Static Analysis

nonlinear restraints (such as +Y, -Z, any restraint with a gap, and so on) or boundary conditions (such as friction). Standard load cases for B31.4 Ch IX, B31.8 Ch VIII, and DNV codes: L1 L2 W+T1+P1 W+P1 (OPE) (SUS)

No expansion stress is calculated for these piping codes. Standard load cases for BS7159 and UKOOA piping codes: L1 W+T1+P1 (OPE)

No expansion or sustained stress is calculated for these piping codes.

Load Cases with Hanger Design

When CAESAR II designs spring hangers, two additional load cases are required. The letter H designates the hanger installation load (pre-load) that is always present in a spring hanger. L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 W W+T1+P1 W+T1+P1+H W+P1+H L3-L4 (HGR) *HS = Rigid (HGR) *HS = Ignore (OPE) *HS = As Designed (SUS) *HS = As Designed (EXP) **

*HS is the hanger stiffness defined on the Load Case Options tab. ** Use the algebraic combination method on the Load Case Options tab. When you use only predefined spring hangers, there is no need for the first two load cases. However, the letter H is still required in the operating and sustained load cases. Other hanger load cases are required when you use multiple load case design. In such instances, let CAESAR II recommend the load cases. You can then add or edit the non-hanger design load cases as necessary.

Load Cases with Thermal Displacements

Thermal displacements are generally associated with specific operating conditions. D1 is applied with T1, D2 to T2, and so on. When one temperature is below ambient, and one is above ambient, you can determine the full expansion stress range. L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 W+T1+D1+P1 W+T2+D2+P1 W+P1 L1-L3 L2-L3 L1-L2 (OPE) (OPE) (SUS) (EXP) * effects of D1 and T1 (EXP) * effects of D2 and T2 (EXP) * full expansion stress range

* Use the algebraic combination method on the Load Case Options tab.

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Case 3 L1-L2 (EXP) Expansion load case

Review any load recommendations made by CAESAR II. CAESAR II does not recommend any occasional load cases. Definition of these is your responsibility. If the recommended load cases do not satisfy the analysis requirements, you can delete or modify them. Conversely, you can reset the load cases at any time to the software recommended set. If you have an operating temperature below ambient in addition to one above ambient you should add another expansion load case as follows: Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 W+D1+T1+P1+H (OPE) W+D2+T2 +P1+H (OPE) W+P1+H (SUS) L1-L3 (EXP) L2-L3 (EXP) L2-L1 (EXP) Operating Operating Sustained load case Expansion load case Expansion load case Add this case because CAESAR II does not recommended it automatically.

Recommended Load Cases for Hanger Selection

Two additional load cases must be analyzed to get the data required to select a variable support if you want to let the software design spring hangers. The two basic requirements for sizing hangers are the deadweight carried by the hanger, which is hanger hot load, and the range of vertical travel to be accommodated. The first load case, traditionally called Restrained Weight, consists of only deadweight (W). For this analysis, CAESAR II includes a rigid restraint in the vertical direction at every location where a hanger is to be sized. The load on the restraint from this analysis is the deadweight that must be carried by the support in the hot condition. For the second load case, the hanger is replaced with an upward force equal to the calculated hot load, and an operating load case is run. This load case, traditionally called Free Thermal, includes the deadweight and thermal effects, the first pressure set if defined, and any displacements, W+D1+T1+P1. The vertical displacements of the hanger locations, along with the previously calculated deadweights, are then passed on to the hanger selection routine. After the hangers are sized, the added forces are removed and replaced with the selected supports along with their pre-loads cold loads designated by load component H. Load component H can appear in the load cases for hanger design if you have predefined any springs. In this case, it would represent the pre-defined operating loads. CAESAR II then continues with the load case recommendations as defined above. A typical set of recommended load cases for a single operating load case spring hanger design is as follows: Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 W W+D1+T1+P1 W+D1+T1+P1+H (OPE) W+P1+H (SUS) L3-L4 (EXP) Weight for hanger loads Operating for hanger travel Operating, hangers included Sustained load case Expansion load case

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Hanger Sizing Algorithm

At locations that you define, CAESAR II will select a rigid, variable or constant effort support using the automated procedure defined here. Attention here is focused on selecting a variable (spring) support from a manufacturers catalog. Be sure to review and verify all supports sized by CAESAR II.

Spring Design Requirements

A rigid rod is selected if the vertical thermal growth at the location is less than the value entered as Rigid Support Displacement Criteria and a constant support is selected if the vertical thermal growth at the location is greater than the value entered as Max. Allowed Travel Limit. Otherwise, CAESAR II selects the smallest single spring that satisfies all design requirements provided in the hanger design data. The spring design requirements are: 1. Both the operating (typically hot) and the installed (typically cold) loads must be within the allowed working range of the spring. 2. The absolute value of the change in the load (the product of the travel and the selected spring rate) divided by the design load must be less than the specified "Allowable Load Variation" value. The default variation is 25%. MSS SP-69 defines load variation as the ratio of the change in load and the operating load. CAESAR II, in using the design load, will use the theoretical cold load (discussed below), instead of the operating load, if the user selects "Cold Load" design. 3. If you specify "Available Space", then this space must be greater than the basic height of the spring selected. Positive values are compared with hanger height and negative values are compared with spring can height. If the software cannot find a single spring that satisfies the design requirements, it searches for two identical springs that will each carry half the load. If the software cannot find any springs that satisfies the design requirements, it recommends a constant effort support for the location.

Restrained Weight Case

If you need to design a hanger, the first analysis case that you must run is the restrained weight case. This case usually includes weight, pressure, and concentrated loads. Hanger hot loads are calculated in the restrained weight case.

Run the restrained weight case

1. Place rigid Y-restraints at each hanger location. 2. Determine any anchors you want to designate as freed. 3. Verify the freed anchors are properly released. Loads on the Y-restraints at hangers, calculated from the restrained weight case, are designated as the hanger hot design loads.

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Pre-Selection Load Case 2 Setting Hanger Deflection through the Operating Case
After the restrained weight case, you must run an operating analysis. The operating case must always be the second load case in the set of defined analysis cases. You can define the operating load cases for hanger design any way you see fit. CAESAR II recommends the load cases it thinks you should run whenever it detects the first attempt to analyze a particular system. You can accept or reject the recommendations. If you define your own hanger design load cases, you must understand exactly what is done in the "restrained weight" and operating passes of the hanger design algorithm.

Run an operating case

1. Remove the Y-restraints. 2. Insert the hot loads calculated from the hanger locations in the restrained weight analysis. 3. Change any freed anchors from the restrained weight analysis to fixed. The vertical displacement of the operating case at each hanger location defines the travel of that particular hanger. If there are single directional restraints or gaps in the system and a changed status in the operating case, then the hanger loads are redistributed. When CAESAR II detects a nonlinear status change, it reruns the restrained weight case with the restraints left as they were at the end of the operating case. To determine the updated travel, you must calculate the new restraint loads and run another operating case.

Post-Selection Load Case (Optional) Setting the Actual Installed (Cold) Load
If you need to calculate the actual hanger installed loads, the third analysis level combination case must define the weight configuration that exists in the field when a spring is installed. Typically, this case includes weight without fluid contents and other live loads. The theoretical cold, or installed load, is the load on the spring when the "unbalanced" installed load is applied and the pipe is not allowed to displace vertically (the load will be "balanced" when the pipe is in the operating or design position). The actual installed load may differ from the theoretical installed load by (K)(d), where (K) is the spring stiffness and (d) is the displacement of the pipe in the installed condition.

Calculate the actual installed load

1. Install the hangers. 2. Apply the theoretical cold load and all other loads (for example, empty weight) that will be present when the springs are set. 3. Calculate the position of all springs (d). 4. Set the actual installed spring load based on this installed position (installed load = Theoretical Cold Load - (K)(d)).

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