes Index vii 69 95 130 178 207 235