RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Relative Pronouns introduce relative clauses. Relative clauses are of two kinds: Defining and Non-defining. Defining Relative Clauses These describe the preceding noun in such a way as to distinguish it from other nouns of the same class. A clause of this kind is essential to the clear understanding of the noun: The man who told me this refused to give his name. Who told me this is the relative clause. If we omit this, it is not clear what man we are talking about. otice that there is no comma between a noun and the defining relative clause: The noise that he made woke everybody up. Relative Pronouns used in Defining Relative Clauses !or persons "ub#ect: $b#ect: Possessive: !or things "ub#ect: $b#ect: Possessive: who that whom who that whose which that which that whose of which

%se for persons: who or that. Who is normally used as a sub#ect. The man who robbed you is called "ykes. That is much less usual than who as a sub#ect e&cept after superlatives and after: all, nobody, no one, someone, somebody, anybody, etc., when either who or that can be used: All who / that heard him were delighted with him. As an ob#ect: whom, who or that. The technically correct form is whom, but this is considered very formal and seldom used in spoken 'nglish. Instead we use who or that (that being more usual than who) and it is still more common to omit the relative pronoun all together. The man whom I saw was called "mith. The man who I saw was called "mith. The man that I saw * The man I saw * (relative pronoun omitted) +ith a preposition: whom or that. It is more usual to move the preposition to the end of the clause but it is still more common to omit the relative altogether. The man who(m) I bought it from told me to oil it.

The man that I bought it from told me to oil it. The man I bought it from told me to oil it. Possessive: whose is the only possible form: People whose rents have been raised can appeal. %se for things: "ub#ect: which or that. This is the picture which / that caused such a sensation. $b#ect: which or that or no relative at all. The car which / that I hired broke down after five minutes. The car I hired broke * Which is hardly ever used after all, much, little, everything, none, no and compounds of no, or after superlatives. Instead we use that, or omit the relative altogether, if it is a -irect $b#ect. All the apples that fall are eaten by pigs. This is the best hotel (that) I know. +ith a preposition: which or that or no relative (the same as for persons). The relative pronoun what. What: the thing that . the things that, tec. The things that we saw astonished us / What we saw astonished us. Non-Defining Relative Clauses. They are placed after nouns which are definite already. They do not therefore define the noun, but merely add something to it giving some more information about it. They are not essential in the sentences and can be omitted without causing confusion. They are separated from their noun by commas.
Relative Pronouns

!or persons !or things

"ub#ect who which

$b#ect whom, who which

Possessive whose of which, whose

Use for persons

"ub#ect: who $nly who can be used. ote the commas: 0y gardener, who is very pessimistic, says that there will be no apples this year.

$b#ect: whom, who It must always be used and cannot be omitted: whom is the correct form though who is sometimes used in conversation: "he introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn2t seen before. $b#ect with preposition: whom 0ary, with whom I drove home, has a Rolls Royce. 0ary, who(m) I drove home with, has a Rolls Royce. (more common in conversation) Possessive: whose 3hopin, whose works are world famous, composed some of his music here.

Use for things

"ub#ect: which 4is new house, which is absolutely enormous, has no running water. $b#ect: which It cannot be omitted. ulius !aesar, which you are going to see tomorrow, was written by "hakespeare. +ith a preposition: which This sherry, for which I paid one pound fifty, is awful. This sherry, which I paid one pound fifty for, is awful. (more common in conversation) Possessive: whose or of which Whose can be used, especially for animals, and of which for things. 0y dog, whose temper is very uncertain, often bites the #udges at dog shows. 4is thesis, of which the last hundred pages are nonsense, will probably win him a lot of notoriety.

The connective relatives are who and which

I met 0ary. "he gave me this. I met 0ary who gave me this. I bought this map. It helped me a lot. I bought this map which helped me a lot. Which can refer to a whole clause: 4e said that he had never been here before, which was not true. 3ommas are used with connective relatives. What cannot be used as a connective relative, and neither can that. Relative adver!s The relative adverbs when, where and wh" are used to replace a preposition 5 the relative pronoun which. When replaces in # on which, used for time.
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Where replaces in which or at which, used for place. Wh" replaces for which, used for reasons. The year in which he died / the year when he died. The day on which she arrived / the day when she arrived. The house in which he lived / the house where he lived. !indland, where he spends his holidays, has lots of lakes. The reason why he came is not very convincing. $%$RC&'$' &. (oin the following sentences using relatives. ,. "he7s a nice old lady. 4er parents were born in ew 8ork. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 1. -id you pick up the keys: They were on the table. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 6. A man brought in a small girl. 4er hand had been cut by flying glass. 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ;. 3athy !reeman was an aborigine athlete. "he lit the $lympic flame in "ydney. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 <. 0ayka is a "panish woman. 4er husband is 'gyptian. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 =. Iv>n is a boy. I go out with Iv>n. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ?. "he slept in a hotel. It was very comfortable. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 @. Tom had been driving all day. 4e was tired and wanted to stop. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 &&. Choose the most appropriate relative pronoun. Use that onl" if necessar". ,. Aohn, 9999999999 is my younger brother, went to do the shopping. 1. 4is work, 9999999999 is very difficult, e&hausted him. 6. Tom, 9999999999 mother is !rench, speaks the language very well. ;. 0r "mith, 9999999999 I was talking to, is a carpenter. <. 8our problem, 9999999999 I have thought about a lot, is a difficult one. =. $ur friends, 9999999999 advice we sought, were very helpful. ?. It was there that he met 0ary 9999999999 is now his wife. @. The treaty, 9999999999 was signed yesterday, is an e&cellent one. B. 4is father, 9999999999 works very hard, has #ust bouht this house. ,C. 8esterday I met 4arry, 9999999999 works nearby. &&&. Com!ine the sentences using a relative clause. Use relative pronouns onl" where necessar". Note that "ou have to use commas in some of the sentences. ,. +e spent our holiday in "cotland last year. "cotland is in the north of Dreat Eritain. Fast year we s"ent our holidays in #cotland, which is in the north of $reat %ritain. 1. People live in "cotland. They are called "cots.

The people 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 6. +e first went to 'dinburgh. 'dinburgh is the capital of "cotland. +e first 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ;. Arthur 3onan -oyle was born in 'dinburgh. 4e wrote the "herlock 4olmes stories. Arthur 3onan -oyle 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 <. Then we visited a lake. It is in the 4ighlands. The lake 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 =. Foch ess is 6? km long. People know it for its friendly monster. Foch ess 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ?. There we met an old man. 4e told us that he had seen essie. An old man 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 @. +e then travelled to a mountain. The mountain is near the town of !ort +illiam. +e then 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 B. The mountain is the highest mountain in Dreat Eritain. It is called Een evis. The mountain 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ,C. I sent you a postcard. It was written on the summit of Een evis. The postcard 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 &). ,. 1. 6. ;. <. =. ). ,. 1. 6. ;. <. =. )&. Com!ine the following pairs or groups of sentences !" means of relative pronouns, ma*ing an" necessar" changes. 4is girlfriend turned out to be an enemy spy. 4e trusted her absolutely. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 +e2ll have to walk across the frontier. This will be difficult. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 +e lit a fire. It soon dried out our clothes. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 I played with a girl. "he was very nice. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 I7ve got a friend. 4er mother is in hospital. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 A vegetarian is a person. This person doesn7t eat meat. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 Complete the sentences using the information in !rac*ets. (we met some people) &he people we met were very nice. (I2m wearing shoes) &he shoes '''''''''''.. are not very comfortable. (you2re reading a book) What(s the name '''''''''''''''''') (I wrote a letter to her) #he didn(t get the '''''. * '''''''''''' (they gave me an umbrella) *(ve lost '''''''''''''''''''' (they invited some people to dinner) &he "eo"le '''''''''''''''''''''''''.. didn(t come.

Com!ine the following pairs or groups of sentences, using relative pronouns. B. 0y grandmother is BC years old. "he has never been ill. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ,C. The 'arth is a planet. It moves round the sun.

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9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ,,. This is the place. +e should build our house here. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ,1. 0ary loves studying. "he is my younger sister. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ,6. I work for a firm. This firm makes cars. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ,;. I met an old lady. 4er dog had disappeared. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ,<. A grocer7s is a shop. 8ou can buy fruit there. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ,=. In !ebruary we2ll be very busy. It2s the shortest month. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 )&&. (oin these sentences with who, whose, which or where. ,. 8esterday I met Robbie Aames. Robbie Aames is the drummer in a new pop group called 7"treet Fevel7. +esterday * met ,obbie ames, who is the drummer in a new "o" grou" called -#treet .evel-. 1. The house has been for sale since last !ebruary. The house is very e&pensive. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 6. "usan Rose has #ust won ,CC,CCC. "usan Rose7s brother Paul works in my office. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ;. I went to 0unich. I had always wanted to visit 0unich. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 <. A cup is an ob#ect. +e drink out of it. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 =. 0rs Dreeman2s dog is mad. It bit a young girl yesterday. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ?. They rowed across the Atlantic. This had never been done before. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 @. The doctor came by. +e didn2t know him. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 )&&&. Com!ine the following pairs or groups of sentences, using relative pronouns. ,. "he was dancing with a student. 4e had a slight limp. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 1. 0ike speaks !rench very well. 0ike7s mother comes from Paris. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 6. Fast summer we went to +hitby. +e stayed at The Gueen7s 4otel in +hitby. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ;. 0y uncle Peter is coming to see me ne&t week. 0y uncle Peter lives in "cotland. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 <. I am looking after some children. They are terribly spoilt. 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999