NIDHIN C.

HYBRID SYSTEM
 A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more
distinct power sources to move the vehicle.
 It helps in attaining better fuel, or better performance,
or even better emission economy than a conventional
vehicle.
 Electric power, Hydrogen, Hydraulic, Compressed air,
Liquid nitrogen, Compressed or liquefied natural gas,
Solar.
 HYDROSTATIC REGENERATIVE
BRAKING SYSTEM (HRB)
 The principle is “Recover Energy – Reduce Emissions”.

 The energy lost in braking is stored in a hydraulic

accumulator and then used for powering the vehicle.
 Hydraulic hybrids are ideal for vehicles with frequent,
short start-stop cycles, such as public transit buses,
refuse trucks, forklifts, pneumatic tire rollers, and
much more.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC
HYBRID
 High power density.

 The HRB stores a vehicle’s kinetic energy, which would otherwise

be lost during mechanical braking operation. This energy is then
available for powering the vehicle and reducing primary energy
use. To ensure that Hydrostatic Regenerative Braking System
reaches its full potential, the following conditions need to be met:

 High vehicle mass and strong active deceleration for

accumulating a large amount of energy in a short time.

 Frequent starting and braking.

 Low rolling resistance to store the maximum braking energy

 PARALLEL AND SERIES HRB
For heavy vehicles with short, succeeding start-stop cycles
there are two different Hydrostatic Regenerative Braking
Systems for capturing the braking energy.
• The parallel HRB was developed especially for vehicles
with no hydrostatic drive. The HRB components are
installed in the vehicle as an ancillary system.
• The series HRB is used in vehicles with a hydrostatic
drive. The hydraulic components used in the system are
supplemented with two pressure accumulators and the
appropriate control and valve technology
 PARALLEL HRB
The parallel HRB is a hydraulic hybrid for
vehicles with no hydrostatic transmission.
Use of an HRB system results in significant
fuel savings of up to 25% and improved
acceleration – depending on the focus of the
application.
 Storing braking energy
The hydraulic axial piston unit 1 is
coupled to the mechanical drive train
through a gearbox 2 When braking, the
axial piston unit converts kinetic into
hydraulic energy and pumps hydraulic
fluid into the pressure accumulator 3,
increasing the pressure in the
accumulator.
Reusing the stored energy to assist the
vehicle drive
The pressurized hydraulic fluid in the
accumulator drives the axial piston unit,
which now acts like a motor. Hydraulic
energy is converted into kinetic energy. The
axial piston unit remains coupled to the
mechanical drive train until the pressure
accumulator is discharged. The valve
control block 4 controls the filling and
discharge cycle and protects the
accumulator from excessive pressure. The
electronic controller 5 operates the HRB.
In “normal” drive mode the Hydrostatic
Regenerative Braking System is decoupled.
 COMPONENTS

Axial Piston Unit Hydraulic Pressure Pressure Relief Valve

& Gearbox Accumulator

Valve Control Block HIC Electronic Controller RC

 REAL WORLD EXPERIMENT
Simulated cost savings using the example of a refuse collection
truck On a refuse truck (16 tons) the use of the parallel HRB can
result in saving of up to 2.25 liters of fuel per hour. The annual
operating costs can thereby be reduced significantly.
 SERIES HRB
 The series HRB makes full use of the
Components in an existing hydrostatic
transmission – so the system can easily be
integrated into these vehicles. The series
HRB provides significant fuel savings, for
example on forklifts, swap body movers,,
pneumatic tire rollers and other heavy-duty
vehicles.
 Storing the braking energy
During braking the drive motor 1 behaves
like a pump. It converts kinetic energy into
hydraulic form and fills the pressure
accumulator 2 with hydraulic fluid,
resulting in rising pressure in the
accumulator.
Return of the accumulated energy for
assisting the vehicle transmission
At startup, the drive pump 3 is used as with a
traditional hydrostatic transmission. It
continues to run in energy saving mode as
long as the pressurized hydraulic fluid is
being fed to it from the accumulator. The
valve control block 4 protects the
accumulator from excessive pressure and
controls filling and discharge. The electronic
controller 5 operates the HRB.
ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS NEEDED FOR A
SERIES HRB

Two Hydraulic Pressure Pressure Relief Valve Valve Control Block

Accumulators

Electronic Controller
 REAL WORLD SIMULATION TEST
Simulated fuel savings on a forklift showed that the series
HRB system can save up to 1.1 liters of fuel per hour on a
forklift (load 3.5 to 5 tons). This significantly reduces
operating costs.
 ADVANTAGES OF THE HRB
Environment:
• Fewer harmful emissions, less pollution.
• Help in meeting future emissions and environmental
requirements.
• Reduced brake wear, lower braking noise, and less brake
dust.
Function:
• High functional reliability and low risk of failure.
• Simple maintenance and long service life.
• Ideal solution for new systems or retrofits.
COSTS:
• Significant reduction in operating costs.
• Durable components reduce maintenance needs.
• More economical than other hybrid concepts.

ENERGY:
• Reduced fuel consumption to preserve energy.
• Fuel-neutral system – can be combined with diesel,
gasoline, or other types of motors.
• Increased vehicle range.
 ELECTRIC HYBRID SYSTEM
• An electric hybrid vehicle combines a conventional
internal combustion engine propulsion system with an
electric propulsion system.
• The presence of the electric power train is intended to
achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional
vehicle, or better performance, or better emissions.
• Modern electric hybrid vehicle make use of
regenerative braking, which converts the vehicle's
kinetic energy into electric energy, rather than wasting
it as heat energy.
 HYBRID VEHICLE POWER TRAIN
CONFIGURATIONS
PARALLEL HYBRID
• In a parallel hybrid the electric motor and the internal
combustion engine are installed so that they can both
individually or together power the vehicle. Most
commonly the internal combustion engine, the electric
motor and gear box are coupled by automatically
controlled clutches. For electric driving the clutch
between the internal combustion engine is open while
the clutch to the gear box is engaged. While in
combustion mode the engine and motor run at the same
speed.
MILD PARALLEL HYBRID:

 This types use a generally compact electric

motor to give extra output during the
acceleration, and to generate electricity
using regenerative braking on the
deceleration phase.On-road examples
include Honda Civic Hybrid, Honda Insight,
Mercedes Benz S400 BlueHYBRID, BMW 7-
Series hybrids, and Smart fortwo with micro
hybrid drive.
POWER SPLIT HYBRID:
• In a power split hybrid electric drive train there are
always two electric motors and one internal
combustion engine. One motor mostly acts as a
generator while the other one is used as a motor or
generator. The two motors are connected through a
planetary gear set. On the open road, the primary
power source is the internal combustion engine but
when maximum power is required, the electric
motors are used to maximize the available power for
a short time, giving the effect of having a larger
engine than that actually installed. The Toyota
Prius, the Ford Escape and the Lexus Gs450 and
LS600 are power split hybrids
SERIES HYBRID:
A series hybrid uses an electric motor(s), which is powered
by a single-speed internal combustion engine. While
operating at its most efficient single speed, the combustion
engine drives an electric generator instead of directly
driving the wheels. This engine can do any combination of
the following: charge a battery, charge a capacitor, directly
power the electric motor. When large amounts of power
and torque are required, the electric motor can draw
electricity from a combination of batteries, capacitors, and
the generator. A series hybrid does not require batteries in
its design as a capacitor can act as a storage device.
PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRICAL VEHICLE (PHEV)

Another subtype added to the hybrid market is the Plug-

in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). The PHEV is usually a
general fuel-electric (parallel or serial) hybrid with
increased energy storage capacity (usually Li-ion
batteries). It may be connected to mains electricity
supply at the end of the journey to avoid charging using
the on-board internal combustion engine. Road
emissions can be reduced by avoiding – or at least
minimizing – the use of ICE during daily driving. As with
pure electric vehicles, the total emissions saving, for
example in CO2 terms, is dependent upon the energy
source of the electricity generating company.
FUEL CELL, ELECTRIC HYBRID:
• The fuel cell hybrid is generally an electric
vehicle equipped with a fuel cell. The fuel cell as
well as the electric battery are both power
sources, making the vehicle a hybrid. Fuel cells
use hydrogen as a fuel and power the electric
battery when it is depleted. The Chevrolet
Equinox FCEV, Ford Edge Hyseries Drive and
Honda FCX are examples of a fuel cell/electric
hybrid.
 CONCLUSION
While driving in the city or vehicles with short,
succeeding start-stop cycles, the energy needed for
overcoming the rolling and aerodynamic resistance is
about half the resistance during the highway part. The
Hybrid transmission strongly reduces the fuel
consumption and the related CO2-emission of a
vehicle, especially during these operating conditions.