Syllabus for III Sem (ECE)

Semiconductor Devices
Subject Code : 11EC32 Total Hours : 42 Credits : 3:0:0:3

CIE : 50 Marks

Exam Hours : 3hrs.

SEE : 50 Marks

Part A Review : Energy band theory of crystals, conduction in metals, bound and free Electrons. Energy distribution of electrons, Fermi- Dirac function, Conductivity of a semiconductor, carrier concentration in intrinsic and extrinsic Semiconductors, Fermi levels, Diffusion current, Continuity equation. PN Junction Diode: Space-charge region, Barrier voltage and energy bands, built-in-voltage, Electric Field and potential in the space charge region, Width of the space charge region, Effect of bias to the space charge region. (08 Hrs) Currents in Diode: Motion of carriers with bias applied, solution of continuity equation for hole current and electron current, diode current , saturation currents of Ge, Si and GaAs diodes.Selection of semiconductor material, silicon fromsand, Czchloraski growing process, wafer preparations . . (06Hrs) Fabrication process- Oxidation, Diffusion, Ion Implantation, Photolithography,epitaxy, metallization and interconnections. Monolithic Technology. Fabrication of devices- Fabrication of planar PN junction diode, resistors and capacitors.Bipolar Junction Transistor: Structure and basic operation.Fabrication of Integrated BJT,Terminology,Symbols,regions and modes of operation (08Hrs) Part B Bipolar Junction Transistors: Current in the active region. BJT as a current amplifier, Transistor parameters, qualitative treatment of output characteristics in CE and CB configurations, qualitative analysis for transistor currents, recombination current in the base, Ebers-moll model. Limitations in transistor, Effect of limitations on static characteristics, Effect at very low and high injunction. Transistor switching-Turn-On time, Turn-Off-Time. (11Hrs) Junction Field-Effect Transistor: Construction and operation, Current voltage characteristic, channel conductance and transconductance, Secondary Effects. (04Hrs) Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor: Construction and basic operation, Fabrication of N-Type MOSFET (NMOS), Regions of operation, current-voltage analytical relations, secondary effects, control of the threshold voltage,MOSFET switch and the CMOS Inverter. (05 Hrs) References: 1. Kanaan Kano, Semiconductor Devices, Pearson Education, 2005. 2. Donald A. Neamen, Semiconductor physics & Devices- Basic principles, TMH, 2002. 3. S.M.Sze, Semiconductor Devices- Physics and Technology, 2nd Edition, John Wiley, 2001. 4. Millman and Halkias, Electronic Devices and Circuits, McGraw- Hill. .

Electronics Circuits
Subject Code : 11EC33 Total Hours : 42 Credits : 3:2:0:4

CIE : 50 Marks

Exam Hours : 3hrs.

SEE : 50 Marks

Part A Diode Circuits: PN junction capacitances, diode as a circuit element, load line concept, piecewise linear model of diode, diode clipping, clamping, full wave rectifier with capacitor filter, voltage doublers circuit. (07 Hrs) Transistor biasing : operating point, load line concept, analysis and design of transistor collector to base bias. Analysis and design of voltage divider bias circuits, bias stabilization, bias compensation. (05 Hrs) Transistors at low frequencies: Hybrid model of a two port device, hybrid model of transistor, graphical measurement of h-parameters, analysis of common emitter amplifier, analysis of Common collector circuit (emitter follower), millers theorem and its dual. (05 Hrs) Transistor frequency response: General frequency consideration, low frequency response, miller effect capacitance, high frequency response, cascading of CE stages, effect of cascading on frequency response. (04 Hrs) Part B Feedback Amplifiers : Concept of feedback, types of feedback, gain of amplifier with feedback, feedback topologies, characteristics of negative feedback. Analysis of some of the practical feedback circuits. (07 Hrs) Sinusoidal Oscillators: Barkhausens criterion, oscillator operation, phase shift oscillator, tuned circuit oscillator, crystal oscillator (05 Hrs) Power Amplifiers: Classification of power amplifiers, efficiency, series fed and transformer coupled class A amplifiers, class B amplifier, amplifier distortions, class B push pull amplifier. (05 Hrs) Field effect transistor circuits: FET small signal model, FET biasing JFET fixed bias, selfbias configurations, depletion and enhancement type MOSFET biasing, biasing FET switching circuits,CMOS basics. (04Hrs) References: 1. Millman J & Halkias C.S, Electronic devices and circuits , TMH 2. Robert L Boylestad & Louis Nashelsky.,Electronic devices and circuit theory, PHI 8th edition. 3. David A Bell, Electronic devices and circuits, PHI 4th edition. 4. A.P.Malvino, Electronic Principles, TMH 5th edition 5. Sedra and Smith ., Microelectronic circuits, Oxford University Press.,5th Edition.

Digital Electronics
Subject Code : 11EC34 Total Hours : 42 Credits : 3:2:0:4

CIE : 50 Marks

Exam Hours : 3hrs.

SEE : 50 Marks

Part A Principles of combinational logic: Definition, Canonical forms, Generation of switching equations from truth tables, Simplification of Boolean Functions (upto 5 variables)- using Karnaugh map technique, Map entered variable technique. Realizations using, Universal gates. (10 Hrs) Analysis and design of combinational logic: Decoders- design, realization of Boolean expressions, BCD decoders, Encoders-design, priority encoders, Multiplexers-design, realization of Boolean expressions. Adders and subtractors - Cascading full adders, Look ahead carry, BCD Adder, Binary comparators. Study of digital ICs for realization of Decoder/Demux, MUX, Encoder, Adder, Comparator. (11 Hrs) Part B Sequential Circuits : Latches and applications, Study of S-R,D-T-J-K Flipflops (Leveltrigerred,. Edge-trigerred and Pulse-trigerred (Master-Slave)), Characteristic Equations. Registers, Mod-N Counter design -Binary Ripple Counters and realization using T-/ JKFlipflops, Synchronous Binary counters and realization using D/JKFlipflops. Counters based on Shift Registers, universal shift registers . Mod-N counter design using ICs- synchronous, asynchronous, up/down counters. (15 Hrs) Analysis and Design of Sequential circuits : Introduction to Mealy and Moore Models, State Machine Notation, Synchronous Sequential Circuit Analysis, Construction of state Diagrams, Counter Design. (07 Hrs) References: 1. John M Yarbrough, Digital Logic Applications and Design, Thomson Learning, 2001. 2. Donald D Givone, Digital Principles and Design ,Tata McGraw Hill Edition, 2002. 3. Charles H Roth, Jr; Fundamentals of logic design, Thomson Learning, 2004. 4. Mano and Kim, Logic and computer design Fundamentals, Pearson, Second edition, 2001.

Network Analysis
Subject Code : 11EC35 Total Hours : 42 Credits : 3:2:0:4

CIE : 50 Marks

Exam Hours : 3hrs.

SEE : 50 Marks

Part A Basic Circuit concepts: Practical sources.,Controlled sources,resistors capacitors and inductors. Kirchhoffs Laws: KCL, KVL and their limitations. Source transformation (03 Hrs) Circuit analysis methods: DC/AC circuits, supernode, super mesh, nodal and mesh analysis, modified nodal analysis for AC circuits,star-delta- transformation (09 Hrs) Network Theorems: Thevenins & Nortons theorems, Superposition theorem, Substitution theorem, reciprocity theorem, maximum power transfer theorem,Millmanns theorem(08 Hrs) Part B Network topology: Graph of network, tree & co- tree incidence matrices, tie set & cutset schedules, formulation of equations in matrix form. Principle of duality (07 Hrs) Transient analysis: Transient analysis of RL,RC, RLC circuits (series and parallel) (04 Hrs) Steady state sinusoidal analysis: The sinusoidal steady state ,sinusoid & complex exponential, solution using complex exponential, Phasor & phasor diagrams (04Hrs) Two port network parameters: Z, Y, h, & transmission Parameters, their interrelationships. Cascading of two port networks. (07Hrs) References: 1. Van Valkenburg M E, Network analysis, Pearson education limited, 3rd edition, 2007 2. W.H. Hayt and J.E. Kemmerley, Engineering Circuit Analysis, McGraw Hill, . 4th Int. St.edition ,1986. 3. K.V.V. Murthy and M.S.Kamath, Basic Circuit Analysis, Jaico Publishing, 1st edition, 1998.

Linear Integrated Circuits and Applications

Subject Code : 11EC36 Total Hours : 42 Credits : 3:0:0:3

CIE : 50 Marks

Exam Hours : 3hrs.

SEE : 50 Marks

Part A Differential amplifier: Analysis of differential amplifier. Common mode and differential mode gains, transfer characteristics, CMRR, I/P & O/P impedances Operational amplifier: Ideal op-amp characteristics, cascading of differential amplifier, I/P , O/P stages and level translators ,multistage op-amps, frequency and phase compensation techniques. Some commercial op-amp parameters, features (741.MC 1530) (09 Hrs) Op-amp applications: Inverting, non-inverting, differential bridge amplifiers, summer, integrator, differentiator, V to I & I to V converters. Op-amp feedback limiters using diodes, zener diodes, log and antilog amplifiers, analog multipliers, dividers, sample and hold circuits, peak detectors, precision rectifiers, instrumentation amplifier, monostable and astable multivibrators, comparators, Schmitt trigger using op-amp (09 Hrs) Waveform generation: Signal generators, triangular/rectangular, wave generator, phase shift oscillator, Weinbridge oscillator (04Hrs) Part B Timers: basic timer circuit, 555 timer used as monostable and astable Multivibrators,Other timer applications (04 Hrs) Data convertors: D/A converters, weighted binary type, ladder -R-2R converters, A/D converters: successive approximation converter (04 Hrs) PLL: brief study of PLL system application of PLL for AM, FM detection, FSK decoder, frequency synthesis using commercial PLLS (565,566) (04 Hrs) Dc voltage regulators: Analysis and deign of series and shunt regulators using DC amplifiers. Some commercial voltage regulators (MC 78XX series, CA 3085,723). Switching regulators- Basic concept and applications (08Hrs)

Reference Books: 1.Ramakanth. A.Gayakwad:Op-amps and linear integrated circuits-PHI 2. Millman & Halkies:Microelectronics Mc Graw Hill. 3.David A.Bell:operational Amplifier and linear ICS 4. Roy & Choudhury : Op-amps and linear integrated circuits-PHI

Analog Electronics Lab.

Subject Code : 11EC37L Total Hours : 42 Credits : 0:0:3:1.5

CIE : 50 Marks

Exam Hours : 3hrs.

SEE : 50 Marks

Recommend list of experiments (but not limited to) The instructor is advised to use simulation tools like SPICE, MATLAB etc. 1. Designing a R-C coupled amplifier for the given Q point, experiment 2. to find the frequency response, Input and output impedances. 3. Clipping and Clamping circuits 4. Linear applications of operational amplifiers. 5. Non linear application of operational amplifier-Schmitt trigger 6. Phase shift oscillators (R-C phase shift oscillator) 7. Colpitts and Hartley oscillators 8. Verification of network theorems Thevenins theorem, Nortons theorem, maximum power transfer theorem. 9. Darlington emitter follower circuit. Voltage gain, i/p, o/p impedances. 10. Design of a a single stage voltage series feedback amplifier and obtain frequency response. 11. Crystal oscillator. 12. Series and parallel resonant circuits. Design and frequency response. 13. Class B push pull amplifier. Determination of conversion efficiency. 14. Design of full wave rectifier with and without capacitor filter. 15. Design of series voltage regulator using zener diode.

Digital Electronics Lab.

Subject Code : 11EC38L Total Hours : 42 Credits : 0:0:3:1.5

CIE : 50 Marks

Exam Hours : 3hrs.

SEE : 50 Marks

Recommend list of experiments (but not limited to) The instructor is advised to use software tools like VHDL, VERILOG, MASM , LABVIEW etc. 1. Simplification, Realization of Boolean expression using logic gates/ 2. Universal gates. 3. Realization of Half/Full Adder & Half/Full Subtractor using logic gates. 4. a. Realization of Parallel adder/Subtractor using 7483 chip. 5. b. BCD to Excess-3 code conversion and vice versa. 6. Realization of Binary to Gray code conversion and vice versa. 7. Mux/Demux truth table verification, Arithmetic circuits and code 8. converter using 74153,74139. 9. Realization of One/Two bit comparator and study of 7485 magnitude 10. comparator. 11. Use of a) Decoder chip to drive LED/LCD display b) Priority encoder 12. Truth table verification of Flip-flops. a. JK Master slave ii) T Type iii) D Type 13. Realization of 3- bit counters as a Sequential circuits and Mod N 14. counter design using 7476, 7490, 7492, 7493 15. Shift Left/Right, SIPO, SISO, PISO, and PIPO operation using 7495. 16. Design & testing of ring and Johnson counter using 7495. 17. Design & testing of Sequence generator using 7495 and other gates. 18. Design and testing of Astable and mono-stable circuits using 555 19. timers. 20. Programming a RAM (2114) Simple assembly programming exercises on 8085 kits

Syllabus for IV Sem (ECE)

Analog Communication Lab.

Subject Code : 11EC48L Total Hours : 42 Credits : 0:0:3:1.5

CIE : 50 Marks

Exam Hours : 3hrs.

SEE : 50 Marks

Recommend list of experiments (but not limited to) The instructor is advised to use software tools like MATLAB, LABVIEW etc. 1. Active low-pass and high pass filters-second order. 2. Active band pass and band elimination filters-second order 3. Class C tuned amplifier 4. Collector AM and demodulation using envelop detector 5. Balanced modulation and SSB generation 6. Attenuators: T, n, O-pad & lattice types 7. Frequency modulation and demodulation 8. Radio receiver characteristics: Sensitivity, selectivity and fidelity 9. Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits. 10. AM-IC circuit (modulation and demodulation using IC) 11. PAM (modulation and demodulation) 12. PPM (modulation and demodulation) 13. PWM (modulation and demodulation) 14. Transistor mixer- up/down conversions 15. Radio Receiver study and its characteristics, 16. Study of Sensitivity, Selectivity Characteristics of radio receivers.

Transducers and Instrumentation

Subject Code : 11EC42 Total Hours : 42 Credits : 3:0:0:3

CIE : 50 Marks

Exam Hours : 3hrs.

SEE : 50 Marks

Part A INTRODUCTION: Measurement errors: Gross errors & systematic errors, Absolute errors, Accuracy, precision, Resolution. Voltmeters & Multimeters: Multirange voltmeter, extending voltmeter ranges, loading, AC peak responding & true RMS voltmeters. (06 Hrs) DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS: Digital voltmeters: DVMs based on VT, V-F & successive approximation principles, resolution & sensitivity. Digital multimeters, digital frequency meters, digital measurement of time. (06 Hrs)

OSCILLOSCOPES: Basic principles, CRT features, Block diagram & working of each block, Typical CRT connections, dual beam & dual trace CROs, electronic switch (05 Hrs) SPECIAL OSCILLOSCOPES: Delayed time base oscilloscopes, Analog, storage, sampling & digital storage oscilloscopes. (04 Hrs) Part B SIGNAL GENERATORS: Fixed & variable AF oscillator, standard signal generator, laboratory type signal generator, AF sine & square wave generator, function generator, square & pulse generator, sweep frequency generator, frequency synthesizer. (04 Hrs) MEASUREMENTS: Wheatstones bridge, kelvins bridge, Ac bridges, capacitance comparison bridge, Maxwells bridge, Wein bridge, Wagners earth connection (06 Hrs) TRANSDUCERS-I: Introduction, Electrical transducers, selecting a transducer, resistive transducer, resistive position transducer, Strain guages, resistance thermometer, thermistor, inductive transducer, differential output transducer & LVDT. (06 Hrs) TRANSDUCERS-II Piezoelectric transducer, photoelectric transducer, photovoltaic transducer, semiconductor photo devices, temperature transducers-RTD, thermocouple. (05 Hrs) References: 1. H.S.Kalsi, Electronic instrumentation, TMH, 2004 2. David. A. Bell, Electronic instrumentation & Measurements, PHI/Pearson Education,2006 3. John. P. Beately, Principles of measurement systems,3rd edition,Pearson education,2000 4. A.K.Sawney, Electronics & Electrical measurements, Dhanpat Rai & Sons,9th edition. 5. J.B.Gupta.,Electronic & Electrical measurements & instruments, S.K.Kataria & Sons,New Delhi.

FIELD THEORY
Subject Code : 11EC43 Total Hours : 42 Credits : 3:2:0:4

CIE : 50 Marks

Exam Hours : 3hrs.

SEE : 50 Marks

Part A Preliminaries:Vector analysis and coordinate transformation: vector algebra, coordinate systems, vector components, unit vectors, dot & cross products. Cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems, coordinate transformations (03Hrs) Electrostatics: Coulomb s law and electric field intensity : Experimental coulombs law, electric field intensity, electric field due to continuous volume charge, line charge, sheetcharge. Electric flux density ,Gauss law and Divergence: Electric flux density, Gauss law and its applications,divergence theorem. (06 Hrs) Energy and potential: Energy spent in moving a point charge in an electric field, line integral, potential difference and potential, potential field of a pointcharge and system of charges.potential gradient.

Conductors, dielectric and capacitance: Current, current density, continuity of current, conductor properties and boundary conditions. (06 Hrs) Poissons and Laplaces equations: Poissons and Laplaces equations, uniqueness theorem, solution of Laplaces equation. (02 Hrs) Magnetic fields: Steady Magnetic fields: Biot savarts law, Amperes circuital law, Curl. Stokes theorem,magnetic flux and flux density. (04 Hrs) Part B Magnetic forces, materials and Inductances: Scalar and vector magnetic potentials,magnetic force beween differential current elements,force and torque on a closed circuit, magnetic boundary conditions, magnetic circuit, inductance. (05 Hrs) Time varying fields and Maxwells equations: Faradays law, displacement current, Maxwells equations in point form and integral form, retarded potentials. (04 Hrs) Electromagnetic waves: Uniform plane wave : Wave propagation in free space, propagation of plane waves in dielectrics, Poyntings vector & power consideration propagation in good conductors-skin depth (06Hrs) Plane waves at boundaries & in dispersive media,reflection of uniform plane waves at normal incidence, oblique incidence, standing wave ratio, plane Wave propagation in general directions, wavepropagation in dispersive media. (06Hrs) References: 1. William H Hayt Jr and John A Buck .,Engineering Electromagnetics, TMH 7th ed.. 2. E C Jordon & K G.Balmain ., Electromagnetic waves and radiating system., PHI 2nd 3. Kraus J D and Carver K R .,Electromagnetics., (TMH) 4. J A Edminister., Electromagnetics, TMH 2nd edition. 5. P V Gupta., An Introductory Course in Electromagnetic. 6. M. N. O. Sadiku, Elements of Electromagnetics, 4th Ed, Oxford University Press.

Signals and Systems

Subject Code : 11EC44 Total Hours : 42 Credits : 3:2:0:4

CIE : 50 Marks

Exam Hours : 3hrs.

SEE : 50 Marks

Part A

Elements of Signal Space Theory: Different types of signals, Systems; Properties; Basic operations on signals, Impulse function, Impulse sequence, Singularity functions. (10 Hrs) Convolution: Convolution sum, Convolution integral and their evaluation; Signal Transmission through linear systems, Time-domain representation and analysis of linear time- invariant systems based on convolution, and differential and

difference equations. Part B

(11 Hrs)

Signal analysis: Analogy between vectors and signals, approximation of a function by a set of mutually orthogonal functions, Trigonometric and exponential Fourier series, convergence, Fourier series of periodic functions, Fourier transforms of Continuous and discrete time signals. Properties of Fourier transform; Sampling Theorem, energy density and density spectrum, Parsevals relation. (10 Hrs) Transform domain considerations: Z-transforms and its properties , convergence, ROC and its properties, inverse z-transform, partial fraction expansion, power series expansion, transform function, relating transfer function to differential equation.causality ad stability. Distortion less transmission, paley- wiener criterion (11 Hrs)

References: 1. Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen, Signal anf System, John Wilay & Sons, 2. 2 nd ed. 2002. 3. Alan V.Oppenheirn, Alan S.Willsky and I.T.Young, Signals and Systems, 4. Prentice Hall, 1983. 5. B.P.Lathi, Communication Systems, Wiley Eastern Limited. 6. A.Papoulis, Circuits and Systems, Modern Approach, HRW, 1980. 7. R.F.Ziemer, W.H.Tranfer and D.R.Fannin, Signal and Systems continuous and 8. discrete, 4th edition, Prentice Hall, 1998.

Power Electronics
Subject Code : 11EC45 Total Hours : 42 Credits : 3:0:0:3

CIE : 50 Marks

Exam Hours : 3hrs.

SEE : 50 Marks

Part A Introduction, Power semiconductor devices: Applications of power semiconductor devices, Control characteristics, types of power electronics circuits. Power Transistors: Power BJTs, switching characteristics, switching limits, Base drive control Power MOSFETs, switching characteristics gate drive.IGBTs, di/dt and dv/dt limitions, Isolation of gate and base drives. (10 Hrs) Thysistors: Introduction, characteristics, two transistor model, turn on and turn off di/dt and dv/dt Protection ,Thyristor Types Thyristors firing circuits. (04 Hrs) Control rectifires : Introduction, principle of phase controlled converter operation ,single phase semi converters, full converters and dual converters semi converters series converter, Three phase converters half, full converter with Resistive and inductive load. (08 Hrs)

Part B DC CHOPPERS: Introduction, principle of step-down and step-up choppers, stepdown chopper with RL loads, chopper classification. (08 Hrs) AC voltage controllers:Introduction, principle of ON OFF and Phase control, Single phase bi-directional controllers with resistive and inductive loads. (04 Hrs) INVERTERS: Introduction, principle of operation, performance parameters single phase bridge inverters, three phase inverters, current source inverters voltage control of single phase inverter. (08 Hrs)

References: 1. M.H.Rashid .,Power Electronics, 3rd edition. Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd., /Pearson 2. G.K. Dubey,S.R.Doradla, Joshi & RMK Sinha, Thyristorised Power Controllers, New Age International(P) Ltd. 3. M.D. Singh and Khanchandani K.B .,Power Electronics, TMH Publishing Company Limited.

Analog Communication

Subject Code : 11EC46

Total Hours : 42

Credits : 3:2:0:4

CIE : 50 Marks

Exam Hours : 3hrs.

SEE : 50 Marks

Part A
Amplitude modulation: Time and Frequency domain description, DSBSC, SSB. Hilbert Transform, VSB: Signal representation, Generation and Demodulation. (08 Hrs) Frequency modulation: Signal representation, Generation and Demodulation. Multiplexing, PLL, Phase recovery with PLLs, Nonlinear effects in FM systems. (06 Hrs) Probability Theory and Random Processes: Introduction, Probability theory, Random variables, Properties of autocorrelation and cross correlation functions. Power spectral density and its properties: Gaussian process, Central limit theorem, Properties of Gaussian process. (08 Hrs)

Part B
Noise: Types, Equivalent noise temperature. (02 Hrs) Noise in AM modulation: Receiver model, Noise in DSB-SC receivers, Noise in SSB receivers, Noise in AM receivers, Threshold effect. (07 Hrs) Noise in FM modulation: Noise in FM receivers, FM Threshold effect, Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis. (04 Hrs) Elements of Television systems: Picture and sound transmission and reception, Synchronization, Receiver scanning methods, Composite video signal color television fundamentals (PAL, SECAM, NTSC) and standards and their comparison. (07 Hrs) References: 5. B.P.Lathi, Modern digital and analog communication systems. 6. A.B.Carlson, Paul.B Communication systems. 7. Rodger.E, Ziemer, William.H, Principles of Communication, 5th Edition, John Wiley. 8. Simon Haykin, Communication systems, 3rd edition, PHI, 1996. 9. Simon Haykin, An introduction to Analog and Digital Communication, John Wiley 2003.

Power Electronics Lab.

Subject Code : 11EC47L Total Hours : 42 Credits : 0:0:3:1.5

CIE : 50 Marks

Exam Hours : 3hrs.

SEE : 50 Marks

Recommend list of experiments (but not limited to) The instructor is advised to use software tools like SPICE, LABVIEW etc. 1. Static characteristics of SCR and TRIAC. 2. Static characteristics of MOSFET and IGBT. 3. Controlled HWR and FWR using RC triggering circuit. 4. SCR turn-on circuit using Synchronized UJT relaxation oscillator. 5. SCR turn-off circuits using ( i ) LC circuit (ii) auxiliary commutation. 6. Synchronized UJT firing circuit for HWR and FWR circuits. 7. Generation of firing signals for thyristors / Triacs using digital circuit/ 8. Microprocessors. 9. AC voltage controller using Triac - Diac combination. 10. Single phase FWR with R and RL loads. 11. Voltage (Impulse) commutated chopper both constant frequency 12. and variable frequency operations. 13. Speed control of a separately excited DC motor. 14. Speed control of universal motor and single-phase induction motor. 15. Speed control of stepper motor. 16. Parallel/series inverters.