4

Imperfections in the Atomic and Ionic Arrangements

41 Calculate the number of vacancies per cm3 expected in copper at 1080oC (just below the melting temperature). he activation energ! for vacanc! formation is "0#000 cal$mol. Solution: n = (% atoms$u.c.) (3.&1'1 108 cm)3 = 8.%( 10"" atoms$cm3

nv = 8.%( 10"" exp)"0#000$(1.*8()(13'3)+ = 8.%( 10"" exp((.%3*3) = %.*( 101* vacancies$cm3 4-2 he fraction of lattice points occupied b! vacancies in solid aluminum at &&0oC is 103. ,hat is the activation energ! re-uired to create vacancies in aluminum. Solution: nv $n = 103 = exp)Q$(1.*8()(*33)+ ln(103) = &.*0(8 = Q$(1.*8()(*33) Q = 1"#800 cal$mol 43 he densit! of a sample of /CC palladium is 11.*8 g$cm3 and its lattice parameter is 3.8*0" 0. Calculate (a) the fraction of the lattice points that contain vacancies and (b) the total number of vacancies in a cubic centimeter of 1d. Solution: (a) 11.*8 g$cm3 = (x)(10&.% g$mol) (3.8*0" 10
8

cm)3(&.0" 10"3 atoms$mol)

x = 3.**0' fraction = %.0 3.**0' = 0.00"3(' % 35

36

The Science and Engineering of Materials

Instructors Solution Manual

(b) number = 0.00*' vacancies$u.c. = 1.&1 10"0 vacancies$cm3 (3.8*0" 108 cm)3 44 he densit! of a sample of 2C1 ber!llium is 1.8%% g$cm3 and the lattice parameters are ao = 0.""8'8 nm and co = 0.3'8%" nm. Calculate (a) the fraction of the lattice points that contain vacancies and (b) the total number of vacancies in a cubic cen3 timeter. Solution: Vu.c. = (0.""8'8 nm)"(0.3'8%" nm)cos30 = 0.01&"" nm3 = 1.&"" 10"3 cm3 (a) /rom the densit! e-uation4 (x)(*.01 g$mol) 1.8%% g$cm3 = "3 (1.&"" 10 cm3)(&.0" 10"3 atoms$mol) fraction = (b) number = 45 " 1.**8% = 0.0008 " 0.001& vacancies$uc 1.&"" 10"3 cm3 = 0.*8& 10"0 vacancies$cm3 x = 1.**8%

5CC lithium has a lattice parameter of 3.'08* 108 cm and contains one vacanc! per "00 unit cells. Calculate (a) the number of vacancies per cubic centimeter and (b) the densit! of 6i. Solution: (a) 1 vacanc! ("00)(3.'08* 108 cm)3 = 1.1'( 10"0 vacancies$cm3

(b) 7n "00 unit cells# there are 3** 6i atoms. he atoms$cell are 3**$"004 r= 46 (3**$"00)(&.*% g$mol) (3.'08* 108 cm)3(&.0" 10"3 atoms$mol) = 0.'3" g$cm3

/CC lead has a lattice parameter of 0.%*%* nm and contains one vacanc! per '00 1b atoms. Calculate (a) the densit! and (b) the number of vacancies per gram of 1b. Solution: (a) he number of atoms$cell = (%**$'00)(% sites$cell) r= (%**$'00)(%)("0(.1* g$mol) (%.*%* 10
8

cm) (&.0" 10
3

"3

atoms$mol)

= 11.33' g$cm3

(b) he '00 1b atoms occup! '00 $ % = 1"' unit cells4 1 vacanc! [(1$11.33' g$cm3)+ = '.8" 1018 vacancies$g 1"' cells (%.*%* 10 8 cm )3 47 8 niobium allo! is produced b! introducing tungsten substitutional atoms in the 5CC structure9 eventuall! an allo! is produced that has a lattice parameter of 0.3"''% nm and a densit! of 11.*' g$cm3. Calculate the fraction of the atoms in the allo! that are tungsten. Solution: 11.*' g$cm3 = (x,)(183.8' g$mol) + (" x,)(*".*1 g$mol) (3."''% 108 cm)3(&.0" 10"3 atoms$mol) or x, = 0.&* , atoms$cell

"%8.18& = 183.8'x, + 18'.8" *".*1x, *0.*%x, = &".3&&

here are " atoms per cell in 5CC metals. fw = 0.&*$" = 0.3%' 48

hus4

in atoms are introduced into a /CC copper cr!stal# producing an allo! with a lat3 tice parameter of 3.('8* 108 cm and a densit! of 8.((" g$cm3. Calculate the atomic percentage of tin present in the allo!. Solution: 8.((" g$cm3 = (3.('8* 108 cm)3(&.0" 10"3 atoms$mol) or (x:n)(118.&* g$mol) + (% x:n)(&3.'% g$mol) x:n = 0.%(8 :n atoms$cell

"80.' = ''.1'x:n + "'%.1& (0.%(8$%) = 11.*';

here are % atoms per cell in /CC metals9 therefore the at; :n is4

49 ,e replace (.' atomic percent of the chromium atoms in its 5CC cr!stal with tanta3 lum. <3ra! diffraction shows that the lattice parameter is 0."*1'8 nm. Calculate the densit! of the allo!. Solution: r= (")(0.*"')('1.**& g$mol) + "(0.0(')(180.*' g$mol) = 8."&' g$cm3 (".*1'8 108 cm)3(&.0" 10"3 atoms$mol)

410

:uppose we introduce one carbon atom for ever! 100 iron atoms in an interstitial position in 5CC iron# giving a lattice parameter of 0."8&( nm. /or the /e3C allo!# find (a) the densit! and (b) the pac=ing factor. Solution: here is one carbon atom per 100 iron atoms# or 1 C $'0 unit cells# or 1$'0 C per unit cell4 (a) (b) r= (")(''.8%( g$mol) + (1$'0)(1" g$mol) = (.8* g$cm3 (".8&( 108 cm)3(&.0" 10"3 atoms$mol) "(%$3)(1."%1)3 + (1$'0)(%$3)(0.(()3 (".8&()3 = 0.&81

1ac=ing /actor =

411

he densit! of 5CC iron is (.88" g$cm3 and the lattice parameter is 0."8&& nm when h!drogen atoms are introduced at interstitial positions. Calculate (a) the atomic fraction of h!drogen atoms and (b) the number of unit cells re-uired on aver3 age to contain one h!drogen atom. Solution: (a) (.88" g$cm3 = "(''.8%( g$mol) + x(1.00(*( g$mol) (".8&& 108 cm)3(&.0" 10"3 atoms$mol)

x = 0.0081 2 atoms$cell he total atoms per cell include " /e atoms and 0.0081 2 atoms. hus4 f2 = 0.0081 ".0081 = 0.00%

(b) :ince there is 0.0081 2$cell# then the number of cells containing 2 atoms is4 cells = 1$0.0081 = 1"3.' or 1 2 in 1"3.' cells

412

:uppose one :chott=! defect is present in ever! tenth unit cell of >g?. >g? has the sodium chloride cr!stal structure and a lattice parameter of 0.3*& nm. Calculate (a) the number of anion vacancies per cm3 and (b) the densit! of the ceramic. Solution: 7n 10 unit cells# we expect %0 >g + %0 ? ions# but due to the defect4 %0 >g 1 = 3* %0 ? 1 = 3* (a) 1 vacanc!$(10 cells)(3.*& 108 cm)3 = 1.&1 10"1 vacancies$cm3 (b) r= (3*$%0)(%)("%.31" g$mol) + (3*$%0)(%)(1& g$mol) = %."0' g$cm3 (3.*& 108 cm)3(&.0" 10"3 atoms$mol)

413 @n: has the Ainc blende structure. 7f the densit! is 3.0" g$cm3 and the lattice param3 eter is 0.'*'83 nm# determine the number of :chott=! defects (a) per unit cell and (b) per cubic centimeter. Solution: 6et x be the number of each t!pe of ion in the unit cell. normall! are % of each t!pe. x(&'.38 g$mol) + x(3".0&% g$mol) ('.*'83 108 cm)3(&.0" 10"3 ions$mol) % 3.*%&' = 0.0'3' defects$u.c. (b) B of unit cells$cm3 = 1$('.*&83 108 cm)3 = %.(0% 10"1 :chott=! defects per cm3 = (%.(0% 10"1)(0.0'3') = ".'1( 10"0 414 :uppose we introduce the following point defects. ,hat other changes in each structure might be necessar! to maintain a charge balance. Cxplain. (a) >g"+ ions substitute for !ttrium atoms in D" ? 3 (b) /e3+ ions substitute for magnesium ions in >g? (c) 6i1+ ions substitute for magnesium ions in >g? (d) /e"+ ions replace sodium ions in EaCl Solution: (a) Femove " D3+ and add 3 >g"+ create cation here

(a)

3.0" g$cm3 =

x = 3.*%&'

interstitial. (b) Femove 3 >g"+ and add " /e3+ create cation vacanc!. (c) Femove 1 >g"+ and add " 6i+ create cation interstitial. (d) Femove " Ea+ and add 1 /e"+ create cation vacanc!. 422 ,hat are the >iller indices of the slip directions (a) on the (111) plane in an /CC unit cell (b) on the (011) plane in a 5CC unit cell. G G G G G Solution: )0 11+# )01 1+ )1 11+# ) 11 1+ G G G G G ) 110+# )1 10+ ) 11 1+# )11 1+ G G ) 101+# )10 1+
z z

y x x

423

,hat are the >iller indices of the slip planes in /CC unit cells that include the )101+ slip direction. G G G G G G Solution: (11 1)# ( 11 1) (1 11)# (11 1 )
z z

y x x

424 ,hat are the >iller indices of the H110I slip planes in 5CC unit cells that include the )111+ slip direction. G G G G G G Solution: (1 10)# ( 110) (0 11)# (01 1) (10 1)# ( 101)
z z z

y x x

y x

425

Calculate the length of the 5urgers vector in the following materials4 (a) 5CC niobium (b) /CC silver (c) diamond cubic silicon Solution: (a) he repeat distance# or 5urgers vector# is half the bod! diagonal# or4 b = repeat distance = (1J") ( 3 ) (3."*% 0) = ".8'3 0 (b) he repeat distance# or 5urgers vector# is half of the face diagonal# or4 b = (1J") ( " a ) = (1J") ( " ) (%.08&" 0) = ".88* 0 o (c) he slip direction is )110+# where the repeat distance is half of the face diagonal4 b = (1J") ( " ) ('.%30( 0) = 3.8%0 0

426 Ketermine the interplanar spacing and the length of the 5urgers vector for slip on the expected slip s!stems in /CC aluminum. Fepeat# assuming that the slip s!stem G is a (110) plane and a )11 1+ direction. ,hat is the ratio between the shear stresses re-uired for slip for the two s!stems. 8ssume that = = " in C-uation %3". Solution: (a) /or (111)$)110+# %.0%*'80 b = (1J") ( " ) (%.0%*'8 0) = ".8&3 0 = ".338 0 d111 = 1+1+1 (b) 7f (110)$)111+# then4 b= 3 (%.0%*'8 0) = (.01% 0 d110 = %.0%*'80 = ".8&3 0 1" + 1" + 0 "

(c) 7f we assume that k = " in C-uation %3"# then (d/b)a = ta tb ".338 = 0.81&& ".8&3 = exp("(0.81&&)) exp("(0.%08)) (d/b)b = = 0.%% ".8&3 = 0.%08 (.01%

427 Ketermine the interplanar spacing and the length of the 5urgers vector for slip on G the (110)$)1 11+ slip s!stem in 5CC tantalum. Fepeat# assuming that the slip s!stem G is a (111)$)1 10+ s!stem. ,hat is the ratio between the shear stresses re-uired for slip for the two s!stems. 8ssume that = = " in C-uation %3". G Solution: (a) /or (110)$)1 11+4 3.30"& 0 = ".33' 0 b = (1J") ( 3 ) (3.30"& 0) = ".8&0 0 d110 = " " " 1 1 0 + + G (b) 7f (111)$)1 10+# then4 3.30"& 0 = 1.*0( 0 b = " (3.30"& 0) = %.&(1 0 d111 = 1" + 1" + 1" (c) 7f we assume that = = " in C-uation %3"# then4 (d/b)a = ta tb ".33' = 0.81&& ".8& = exp("(0.81&&)) exp("(0.%08)) (d/b)b = = 0.%% 1.*0( = 0.%08 %.&(1

437 2ow man! grams of aluminum# with a dislocation densit! of 1010 cm$cm3# are re-uired to give a total dislocation length that would stretch from Eew Dor= Cit! to 6os 8ngeles (3000 miles). Solution: (3000 mi)('"80 ft$mi)(1" in.$ft)(".'% cm$in.) = %.8"8 108 cm (%.8"8 108 cm)(".&** g$cm3) = 0.13 g (1010 cm$cm3) 438 he distance from Carth to the >oon is "%0#000 miles. 7f this were the total length of dislocation in a cubic centimeter of material# what would be the dislocation densit!. Solution: 4-41 ("%0#000 mi)('"80 ft$mi)(1" in.$ft)(".'% cm$in.) = 3.8& 1010 cm$cm3

:uppose !ou would li=e to introduce an interstitial or large substitutional atom into the cr!stal near a dislocation. ,ould the atom fit more easil! above or below the dislocation line shown in /igure %38(b). Cxplain. Solution: he atom would fit more easil! into the area just below the dislocation due to the atoms being pulled apart9 this allows more space into which the atom can fit.

442

Compare the c$a ratios for the following 2C1 metals# determine the li=el! slip processes in each# and estimate the approximate critical resolved shear stress. Cxplain. (:ee data in 8ppendix 8) (a) Ainc (b) magnesium (c) titanium (d) Airconium (e) rhenium (f) ber!llium Solution: ,e expect metals with c/a > 1.&33 to have a low tcrss4