Elements of Materials Science and Engineering

ChE 210
Instructor: Dr. Ahmed Arafat, PhD
Office: building 45 room 106 E-mail: akhamis@kau.edu.sa www.kau.edu.sa.akhamis files

Book
Elements of Materials Science and Engineering
Sixth Edition

Lawrence H. van Vlack

Chapters
Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering Chapter 2: Atomic Bonding and Coordination Chapter 3: Crystals (atomic order) Chapter 4: Disorder in solid phases Chapter 5: Phase Equilibria Chapter 6: Reaction rates Chapter 7: Microstructures Chapter 8: Deformation and Fracture Chapter 9: Shaping Strengthening and Toughening Processes

Grading
Presence: 1 x 4% = Major Exams = 3 x 8% = Quizzes: 3 x 4% = Laboratory = Final Exam= 4% 24 % 12 % 20 % 40 %

Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

Materials and civilization Material and Engineering Structure properties Types of materials

Performance

Historical Perspective
Stone Bronze Iron Advanced materials
Beginning of the Material Science - People began to make tools from stone Start of the Stone Age about two million years ago. Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc. The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with introduction of Bronze in the Far East. Bronze is an alloy (a metal made up of more than one element), copper + < 25% of tin + other elements. Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be made harder by alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film forms.

Historical
The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues today. Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed drastically daily life of a common person. Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Age many new types of materials have been introduced (ceramic, semiconductors, polymers, composites). Understanding of the relationship among structure, properties, processing, and performance of materials. Intelligent design of new materials.

Historical
understanding the structure-composition-properties lead to a remarkable progress in properties of materials. e.g. the strength : density ratio of materials, resulted in a variety of new products, from dental materials to tennis racquets.

Materials and Civilization (1)

Materials are integral part of human culture In the past: Stone, Bronze and Iron ages Role of Engineer: Adapting materials and energy to societys
needs

The properties of materials depends on the internal structure To change the performance of materials, modification of the internal structure is required

Materials and Civilization (2)

Human are able to make things: Objects tools, component systems This require materials to meet these purposes Anthropolgists and historians identified the early cultures by the most significant materials used then, e.g. Stone, the Bronze. and the Iron Ages of the past These days, are not limited to one predominant material. A lot of sophisticated materials-plastics, silicon, titanium, hightechnology ceramics, optical fibers, and so on The age of technology.

Materials and Civilization (3)

Improved materials improved products E.g. clothes, tools, homes, weapons and vehicles Closer to modern ages British and Americans made the rail road systems which have lead to severe socioeconomic progress However, without the invention of Kelly and Bessemer in steel production, the rail road systems could not open the west of US and to develop the industry in UK

Materials and Engineering (1)

Engineer, design products and systems and monitor their use Every product is made of materials and energy is involved in production and in use. This is why all Engineers have to study materials science during their undergraduate study

Materials and Engineering (3)

More example: Superconductor circuit Normally made from ceramics at +78K very brittle at these temperatures. A developed process to shape these materials into wires processing will be limited to plasma spraying and similar techniques

Structure

Length-scales Angstrom = 1 = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 m Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10-9 m Micrometer = 1m = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10-6 m Millimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10-3 m Interatomic distance ~ a few A human hair is ~ 50 m Elongated bumps that make up the data track on CD are ~ 0.5 m wide, minimum 0.83 m long, and 125 nm high

Properties

Types of Materials
Metals: valence electrons are free moving, and spread in an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together. Strong, ductile, conduct electricity and heat well, are shiny if polished. Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent. Their electrical properties depend strongly on minute proportions of contaminants. Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs. Ceramics: composed of ions, and are bound by Coulomb forces. They are usually combinations of metals or semiconductors with oxygen, nitrogen or carbon, Hard, brittle, insulators. Examples: glass, porcelain. Polymers: are bound are covalent bonded or weak van der Waals bonded, based on C and H. They decompose at moderate temperatures (100 400oC), and are lightweight. Examples: plastics rubber.