Section 4 Energy Management

Section 4
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Section 4 Energy Management Design Brief Standards

Property Services Construction Section 4 Page 2 Issue No. 5, January 2003

Copyright RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia 1997
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
4 CONTENTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 3
4.2 NEW CONSTRUCTION....................................................................................................................... 3
4.2.1 Building Design...................................................................................................................... 3
4.2.2 Alternative Energy Sources ................................................................................................. 3
4.2.3 Energy Design Standards and Impact Statement .......................................................... 4
4.3 LIGHTING.......................................................................................................................................... 4
4.4 ENERGY CONSERVATION UNIVERSITY POLICIES AND GUIDELINES............................................. 5
4.4.1 Use and Occupation ........................................................................................................... 5
4.4.2 Internal Environment Conditions ........................................................................................ 5
4.4.3 Sizing of Mechanical Plant .................................................................................................. 5
4.4.4 Building Automation System............................................................................................... 5
4.5 ENERGY CONSERVATION ENGINEERING SERVICES AND EQUIPMENT........................................ 6
4.5.1 Energy Targets....................................................................................................................... 6
4.5.2 Ventilation Fans..................................................................................................................... 6
4.5.3 Pumps ..................................................................................................................................... 6
4.5.4 Cooling................................................................................................................................... 7
4.5.4.1 Evaporative Cooling ..............................................................................................................................7
4.5.4.2 Economy Cycle Cooling........................................................................................................................7
4.5.4.3 Refrigeration ............................................................................................................................................7
4.5.4.4 Heat Rejection Plant...............................................................................................................................7
4.5.5 Heating................................................................................................................................... 7
4.5.6 Thermal Storage.................................................................................................................... 7
4.5.7 Heat Recovery ...................................................................................................................... 7
4.5.8 Automatic Controls .............................................................................................................. 8
4.5.9 Maintainability....................................................................................................................... 8
4.5.10 Domestic Hot Water Services.............................................................................................. 8
4.5.11 Stairwells ................................................................................................................................. 8
4.6 ENERGY CONSERVATION: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS............. 8
4.6.1 Building Form......................................................................................................................... 8
4.6.2 Insulation ................................................................................................................................ 8
4.6.3 Fenestration........................................................................................................................... 9
4.7 MANAGEMENT OF ILLUMINATION................................................................................................... 9
4.7.1 Lighting Standards Design Criteria................................................................................ 9
4.7.1.1 Recommended levels of illuminance for selected building area ..................................................9
4.7.2 Lamp Selection Criteria ..................................................................................................... 11
4.7.3 Fixtures Selection................................................................................................................. 11
4.7.4 Energy Consumption.......................................................................................................... 11
4.8 THE ENERGY IMPACT STATEMENT................................................................................................... 12
4.8.1 Requirement ........................................................................................................................ 12
4.8.2 Contents............................................................................................................................... 12
APPENDIX 4.A: ENERGY IMPACT STATEMENT (PREPARED BY CONSULTANT).............................................. 13
APPENDIX 4.B ENERGY POLICY .................................................................................................................... 18

Design Brief Standards Section 4 Energy Management


ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The University recognises energy conservation and management as a significant element of life
cycle cost concepts relative to both existing and new building stock.
This section is a guide so that all building design results in efficient energy use throughout it's
life span. Generally the project shall provide an integrated solution to the input of all
disciplines, and represent an optimum energy balance.
The University has adopted a policy on energy management and conservation. A copy is
included in Appendix 4.B. Consultants are referred to the Property Council of Australia
advisory Energy Guidelines and Sustainable Energy Authority (Vic) Building Energy Brief for
commercial and public buildings for information and RMIT Bioclimatic Design Guidelines.
Factors affecting the energy performance of a building shall be considered at each stage of the
design process.
An Energy Impact Statement shall be completed by Consultants when documentation is
complete, to enable the University to review predicted energy use and to initiate recording,
budgetary and energy management operations throughout the life of the building.
The above requirements are to direct the Consultant's attention to the factors that can lead to a
significant improvement in the energy performance of buildings. Where optimisation of
thermal performance is required on energy costs and energy loads, a computer-based analysis
shall be required, using the latest technology available.
4.2 NEW CONSTRUCTION
Unless restricted by the National Trust or by the Historical Building Society, all areas of
construction, new or renovation, the recommendations as outlined in the Australian Standards
for energy efficient building design, Building Code of Australia and all relevant codes must be
taken into account. These codes and standards will be followed as closely as possible to ensure
that the University will not incur extraordinary, future energy costs. Design standards will be
developed, suited to the method of operations within RMIT, that go beyond existing energy
standards where possible.
All planning for construction and equipment purchase and installation must include energy life
cycle costing. Optimal energy efficient equipment will be installed, based on investment
guidelines, as provided in this Policy.
4.2.1 Building Design
Building design issues that will be considered include the efficiency of the building envelope
and site factors, including: shape; location and meteorological influences; contours; landscaping
(affecting micro-climate); building form; mass; insulation; orientation; fenestration; and sun
control techniques.
4.2.2 Alternative Energy Sources
Alternative energy sources such as solar heating and heat recovery systems will be investigated
and implemented if they accord with the return on investment requirements specified in this
Policy. Opportunities will be taken to incorporate and promote renewable energy during the
design stages.



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4.2.3 Energy Design Standards and Impact Statement
Energy design standards and an energy impact statement will be developed for incorporation
into the RMIT Brief for the Appointment of Consultants for adherence and completion by
consultants. The Energy Impact Statement shall, at a minimum, contain the following
information:
An estimate of the total fuel and energy supplied to the site to satisfy the total proposed
building project needs;
An estimate of annual energy consumption per square metre of gross floor area to be
supplied. The percentage of floor area being air conditioned is to be stated;
Detail of architectural aspects that have been considered in the design to reduce energy
demand;
Any limitations or restrictions which prevent the design of a more efficient solution than
proposed are to be noted (e.g. Authorities requirements, specific user requirements);
Descriptions of any special energy saving measures or features that have been included
in the proposal.
4.3 LIGHTING
Task and natural lighting will be considered where practical in lieu of artificial illumination.
All new and refurbished buildings and any area in the process of refurbishment is to conform to
the Australian Standards see Appendix 4.B Clause 4.B.1.6.6
The position of switches within areas to enable personnel to control energy use within their
own areas, is required and all of the following systems are to be considered. Options will be
favoured, based on life cycle analysis, that provide personal control. The following option &
concepts systems will be considered:
Block switching
Individual room switching
Occupancy and motion detection switching
Lighting control through the building automation system (BAS)
Energy conserving strategies shall be incorporated into the design and consideration.
Utilization of day light and daylight enhancement techniques (such as light shelves)
Low energy lights & fittings
Low brightness fittings
The above shall be discussed with the Senior Project Manager, Services during the design
phases in accord with the process requirements specified in the Standard Brief. Guidelines for
levels of illuminance for functional building areas/tasks will be developed. These levels of
illuminance guidelines will be related to University tasks such as, reading areas, computer
laboratories and the like. The RMIT guidelines will reflect a practical application of the
Australian Standard and the like referred to previously.



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4.4 ENERGY CONSERVATION UNIVERSITY POLICIES AND
GUIDELINES
4.4.1 Use and Occupation
As a general principle, it is desirable that the interface between different User groups, activities
and zones throughout the building be limited and areas with similar energy requirements be
grouped together.
4.4.2 Internal Environment Conditions
Mechanical ventilation shall comply with AS1668. All possibilities for making optimum
use of natural ventilation shall be considered and given priority.
Air conditioning shall be installed where it is required for occupant comfort for the
proper operation of the machines or for the well being of animals or plants., protection of
specific equipment, computers, plants, animals, etc. User requests for air conditioning in
specific cases shall be reviewed with the Services Project Manager & Manager,
Engineering and Maintenance.
Humidity control is only required in unusual cases; retain printing applications and the
long term maintenance of works of art or rare or antique books are examples.
4.4.3 Sizing of Mechanical Plant
The Manager, Engineering and Maintenance shall advise if available energy sources are nearby
or if the building is to operate on a stand-alone basis.
In determining the size of the plant to be installed, consideration shall always be given to
installing modular plant to provide maximum flexibility to meet changing seasonal
requirements and building uses. This shall be discussed with the Senior Project Manager,
Services.
4.4.4 Building Automation System
All University buildings are or will be covered by a Building Automation System (BAS). Full
details of the BAS are in Section 7.
The BAS allows building plant to be monitored and controlled by the BAS controllers situated
in each building. The BAS controllers use a variety of factors (outside air temperatures etc.) to
optimise the start/stop and set-points of air conditioning plant. The plant operation may be
viewed from the Front End, and any adjustment of control systems implemented from there.
Alarm messages are transmitted to Mechanical Services staff when the BAS detects a
malfunction, and the system stores historical data for diagnostic and design purposes.
New plant or controls installed in existing buildings, and any new buildings, shall be fitted with
controls suitable for connection to the BAS. Eventually, all controls on University property will
be integrated into the BAS and no other control systems requiring adjustment, service and
maintenance shall be supplied by Contractors.



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4.5 ENERGY CONSERVATION ENGINEERING SERVICES
AND EQUIPMENT
4.5.1 Energy Targets
An energy target shall be determined for the building
1
in order to provide a measure of the
energy efficiency of the design, of the impact of any special requirements of the Project Brief
and of the achievement of energy efficiency in subsequent operation.
Table of Typical Design Targets for Melbourne Offices (Property Council of Australia (formerly
BOMA) 1994).
Element MJ/a.m
2

Office Equipment (5 W/m
2
) 43
Lighting (14 W/m
2
) 130
Lifts 25
Ventilation and Pumping 50
Cooling 36
Space heating (Gas) 133
Hot water service (Gas) 7
TOTAL 424
4.5.2 Ventilation Fans
Fan power shall be minimised by:
designing ducting and equipment for low static resistance to require low fan pressure;
using variable speed drives where as quantities need to e varied;
using variable air flow volume (where appropriate);
selecting the fan and its drive for high efficiency;
4.5.3 Pumps
Reticulated systems using pumps shall:
avoid the specification of undersized piping systems and equipment which require high
system pressure drops and increased pumping power;
include pumps driven by variable speed drives where capability requirements change
over time.

1
Where the scope of works covers only part of a building the target shall be for that area (or areas) only.



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4.5.4 Cooling
4.5.4.1 Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative coolers are only energy efficient when cooling large quantities of fresh air. Systems
integrating heating and evaporative cooling are not generally energy efficient, and there shall
be substantial reasons for their proposal.
4.5.4.2 Economy Cycle Cooling
Where it is necessary to use refrigeration to provide cooling, an economy cooling cycle utilising
up to 100% outdoor air (when outdoor air conditions are favourable) shall be used.
4.5.4.3 Refrigeration
Refrigeration plant shall be selected for economical part-load operation, as most systems
operate well below full load.
With multiple refrigeration machines, various combinations of capacities shall be plotted
against running cost to evaluate the most economic selections, and ensure stable, economic
operation at low system load.
Consideration shall be given to certified machines with variable speed drives and magnetic
bearings.
4.5.4.4 Heat Rejection Plant
Where possible the heat rejection from the refrigeration system shall be utilised for heating.
Air-heating coils, double bundle condensers, or desuperheaters for the hot water service are
preferred for this purpose.
4.5.5 Heating
Radiant heating generally uses less energy than warm air heating, particularly in large open
areas e.g. stores/workshops. Heating hot water boilers shall not be used in domestic hot water
systems. Hot water supply temperature used for heating shall be as low as practical to reduce
system losses, but not to the point where they affect boiler efficiency and life.
4.5.6 Thermal Storage
Thermal storage may be used in a heat pump or conventional system to store heat for reuse, to
take advantage of off peak tariffs, or to reduce plant capacity and maximum demand. The
decision will hinge on the cost of the tanks compared to the reduction in plant capacity and
future running costs.
4.5.7 Heat Recovery
Waste heat recovery from exhaust air, exhaust gas, condenser water, etc. shall be examined.
Where it is necessary to condition large quantities of fresh air for laboratories or special areas,
air-to-air heat recovery devices shall be considered, as they will reduce plant capacity and
running costs.



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4.5.8 Automatic Controls
Appropriate air-conditioning plant controls for each system shall be selected to prevent excess
energy consumption. Electronic controls are preferred to pneumatic controls. Specifications for
BAS controls are given in Section 7.
Consultants shall refer to the Manager, Engineering and Maintenance Branch for BAS
requirements on each project. Mechanical and electrical design will benefit from the input of
BAS staff at the Design Stage.
4.5.9 Maintainability
The Design Team shall consider the maintainability of the plant. Ease of access to components
and this ready availability shall be ensured. The costs of maintenance shall be uincluded in any
life cycle costing exercise.
4.5.10 Domestic Hot Water Services
Consultants shall balance fuel, equipment selection, location and long term running costs in
providing the most efficient hot water service for each project. Standing heat losses through
long pipelines shall be avoided.
4.5.11 Stairwells
Stairwells shall be located close to lifts to reduce long-term lift energy consumption.
4.6 ENERGY CONSERVATION: ENVIRONMENTAL AND
ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
4.6.1 Building Form
The Design Team shall have regard for the building envelope, to minimise overall building
volume through efficient use of zoning.
The Design Team shall consider the effects of shape, mass and orientation in developing a
thermally efficient building design.
4.6.2 Insulation
The roof and walls of heated or air conditioned buildings shall have adequate thermal
resistance to heat losses and gains



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4.6.3 Fenestration
When designing glazed openings, the benefits of natural lighting and ventilation shall be
weighed against solar and thermal loads. The Design Team shall demonstrate adequate
consideration of the following:
sun control techniques (including internal and external shading devices and control of
glare;
maximised use of natural light.
Generally, provision shall be made for shading of glazed areas from early October to early
March.
Internal, or glass applied, sun control treatments shall only be considered where external
shades cannot be used.
The finish on internal walls shall follow the recommendations of A.S. 1680.1 (Section 6),
regarding the reflectance of surfaces. If screen-based equipment is to be used it is
recommended that the wall colour have a reflectance value of between 30%50%.
Task areas (e.g. desks) shall be protected from all sources of glare with particular attention
being given to areas where personal computers are to be located.
4.7 MANAGEMENT OF ILLUMINATION
The University's goal in the management of illumination is to gain maximum benefit from
lighting systems whilst minimising energy waste. The Electrical Consultant shall calculate the
installed lighting load, and submit it to the Manager, Engineering and Maintenance for
consideration, before proceeding with working drawings.
4.7.1 Lighting Standards Design Criteria
Guidelines set out below present the minimum illuminance levels which are considered
adequate to provide a safe, visually comfortable working environment. These values reflect a
practical application of the use of A.S. 1680.
4.7.1.1 Recommended levels of illuminance for selected building area
LL Local lighting necessary or desirable
UR Unwanted reflections possible

Type of Task Requirement Illuminance (Lux)
Reading areas
Reading tables, desks 400 LL, UR
General Office
Typing, reading, filing 400 UR
Drawing boards 600 LL, UR
Copying rooms 240



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Type of Task Requirement Illuminance (Lux)
Meeting / Staff Room 200
Store Rooms
Rough, bulky live 80
Rough, bulky dead 40
Fine/papers live 160
Fine/papers dead 80
Corridors
Light traffic 20
Heavy traffic 40
Stairs 40
Computer rooms
General 320
Terminals 320 LL, UR
Toilets/Locker rooms 80
Plant Rooms
General 80
Control panels, switchboards 160

Assembly Halls 80
General 80
Examination 240
Kitchens
General 160
Food preparation, cooking 240
Indoor Car Park
General 40
Lecture Theatres, Tutorial/Seminar Room see Teaching Space Design Guidelines
Outdoor Spaces see Landscape Elements Report



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4.7.2 Lamp Selection Criteria
The following criteria shall be considered before specifying the most efficient lamp suitable for
the application:
colour rendition;
lamp lumen depreciation;
lamp shape;
strike/restart time;
ease of lamp removal for changing;
costs (energy, replacement, fitting, maintenance
The use of the latest generation of fluorescent lamps (T5) incorporating fully dimmable
electronic bollasts shall be considered.
Tungsten lamps may sometimes be suitable where, by careful light control, a high utilisation
factor is achieved.
Incandescent lamps shall not be used except for task lighting or in unusual circumstances and
only with the approval in writing of the Manager, Engineering and Maintenance. Compact
fluorescent tubes shall be used instead.
4.7.3 Fixtures Selection
The Design Team shall observe the following criteria in the selection of fixtures:
Coefficient of utilisation the efficiency of a fixture in space;
visual comfort probability the importance of having a low glare system in areas such
as terraced lecture theatres etc.;
resistance to dirt build up (luminaries dirt depreciation LDD);
diffusers the University's preference is for acrylic prismatic lenses for fluorescent
fittings. Opal diffusers should not be used;
low-glare diffusers should be used when appropriate;
where screen-based equipment is used the recommendations of AS1680.1, regarding the
minimum shielding angle of the luminaries, shall be followed;
heat removal use of heat removal or air handling fixtures may permit specification of
smaller and more efficient cooling systems to maintain equivalent comfort levels.
4.7.4 Energy Consumption
The Design Team shall incorporate consideration of the following to minimise energy
consumption:
the balance between task and building illuminance;
availability of daylight lighting;
provision of switching controls to enable electric lighting to respond to daylight
variations;
use and maintenance of high surface reflectance;
mounting height of luminaries;
appropriateness of fittings to the Universitys group replacement program;
appropriate, efficient exterior lighting.



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4.8 THE ENERGY IMPACT STATEMENT
4.8.1 Requirement
An Energy Impact Statement shall be completed for each new major project designed for the
University. This Statement has been specifically developed as a design tool to focus the
attention of designers in all disciplines on solutions that ensure efficient energy use throughout
the building's life.
The Statement, prepared by the Consultant, shall be submitted on the standard forms
(Appendix 4.A of this Section) and shall be completed in full. Supporting material, if
applicable, shall be attached to the Statement.
The Energy Impact Statement shall be submitted to the Project Manager for approval as soon as
possible after preliminary documentation begins.
The Consultant shall additionally provide an estimate of the additional annual energy costs
arising from the project over the subsequent three year period.
4.8.2 Contents
The Energy Impact Statement shall include the following information:
tabulation of the estimated annual fuel and energy required to satisfy the total proposed
building project needs. The amount of energy for each major building function shall be
identified and the form in which it is delivered is to be noted;
an estimate of annual energy consumption per square metre of net useable floor area
shall be supplied. The percentage of the building (by floor area) being air conditioned
shall be stated;
in considering central systems, due provision shall be made for reticulation losses and the
provision allowed recorded;
details of architectural aspects that have been considered or proposed in the design to
reduce energy demand (e.g. orientation, shading, thermal mass, insulation etc.) shall be
recorded;
any limitations or restrictions which prevent the design of a more energy efficient
solution than that proposed shall be noted (e.g. Statutory Authorities' requirements,
specific User requirements);
descriptions of any special energy saving measures or features that have been included in
the proposal.
The forms included in Appendix 4.A constitute the energy impact statement: Design Review
Checklist, Annual Fuel and Energy Requirements, Air Handling Systems, Heating and Cooling
Systems Description and Energy Monitoring and Control Services.



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APPENDIX 4.A:
ENERGY IMPACT STATEMENT (PREPARED BY CONSULTANT)
DESIGN REVIEW CHECKLIST: PROJECT:
MECHANICAL SERVICES YES NO REMARKS
1. Does the system avoid simultaneous heating and cooling?
2. Has an economy cycle been considered? Refrigeration to stop when outside air is temperature:
3. Have peak heating and cooling loads been designed to permit 3C temperature variation.
4. Has a modular system been selected for heating and cooling plant? Note that there is to be sufficient base load to
support machine interchange.

5. Have high pressure air distribution systems been avoided?
6. Has outdoor air intake been minimised consistent with relevant codes?
7. Have piping and heat exchangers been designed for minimum practical pressure loss in chilled and heating water
systems?

8. Have chilled & heating water systems been designed for maximum possible temperature differentials?
9. Has the use of computerised control been considered?
10. Have automatic means been provided to:
a) Start and stop A.C. systems at appropriate times?

b) Shut down outside
c) Turn off A.C. systems to unoccupied zones or areas?
d) Shut down exhaust systems in unoccupied areas?
11. Have provisions been made for energy monitoring devices for energy auditing?
12. Have alternative energy sources been considered? (i.e. solar, biogas, etc.)
13. Has consideration been given to the use of heat pumps?
ELECTRICAL SERVICES YES NO REMARKS
14. Were lighting systems specifically designed for the expected activities?
15. Were general lighting design levels reduced to the acceptable minimum?
16. Have gas discharge lamps been used wherever possible? (Fluorescent, mercury vapour, etc.)
17. Have automatic controls been investigated for switching of selected lighting zones?
18. Have flexible switching arrangements been provided to avoid lighting of unoccupied areas?
19. Has separate metering been provided to individual plant for future energy auditing?
20. Have motor capacities been matched to power drive needs?
21. Have high efficiency and high power factor electric motors been selected?
22. Have variable speed drives been considered?



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Appendix 4.A (Cont)
ANNUAL FUEL AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS: PROJECT:
ENERGY REQUIREMENT FUEL AND ENERGY SUPPLIED TO SITE
Function Thermal
GJ
Electric
GJ
Electricity
Maximum
Demand
Electricity
Off Peak
KW
Natural Gas
GJ
L.P.G.
GJ
Other
(e.g. Steam)
TOTAL
SUPPLY
GJ
Heating
Cooling
Ventilation
Process heat/ cooling
Lighting
General Power
Laboratory Equipment
Lifts

Area Related Annual Consumption Figures
Energy Consumption/m2 (per square metre)
MJ Details of Inclusions and Exclusions, areas being air conditioned, etc.

Prepared By: Date:



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Appendix 4.A (Cont)
AIR HANDLING SYSTEMS: PROJECT:
UNIT
DESIGNATION
AIR OR ZONE
SERVED
UNIT OR SYSTEM KW TOTALS TOTAL SUPPLY (L/S) OUTDOOR AIR (L/S)
L.P.G.
GJ
Type (Roof top, Multi-
zone, fan coil, Self
contained, etc.)
S/A fans R/A fans



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Appendix 4.A (Cont)
HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS: PROJECT:
HEATING
Heating Energy Source: Hot Water Steam Electrical Resistance Other (specify)
Boiler No. @ kW Boiler No. @ kW Boiler No. @ kW Heating Plant

Miscellaneous: Fuel: Primary = Hot water supply temperature = C
Fuel: Stand = Hot water return temperature = C

Steam Pressure = kPa Total No. of pumps = Total kW =
Room Units: Radiators Fin Tube Ceiling/Wall Panels Convectors Fan Coil Units

Comments:

COOLING
Cooling Plant: No. Type: (Centrifugal, absorption,
reciprocating)
Capacity (kW) Motor (kW) Area Served (m
2
)
Compressors and Chillers:

Heat dissipation device: Evaporative Condenser Air-cooled Condenser Cooling Tower
Condenser/Cooling Tower fan kW = Condenser water pumps = kW Chilled water pumps=
Comments:

Self-contained A/C units: Total no. window units = Total no. thru-the-wall units = Total no. of units =
Self-contained A/C units: Basic module served Total capacity = kW Reverse Cycle: Y / N



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Appendix 4.A (Cont)
EQUIPMENT ENERGY MONITORING & CONTROL DEVICES: PROJECT:
ITEM *LOCATION
(e.g. Room B.28, West Wall, South End)
COMMENTS
Fluid Flow Meters

Electricity Meter

Gas Meter

* Attach list if column space is insufficient

Section 4 - Energy Management Design Standards Brief


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APPENDIX 4.B
ENERGY POLICY
RMIT Energy Management and Conservation Policy and Strategy
Approved by the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Resources) August 1997
CONTENTS
PART A - POLICY................................................................................................................ 19
4.B.1.1 RATIONALE................................................................................................................................. 19
4.B.1.1.1 Background............................................................................................................... 19
4.B.1.1.2 Financial..................................................................................................................... 19
4.B.1.1.3 Environmental ........................................................................................................... 19
4.B.1.1.4 Leadership/Example................................................................................................ 19
4.B.1.2 PURPOSE .................................................................................................................................... 19
4.B.1.2.1 Aims and Objectives................................................................................................ 19
4.B.1.2.2 Scope......................................................................................................................... 20
4.B.1.3 TECHNOLOGY AND INVESTMENT ............................................................................................. 20
4.B.1.4 MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................................................... 20
4.B.1.4.1 Approach.................................................................................................................. 20
4.B.1.4.2 Responsibility............................................................................................................. 20
4.B.1.4.3 University Energy Performance Measures and Targets ...................................... 20
4.B.1.4.4 Policy Review and Accountability ........................................................................ 21
4.B.1.5 COMMUNICATION AND TRAINING.......................................................................................... 21
Part B - Practices............................................................................................................... 22
4.B.1.6 BUILDINGS ................................................................................................................................. 22
4.B.1.6.1 Existing Situation ....................................................................................................... 22
4.B.1.6.2 Energy Purchasing.................................................................................................... 22
4.B.1.6.3 Responsibility............................................................................................................. 22
4.B.1.6.4 Heating ...................................................................................................................... 23
4.B.1.6.5 Mechanical Systems ................................................................................................ 23
4.B.1.6.6 New Construction .................................................................................................... 24
4.B.1.6.7 Lighting....................................................................................................................... 25
4.B.1.6.8 Cleaning.................................................................................................................... 25
4.B.1.6.9 Metering and Decentralisation of Cost ................................................................ 25
4.B.1.7 TRANSPORT ................................................................................................................................ 26
4.B.1.7.1 Car Fleet Strategy .................................................................................................... 26
4.B.1.7.2 Bicycles ...................................................................................................................... 26
4.B.1.7.3 Minimising Energy Used in Commuting to and from University......................... 26
4.B.1.7.4 Intercampus Travel................................................................................................... 26
4.B.1.7.5 Salary Packages....................................................................................................... 26
4.B.1.8 PROCUREMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT................................................................. 26

Design Standards Brief Section 4 - Energy Management


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Appendix 4.B (Cont)
PART A - POLICY
4.B.1.1 RATIONALE
4.B.1.1.1 Background
There are a number of good reasons for RMIT to manage its energy consumption more efficiently and to actively
seek renewable alternatives. The changing financial regimes in education, combined with an evolving
environmental awareness has motivated the development of this Policy. RMIT has expressed its commitment to
achieving environmental performance improvement by adopting the RMIT
Environmental Policy and by being a signatory to the Talloires Declaration (refer to Section 2 Appendix 2.D).
Good energy management is simply a part of a holistic approach, in which management of facilities and transport
vehicles is seen as integral to the achievement of RMIT's overall objectives.
4.B.1.1.2 Financial
With the challenge of maintaining services with decreasing budgets, saving money through energy conservation
is an important fiscal strategy. To stop energy cost increases eroding scarce teaching and research income, the
University is taking positive action to reduce consumption by investment in energy efficiency through technology
and in energy awareness training.
4.B.1.1.3 Environmental
Burning fossil fuels such as coal (for electricity), natural gas, and petroleum for energy production results in many
environmental impacts. When fossil fuels are combusted, emissions such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide
and ground level ozone are generated. Some of these pollutants are greenhouse gases which contribute to
global warming. Other emissions cause acid rain, which can alter soil pH, disrupt aquatic ecosystems and
corrode buildings, statues and landmarks. The fact that fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are non-
renewable resources is reason enough to be concerned about energy use and waste. Given the substantial
environmental impacts such as the enhanced greenhouse effect and acid rain associated with energy use, the
value and urgency of energy efficiency and conservation are obvious. RMIT places a real priority on responsible
and efficient management of the community's resources.
4.B.1.1.4 Leadership/Example
There is an opportunity to demonstrate to the community and industry how effective energy conservation and
management can be achieved and to set a good example to students.
4.B.1.2 PURPOSE
The purpose of the Energy Policy is to ensure that the University implements energy conservation initiatives in a
systematic, comprehensive and effective manner that supports the health and well-being of staff and students,
and complements the University's academic activities.
4.B.1.2.1 Aims and Objectives
4.B.1.2.1.1 Aim
To increase the environmental and financial efficiency of energy use by the University whilst supporting the staff
and student comfort and function levels.



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Appendix 4.B (Cont)
4.B.1.2.1.2 Objectives
Building Energy
Reduce energy consumption and/or costs in RMIT Buildings.
Design and construct buildings that maximise energy conservation potential.
Reduce the environmental impact of the University's energy use.
Obtain maximum benefit from building systems such as air conditioning and lighting whilst minimising
energy waste.
Optimising health and comfort levels of staff and students within University buildings.
Closely align the energy use within buildings to the functional requirements of activities within buildings.
Progressively increase use of alternative/renewable sources of energy.
Transport
Reduce the cost and environmental impact associated with the University fleet vehicles.
Identify energy efficient methods of inter-campus transport.
Provide adequate bicycle facilities on all campuses.
Identify initiatives that minimise energy used in commuting to and from University.
Provide public transport incentives.
Provide salary packages that include non-car transport components.
4.B.1.2.2 Scope
This Policy addresses energy use and management in the design, construction and operation of buildings,
transport and procurement of equipment.
4.B.1.3 TECHNOLOGY AND INVESTMENT
The changing environment opens up new opportunities for innovation. A climate needs to be created in which
past practices are open to wide ranging questioning. Because something 'has always been done that way'
suggest not that we should continue with it, but rather that it may be improved upon. It is planned from 1997
onwards that 5% of the current energy budget be allocated for specific energy efficiency projects and programs
subject to approval from Director, Property Services group. Savings from efficiencies will also be used to support
the resources necessary for continual performance improvement. A simple four-year payback criteria will
normally be applied in terms of investment in energy efficient initiatives except where exceptional other benefits
to the University are identified. For larger capital projects it may be appropriate to evaluate other criteria in
addition to payback for the project, such as internal rate of return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV)/capital cost.
4.B.1.4 MANAGEMENT
4.B.1.4.1 Approach
Energy use will be managed in an holistic and systematic way. To achieve this aim quality data will be collected
and relevant staff provided with ongoing training. An effective project will reduce environmental impact whilst
providing monetary savings. The management approach to the Energy Management and Conservation Policy will
include the establishment of baseline data, monitoring of performance against performance measures and
attendant targets, and periodic evaluation of the Policy's strategy and action plan. Consideration will also be
given to establishing an energy forum to facilitate staff and students input.
4.B.1.4.2 Responsibility
The management and implementation of the Energy Management and Conservation Policy is the responsibility of
the those groups/positions specified within this Policy. Property Services has an overarching coordination and
management responsibility for the Policy.
4.B.1.4.3 University Energy Performance Measures and Targets
The following performance measures have been developed to establish baseline data and provide a monitoring
mechanism. Currently the collection of data at a departmental and building level is not possible, so whilst the
process is being developed, the measurements will be initially aimed at a campus and University-wide level.



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Appendix 4.B (Cont)
University Energy Performance Measures and Targets (Cont)
The following performance measures have been developed to establish baseline data and provide a monitoring
mechanism. Currently the collection of data at a departmental and building level is not possible, so whilst the
process is being developed, the measurements will be initially aimed at a campus and University-wide level.
Building Energy
greenhouse emissions level per Effective Full Time student Unit (EFTSU)
total energy cost per (EFTSU)
energy consumption per building m2 Gross Floor Area (GFA)
level of investment in environmental efficiency technology (infrastructure/equipment)
total energy consumption per EFTSU
% of operational budget spent on energy use
Transport/Vehicle Fleet
greenhouse emissions level per staff member (fleet vehicles)
total energy cost per staff member (fleet vehicles)
fuel efficiency of vehicle fleet (litres per 100 kilometres)
number of bike racks per EFTSU/Staff member
% of staff who use public transport to commute
% of students who use public transport to commute
It is anticipated that with the introduction of local metering the performance measurements relating to buildings
will be able to be applied at the building and cost centre level. When this option becomes available the
performance measurements may need to be refined so that they are applicable to that level of the organisation.
4.B.1.4.4 Policy Review and Accountability
The Manager, Engineering Branch, will provide details of energy performance for buildings on an annual basis.
Review of the strategies and action plan of the Energy Management and Conservation Policy will be undertaken
with other staff, including the Strategic Planner Sustainability and Campus Planning Branch. A draft of the
review document will be presented to the Environmental Advisory and Management Committee, and the
Resources Division Committee for their consideration. The review should assess not only past performance but
also the future strategy and action plan of the Energy Management and Conservation Policy. Performance
measures and targets will also be included in the strategic planning process and will form part of the Property
Services Performance Plan.
4.B.1.5 COMMUNICATION AND TRAINING
A strategy will be developed to communicate the Energy Management and Conservation Policy to staff and
students. The approach will focus on educating and motivating staff and students to practice energy conservation
by advising them of the environmental and financial consequences of imprudent energy use. The development of
incentives and rewards will be vital to ensuring the successful implementation of the Energy Management and
Conservation Policy. The communication strategy will be a two way process by stimulating the interaction of
message and feedback and provision will be made to establishing a consultative forum where information, ideas
and feedback can be exchanged. Various training programs will be developed that address general issues of
energy conservation as well as specialist programs aimed at particular functional groups within the University.



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Appendix 4.B (Cont)
PART B - PRACTICES
4.B.1.6 BUILDINGS
4.B.1.6.1 Existing Situation
The monitoring of the energy usage within buildings is currently being performed on a Campus basis, however,
this only gives an overall picture and does not highlight any opportunities for efficiencies or problems in buildings
or areas. Currently data is limited due to the lack of decentralised metering equipment. It is planned that in the
long term RMIT will be in a position to quantify all energy used within each building (or by each cost centre) on a
monthly basis and that the energy consumed will be fully accounted for.
4.B.1.6.2 Energy Purchasing
Fuel is to be purchased at least cost, with consideration given to purchasing energy derived from renewable
energy sources. Any additional costs incurred through the purchase of energy from renewable energy sources
will be off-set by savings from the implementation of the Energy Management and Conservation Policy, as well
as consideration given to the positive public image and educational benefits that the University will garner. The
Manager, Engineering Branch will continue to lead contract negotiations with the utilities to identify the most
appropriate tariffs and liaise with other relevant areas (such as the Strategic Planner - Sustainability) regarding
other elements of the energy package with the supplier, such as alternative energy options.
4.B.1.6.3 Responsibility
4.B.1.6.3.1 Staff and Student Responsibility
Signage will be developed and placed next to light switches which communicate to staff and students how they
can conserve energy. These messages will also form part of the overall communications strategy of the Energy
Management and Conservation Policy. Such messages will include:

During the winter months all doors and windows should be kept closed to ensure that the heating
systems within these areas can operate efficiently and economically. During the summer season all
doors and windows should be kept closed to ensure that any buildings that have air conditioning or
cooling systems installed can operate efficiently and economically (where applicable).
Curtains should be drawn at night to ensure heat is kept in.
All P.C.s, lighting and other office equipment should be turned off on leaving the areas for a period of
more than 10 minutes.
Heads of Departments/Groups should endeavour to minimise energy usage when scheduling classes,
meetings and other campus activities. Evening classes will be conducted in the least number of buildings
possible and if possible the buildings used will have the appropriate temperature controls fitted to enable
the mechanical services to be adjusted to accommodate their usage as efficiently as possible. When the
need arises for use of small areas after hours use of rooms with decentralised plant systems should be
considered.
Input will be sought from representatives from University groups/departments on how best to
communicate energy conservation messages and behavioural requirements to staff and students.
Options such as including information during staff and students orientation sessions and the
development of training programs will be explored.
4.B.1.6.3.2 Property Services
Property Services is responsible for coordinating the management of the University Energy Management and
Conservation Policy. This role includes the management of the process for the development of strategies and
action plans, monitoring, evaluation and review. It also includes the development of a communication strategy for
the Policy.



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Appendix 4.B (Cont)
4.B.1.6.4 Heating
During the heating season rooms with central heating, air conditioning or space heating operate at a maximum
temperature of 21
0
C when occupied and that the correct quantity of outside air is maintained. Whenever it is
economically feasible and a building is unoccupied, the temperature will be reduced. The temperatures within
hallways, stairwells and other infrequently occupied areas will be maintained at a lower or, if feasible, unheated.
Special research areas requiring constant or warmer temperatures will be the only exception to the above
requirements. Plug-in electric heaters in University buildings will not be allowed except by special permission
from the Manager, Engineering Branch. All requests will be evaluated on an individual basis.(refer to 4.B1.6.4.4
Mechanical Cooling (Air Management) for information on cooling.)
4.B.1.6.5 Mechanical Systems
4.B.1.6.5.1 Compressed Air Systems
Compressed air systems are a major energy consumer. All compressed air systems, both stand alone and
reticulated systems, are to be set at the lowest operating pressures required to carry out the particular functions
required. All systems are to be shut down when not in use and the systems checked on a regular basis to ensure
that there are no leaks. If leaks are found then they are to be reported immediately to Property Services for
rectification.
4.B.1.6.5.2 Central Heating Plant and Reticulated Service Mains
Central Heating Plant will be operated as efficiently as possible and in full compliance with the current state and
federal requirements and regulations, to enable complete service reliability.
Reticulated mains will be maintained and upgraded when required as economically as possible to maintain peak
performance and to minimise energy losses within the system.
4.B.1.6.5.3 Central Cooling Plant and Reticulated Service Mains
Central Cooling Plant will be operated as efficiently as possible and in full compliance with the current state and
federal requirements and regulations, to enable complete service reliability.
Reticulated mains will be maintained and upgraded when required as economically as possible to maintain peak
performance and to minimise energy losses within the system.
4.B.1.6.5.4 Mechanical Cooling (Air Management)
During the cooling season rooms with mechanical cooling should operate at a minimum average temperature of
23
0
C when occupied and the correct quantity of outside air should be maintained. The temperatures within
hallways, stairwells and other infrequently occupied areas will be maintained at a higher temperature or, if
feasible, completely unconditioned. Special research areas requiring constant or cooler temperatures will be the
only exception to the above requirements. Economy cycles will be installed on all existing systems if it is
economically feasible as funds become available to enable the plant to utilise the Free Cooling available with
this type of system to the advantage of the University. All new installations are to incorporate an economy cycle.
The air conditioning controls are to be fully compatible with the
B.A.S. (Building Automation System) installed within the University. The controls are to be capable of variable set
points, deadbands and fully compatible with the University energy management policies.
4.B.1.6.5.5 Lifts and Escalators
Only essential lifts and or escalators to be used out of normal operating hours. Seasonal fluctuations in user
demand will also be taken into account.



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Appendix 4.B (Cont)
4.B.1.6.5.6 Mechanical Ventilation
All mechanical ventilation systems are to be operated in the most economical way consistent with the comfort of
the occupants and all the relevant code requirements, including as a minimum the Occupational Health and
Safety Act. During times of reduced occupancy, cycling of the fans or reduced fan speeds will be utilised in
situations where the installed plant is capable of carrying out these tasks. All possibilities to make optimum use of
natural ventilation will be considered. Air will be re-circulated within the guidelines as laid down for safe
ventilation practices in B.C.A. (Building Code of Australia) and the Australian Standards (AS 1668 Part 2)
Ventilation Requirements.
4.B.1.6.6 New Construction
Unless restricted by Section 32D of the Historical Buildings Act (1981), for all areas of construction, new or
renovation, the recommendations as outlined in the Australian Standards for energy efficient building design,
Building Code of Australia and all relevant codes must be taken into account. These codes and standards will be
followed as closely as possible to ensure that the University will not incur extraordinary, future energy costs.
Design standards will be developed, suited to the method of operations within RMIT, that go beyond existing
energy standards where possible. All planning for construction and equipment purchase and installation must
include energy life cycle costing. Optimal energy efficient equipment will be installed, based on investment
guidelines, as provided in this Policy.
4.B.1.6.6.1 Building Design
Building design issues that will be considered include the efficiency of the building envelope and site factors,
including: shape; location and metrological influences; contours; landscaping (affecting micro-climate); building
form; mass; insulation; orientation; fenestration; and sun control techniques.
4.B.1.6.6.2 Alternative Energy Sources
Alternative energy sources such as solar heating and heat recovery systems will be investigated and
implemented if they accord with the return on investment requirements specified in this Policy.
Opportunities will be taken to incorporate and promote renewable energy during the design stages.
4.B.1.6.6.3 Energy Design Standards and Impact Statement
Energy design standards and an energy impact statement will be developed for incorporation into the Consultant
Brief for the Provision and Improvement of the Physical Facilities and Environment for adherence and completion
by consultants.

The Energy Impact Statement shall, at a minimum, contain the following information:

An estimation of the total fuel and energy supplied to the site to satisfy the total proposed building project
needs;
An estimate of annual energy consumption per square metre of net useable floor area to be supplied.
The percentage of floor area being air conditioned is to be stated;
Detail of architectural aspects that have been considered in the design to reduce energy demand;
Any limitations or restrictions which prevent the design of a more efficient solution that proposed are to
be noted (e.g. Authorities requirements, specific user requirements);
Descriptions of any special energy saving measures or features that have been included in the proposal.



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Appendix 4.B (Cont)
4.B.1.6.7 Lighting
Task and natural lighting will be considered where practical in lieu of unnecessary high level illumination
techniques. The objectives of lighting in a buildings fall into three categories:
Enable tasks to be performed quickly, accurately and easily;
Enable the occupant to work and move about the building in safety;
Achieve the desired character of the interior.

All new and refurbished buildings and any area in the process of refurbishment is to conform to the Australian
Standards AS1680. The IES (Illuminating Engineering Society) Lighting Handbook shall also be used and form
part of the guidelines. This standards sets out at length basic requirements for good seeing conditions in
buildings by daylight, electric light, interior colour treatment and the performance specifications for achieving
effective lighting.

There are several different types of lighting controls available. The position of switches within the areas will
enable the personnel to control the energy use within their own areas, so serious thought is required and all of
the following systems are to be considered. Options will be favoured, based on life cycle analysis, that provide
personal control. The following systems will be considered:
Block switching.
Individual room switching.
Occupancy & motion detection switching.
Lighting control through the building monitoring systems.
Daylight is to be utilised at all times where it is economically viable.
Low energy lighting.
Low brightness fittings.
Lighting layout so as to eliminate glare.

All of the above systems are to be discussed with the Engineering Manager during the design phases in accord
with the process requirements specified in the Consultant Brief for the Provision and Improvement of the Physical
Facilities and Environment. Guidelines for levels of illuminance for functional building areas/tasks will be
developed. These levels of illuminance guidelines will be related to University tasks such as, reading areas,
computer laboratories etc.. The RMIT guidelines will reflect a practical application of the Australian Standards as
referred to above.
4.B.1.6.8 Cleaning
Cleaning times and programs that minimise lighting required for cleaning tasks will be developed. To the
maximum extent possible, tasks will be scheduled so that all cleaning tasks in a given area can be completed
concurrently, after which lights (and if possible, HVAC systems) will be turned off. These requirements will be
inserted in the University cleaning contract specification.
4.B.1.6.9 Metering and Decentralisation of Cost
It is planned that metering systems will be employed at least at the building level, and perhaps the cost centre
level, that will enable better energy management and strategy development. It is also planned to concurrently
implement a system of charge back of energy consumption (and other services) to cost centres. Under a charge
back system users would be responsible for the cost of energy consumed. Such an approach should provide a
powerful incentive for users, not only to practice energy conservation, but to participate in the development of
strategies to better manage and conserve energy.



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Appendix 4.B (Cont)
4.B.1.7 TRANSPORT
4.B.1.7.1 Car Fleet Strategy
A strategy will be developed to reduce the environmental impact and fuel cost of the University's fleet car stock.
This will include an assessment of the fuel efficiency of the current fleet cars and the number of fleet cars and
investigation of a more cost and environmentally efficient means of meeting the University's transport
requirements. Consideration will also be given to new vehicles being fuelled by non-traditional means (natural
gas, electricity etc).
4.B.1.7.2 Bicycles
Work has already been done on identifying the quantity of the byclce parking required on the City Campus. A
strategy has been developed that considers various types of bicycle parking facilities required, including
distributed systems (hoop style), land use planning and secure parking. The strategy considers other facilities
that bicycle commuters require such as showers and lockers. A promotional campaign, in conjunction with
University bicycle users (staff and students) and Bicycle Victoria will be developed.
4.B.1.7.3 Minimising Energy Used in Commuting to and from University
Consideration will be given to how RMIT can promote and provide incentives for the use of public transport and
car pooling for commuter travel.
4.B.1.7.4 Intercampus Travel
An examination of the most effective method in terms of environmental and economic impact will be made to
support staff and students travel between sites/campus. Thought will be given to encouraging teleconferencing
wherever possible.
4.B.1.7.5 Salary Packages
An assessment of the options for implementing energy saving options as part of salary packages, eg, public
transport tickets, bicycles etc.
4.B.1.8 PROCUREMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT
It is planned to develop a strategy and process to ensure that life cycle assessment (eg, energy efficiency) is
taken into account during equipment procurement decisions by departments and groups.
In the long-term, the introduction of charge back should provide incentives for departments/groups to consider
the energy impact of equipment during the purchasing process.

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