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Segmental Aspects
focus on those sounds !ith high frequency of occurrence (vo!els *+,, consonants -+, of the phonemes uttered) acquisition of the full phoneme system: .+ vo!els (/. monophthongs, 0 diphthongs), .* consonants
1o!els
complex vo!el system the existence of a central long vo!el /2:/ distinction of voiced /2/ x voiceless /3/ "P: no r#colouring of the vo!els /2/ and /3/ in !ords spelled !ith vo!el letter 4 5r6 the extremely open quality of //, help: relating // to /:/ the quality of /7/, help: a conscious constriction of the pharynx the opposition of the close vo!els /i:/ x // and /u:/ x // the delicately differentiated front vo!el set /i/ # // # /e/ # /7/ # // durational variations: esp% in oppositions 8seed x seat9 heard x hurt9 road x !rote) quality & quantity complexes: - long tense /i:/ in 8bead) x reduced tense :i; in 8beat) x short lax // in 8bit) - the reduced tense :i; before voiceless consonants (8seat)) <=> to be confused !ith short lax // (8sit)) - qualitative and quantitative relationship bt! // x /i:/ (8bid x bead)) - long tense /u:/ in 8food) x reduced tense :u; in 8boot) x short lax // in 8good) - qualitative and quantitative relationship bt! /7/ x // x /:/ (8match x much x march))
?onsonants
Plosives shares !ith many languages the system of plosives /p, t, ', b, d, g/ x but: not the conventions of its realisation (: presence/absence of aspiration as the crucial feature x ?@: presence/absence of voicing aspiration of voiceless /p, t, '/ in accented positions x no aspiration of voiced /b, d, g/ avoidance of intervening :h; !ith voiceless plosives, avoidance of obscure vo!el of the :3; type !ith voiced plosives devoicing of /l, r, A, !/ after accented /p, t, '/ (8plead) : l; x 8bleed) :l;, 8pray) : B x 8bray) :;) /t, d/ before the homorganic syllabics /n/ or /l/ !ith nasal or lateral release avoidance of aspiration or of intrusive obscure vo!el before nasal or lateral release (8little) C:lthD;, 8middle) C:md3D;, 8button, sudden))
Fricatives distinction bt! the labiodental fricative /v/ x the labial#velar approximant /!/: /v/ !ith strong friction bt! the
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lo!er lip and upper teeth x /!/ !ith protruded and rounded lip action and no lo!er teeth contact (8vain x !ane9 verse x !orse9 vest x !est)) avoidance of replacement of the dental fricative /F/ by the dental stop /t/ or the alveolar fricative /s/ and of the dental fricative /G/ by the dental stop /d/ or the alveolar fricative /H/ distinction bt! !ords !ith initial 5h6 4 vo!el x initial vo!el9 elision of /h/ in unaccented non#initial positions in connected speech !ith function !ords
Affricates
avoidance of replacement of the palato#alveolar affricates /tI, dE/ by the sequences of /s, H/ 4 /A/
Nasals avoidance of /g/ after /J/, esp% before vo!els (8singing, reading out, a long essay))
Approximants /l/ - the qualities and distribution of the allophones :l, D, l; - avoidance of phonemic opposition bt! :l; x :D;, avoidance of over#veralisation in pre#vocalic positions (Slav languages) - devoicing of : l; after aspirated /p, t, '/ ( 8plot) !ith a fully voiced /l/ ris's confusion !ith 8blot)) /r/ - use of the post#alveolar approximant or frictionless continuant :; - avoidance of uvular trill :";, uvular fricative :;, lingual trill :r; or tap :; (though the least obAectionable substitute) - help: approaching the "P :; as if a vo!el - avoidance of the intrusive post#vocalic /r/ in !ords spelled !ith vo!el letter 4 5r6 - help: considering the post#vocalic r simply as a mar' of length for the preceding vo!el (8car, arm, hurt)) or as a sing of the .nd element :3; of the diphthong (8fear, there, tour)) - use of the lin'ing /r/ in connected speech the !ord#final r lin's to a follo!ing !ord beginning !ith a vo!el (8far a!ay, pour out)) - devoicing of :; after /p, t, '/: distinction bt! the sequences :pr#, tr#, 'r#; x :br#, dr#, gr#; (8pray x bray9 try x dry9 cro! x gro!)) Consonant Clusters permits many consonant clusters x but: permits different combinations than ?@ the first plosive of stop sequences !ith no audible release (8actor, rugby, big dog)) no intrusive vo!el inserted in consonant clusters, esp% bet!een /s/ and /p, t, '/ (8sport, stri'e, school))
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cases of the accentual pattern of an extended !ord not associated !ith the accentual pattern of the root (8photograph) /Kf3t3gr:f/ x 8photography) /f3Ktgr3f/, 8nation) /Knen/ x 8national) /Kn7n3l/, 8origin) /Krdn/ x 8original) /3Krdn3l/) primary accent on the final syllable of the root before the suffixes 5#ity, #ion, #ian, #ic, #ify, #ible, #able, #ish6 (8uniKversity, maKgician, draKmatic)) accent on the penultimate syllable of the root in E4 syllable verbs !ith 5#ate6 (8Kpenetrate)) x but: accent on 5# ate6 in disyllables (8creKate)) accent on the /st syllable of the suffix 5#ation6 (8nationaliKHation, pressuriKHation, privatiKHation))
Lntonation
variation in intonation bt! languages not as great as variation in segments x but: sufficient to cause a strong foreign accent and possible misunderstanding intonation the crucial factor for the accentual patterning of ( shares !ith most non#tone languages the tendency of falling tunes for declaratives and commands and rising tunes for questions and non#finality x some types and uses of fall and rise (incl% fall#rise) specific to ( focus on attitudinal implications of intonation dividing the speech into intonational phrases (in !ays very similar in any language) putting the nucleus on the focal point in the sentence, de#accenting old information at the end of a phrase using appropriate nuclear tones: over#use of simple falling tone 6 aggressive9 over#use of simple rising tones 6 tentative
Source: www.anglistika.webnode.cz
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