D EP AR TM ENT O F CHEM ICA L ENG IN EE RING

A SE MINAR RE POR T ON
SUBMITTED TO: -
Dr. Neha Sharma
(Assistant Professor)
Ms.Meenakshi Arora
(Lecturer)
SUBMITTED BY:-
Anoop Kumar
B.Tech. (Chemical n!!.)
"oll No.#$%%&'($%%(()
th
*ear)
Meerut +nstitute of n!ineerin!
an, Technolo!-. Meerut
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This seminar report /oul, not ha0e 1een possi1le /ithout the unrelentin! support of man-
people. + /oul, like to thank Mr. Lokesh Chan,ra 2upta. 3.4.D. Chemical n!ineerin! Deptt.
Dr. Neha Sharma. Assistant Professor. Chemical n!ineerin! Deptt. an, Ms. Meenakshi Arora.
Lecturer. Chemical en!ineerin! Deptt. 5or their in0alua1le inputs /hich helpe, in makin! the
report.
+ /oul, also like to thank m- parents for their support an, /or,s of /is,om /hich helpe, me in
preparin! this report.
B-6#
Anoop Kumar
B.Tech (Chemical n!ineerin!)
ii
PREFACE
+ am 0er- !la, to present the report on 7War Gases8.
+n this report the ma9or role of /ar !ases in /arfare an, their t-pes ha0e 1een ,escri1e,.
All the War Gases /hich is use, in Warfare (as all other chemical /eapons) are also ,escri1e,
in this report 1riefl-.
This report is /ritten in a simple an, eas-#to#rea, lan!ua!e. so that e0er-one easil- un,erstan,s
War Gases.
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
1.
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION OF WAR GASES
ii
1-2
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF WAR GASES 3
3. COUNTER-MEASURES 4
4. TYPES OF WAR GASES 5-
4.1 CHLORINE GAS !
4.1.1 P"#$i%&' C"&(&%)*(i$)i%$ +, C"'+(i-* &-. i)$ C+/0+1-.$ 2
4.1.2 C"*/i%&' C"&(&%)*(i$)i%$ 2
4.2 PHOSGENE GAS 3
4.2.1 S)(1%)1(* &-. B&$i% P(+0*()i*$ 3
4.2.2 P(+.1%)i+- 14
4.2.3 C"*/i%&' W&(,&(* 14
4.3 CHLOROPICRIN GAS 11
4.3.1 P(+0*()i*$ 11
4.3.2 U$*$ +, C"'+(+0i%(i- 12
4.3.3 S&,*)# 12-13
4.4 MUSTARD GAS 14
4.4.1 P(+0*()i*$ 14
4.4.2 U$*$ +, M1$)&(. G&$ 15
4.5 LEWISITE GAS 1
4.5.1 P(+0*()i*$ 1
4.5.2 C"*/i%&' C+/0+$i)i+- 1!
4. TEAR GAS 12
4..1 E,,*%)$ 12
4..2 Ri$5$ 12
5. USES OF WAR GASES 13
5.1. U$* i- W&( 13
5.2. U$* i- Ri+) C+-)(+' 13
5.3. T(*&)/*-) 13
. PROTECTION FROM GAS ATTACKS 24
!. PROTECTI6E E7UIPMENTS 21
2. GAS-ATTACK 6ICTIMS 22
3. CONCLUSION 23
REFERENCES 24
1
1. INTRODUCTION OF WAR GASES
The term :Gas:. /hen use, in connection /ith chemical /arfare. inclu,es an- chemical
su1stance. /hether soli,. li;ui,. or !as. /hich is emplo-e, in /ar for its poisonous or irritant
effects on the human 1o,-.
As an illustration of a soli, use, as a /ar !as /e ha0e the small soli, particles ,eri0e, from
arsenical compoun,s. These form a particulate clou, an, act as nose irritants. Chlorine is a lun!
irritant an, is a true !as /ell kno/n to stu,ents of chemistr-. althou!h it ma- 1e rea,il-
li;uefie,. Mustar, !as /hen pure is a colorless. oil- li;ui,. an, attacks the skin either as a li;ui,
or 0apour. The technical pro,uct is 1ro/n or 1lack oil. All these are t-pical /ar !ases.
+n a,,ition to ha0in! the necessar- ph-siolo!ical action. the su1stance use, as a /ar !as shoul,
1e relati0el- cheap an, easil- pro,uce, from the ra/ materials rea,il- a0aila1le. Moreo0er. an-
li;ui, use, as a /ar !as shoul, ha0e a reasona1l- hi!h 0apors pressure in or,er to pro0i,e
a,e;uate concentrations. an, shoul, also 1e rather sta1le an, inacti0e chemicall-. These an,
other consi,erations. limit the num1er of suita1le su1stances. 4f three or four thousan,
su1stances e<perimente, /ith ,urin! the /ar $=$)#$' onl- a1out ( /ere e0er use, in the fiel,
an, a1out a ,o>en /ere in acti0e use at the en, of the /ar. The num1er use, is still reasona1l-
small.
Chemical /arfare is ,ifferent from the use of con0entional /eapons or nuclear /eapons 1ecause
the ,estructi0e effects of chemical /eapons are not primaril- ,ue to an- e<plosi0e force. The
offensi0e use of li0in! or!anisms (such as anthra<) is consi,ere, 1iolo!ical /arfare rather than
chemical /arfare? ho/e0er. the use of nonli0in! to<ic pro,ucts pro,uce, 1- li0in! or!anisms
(e.!. to<ins such as Botulinum to<in. "icin. an, Sa<ito<in) is consi,ere, chemical /arfare un,er
the pro0isions of the Chemical @eapons Con0ention (C@C). An,er this Con0ention. an- to<ic
chemical. re!ar,less of its ori!in. is consi,ere, a chemical /eapon unless it is use, for purposes
that are not prohi1ite, (an important le!al ,efinition kno/n as the 2eneral Purpose Criterion).
A1out B% ,ifferent chemicals ha0e 1een use, or stockpile, as chemical /arfare a!ents ,urin! the
C%th centur-. The entire class kno/n as Lethal Anitar- Chemical A!ents an, Munitions ha0e
1een sche,ule, for elimination 1- the C@C.
2
An,er the Con0ention. chemicals that are to<ic enou!h to 1e use, as chemical /eapons. or that
ma- 1e use, to manufacture such chemicals. are ,i0i,e, into three !roups accor,in! to their
purpose an, treatment6
$. Sche,ule $ D 3a0e fe/. if an-. le!itimate uses. These ma- onl- 1e pro,uce, or use, for
research. me,ical. pharmaceutical or protecti0e purposes (i.e. testin! of chemical
/eapons sensors an, protecti0e clothin!). <amples inclu,e ner0e a!ents.
ricin. le/isite an, mustar, !as. An- pro,uction o0er $%% ! must 1e reporte, to
the 4PC@ an, a countr- can ha0e a stockpile of no more than one tone of these
chemicals.
C. Sche,ule C D 3a0e no lar!e#scale in,ustrial uses. 1ut ma- ha0e le!itimate small#scale
uses. <amples inclu,e ,imeth-l meth-lphosphonate. a precursor to sarin 1ut /hich is
also use, as a flame an, Thio,i!l-col /hich is a precursor chemical use, in the
manufacture of mustar, !as 1ut is also /i,el- use, as a sol0ent in inks.
E. Sche,uleE D3a0e le!itimate lar!e#scale in,ustrial uses.
<amples inclu,e phos!ene an, chloropicrin. Both ha0e 1een use, as chemical /eapons
1ut phos!ene is an important precursor in the manufacture of plastics an, chloropicrin is
use, as a fumi!ant. The 4PC@ must 1e notifie, of. an, ma- inspect. an- plant pro,ucin!
more than E% tons per -ear.
3
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF WAR GASES
@ar !ases are like 3anni1alFs elephants. @hen un,er control. the- are impressi0e an, strike fear
into the enem-. @hen out of control. the- are e;uall- ,an!erous to 1oth si,es. @ar !ases make
no ,istinction of frien, or enem-. so /hen the- are use,. 1oth si,es ha0e to ,on !as masks. +f the
protecti0e ,e0ices are effecti0e. onl- 1- surprise can an- a,0anta!e 1e achie0e,. an, oneFs o/n
troops are hin,ere, 1- !as masks an, protecti0e clothin!. makin! them 0er- ineffecti0e in an
assault. These are the main reasons that /ar !ases are almost complete failures as tactical
elements.
2as ,ispersion can 1e thou!ht of as an o1stacle. 1ut one /hich ma- mo0e unpre,icta1l- an,
irre!ularl-. certainl- a ,istur1in! thou!ht to a militar- comman,er. +f a !as is too persistent. it
ma- remain ,an!erous after its o19ecti0e has 1een achie0e, (chlorine lurkin! in ,itches an, other
lo/ places is an e<ample). +f it is not persistent. its effect ma- ha0e ,issipate, 1efore it is
nee,e,. 2as is lifte, 1- the con0ection of a hot summerFs ,a-. or e0en 1- the heat of the
p-rotechnics use, to ,isperse it. A su,,en /in, can 1lo/ the /hole clou, to some unfortunate
place. or ,isperse it entirel-. The !as clou, ma- 1e fo!!-. concealin! the enem- as much as it
incon0eniences them. 2as is 0er- much like an elephant on the 1attlefiel,.
2as. therefore. is principall- a ,efensi0e tactic. hin,erin! assaultin! troops 1- ,istractin! them
an, 1- causin! them to a,opt cum1ersome countermeasures. /hile the ,efen,in! troops are
prepare, in a,0ance. The chlorine first use, /as simpl- ,eli0ere, 1- openin! c-lin,ers an,
allo/in! the hea0- !as to flo/ ,o/nhill. 1ut its persistence /as an em1arrassment. A more
!enerall- useful metho, /as 1- usin! mortars. firin! 1urstin! shells in hi!h tra9ectories. Trench
mortars /ere first use, for the purpose in Gune $=$(. onl- t/o months after the first use of
chlorine. This allo/s the creation of a !as o1stacle in a 0er- short time at an accurate location
(1ut /e ha0e seen that !as ,oes not sta- put). The Anite, States ,e0elope, the ).C#inch chemical
mortar for this purpose. 1ut it /as !enerall- use, on other missions. thou!h /as al/a-s a0aila1le
if nee,e,.
4
3. COUNTER-MEASURES
The classic countermeasure a!ainst /ar !ases is the !as mask. /hich co0ers the face an, e-es.
an, filters the air use, in 1reathin!. The mask must fit ti!htl- an, 1e cleare, of no<ious !ases
/hen it is ,onne,. The ser!eant /ill sho/ -ou ho/ to ,o this in !as trainin!. The lenses usuall-
fo! up. makin! 0ision ,ifficult. Normal !o!!les. such as use, in chemistr- la1orator-. are
useless a!ainst !as 1ecause the- ,o not seal. The !as mask filter is usuall- ,esi!ne, to protect
a!ainst as man- ,ifferent a!ents as possi1le. +t must ha0e an efficient ,ust filter to e<clu,e soli,
an, non0olatile li;ui, particles. An acti0ate, charcoal filter is almost al/a-s present. /hich
protects a!ainst most !ases. /hich are a,sor1e, on it. Gust these t/o /ill !i0e some protection
a!ainst most a!ents.
2as masks for ci0ilian use ma- in0ol0e an o<i,ant for car1on mono<i,e. /hich is not use, as a
/ar !as. 1ut occurs in man- ci0ilian inci,ents. such as mine fires. So,ium perman!anate. a
!eneral o<i,ant. ma- ,o some !oo,. 1ut 1etter is a compoun, calle, 3opcalite. ,e0elope, at
Gohns 3opkins an, the Ani0ersit- of California. /hich o<i,i>es C4 relia1l-. Aci, /ar !ases are
,eacti0ate, 1- a mi<ture calle, So,a#Lime. containin! Ca(43)
C
(slake, lime) an, Na43
(caustic so,a).
+n an emer!enc-. a filter respirator /ill !i0e limite, protection. A pa, soake, in a solution of
so,ium thiosulphate (photo!rapherFs :h-po:). /ashin! so,a (so,ium car1onate) an, !l-cerin /as
use, in the 5irst @orl, @ar a!ainst chlorine. A respirator soake, in somethin! similar /oul, 1e
1etter than nothin!. Gust 1reathin! throu!h a /et cloth /ill re,uce particulate or easil- solu1le
a!ents.
2as masks are not a,e;uate protection a!ainst 0esicants or ner0e a!ents. /hich attack the skin or
enter throu!h it. These a!ents penetrate cloth an, leather /ith ease (the- are ,esi!ne, to ,o so).
so nothin! 1ut full co0era!e is effecti0e. +n @orl, @ar ++. the Anite, States issue, protecti0e
1a!s /ith a clear top an, an 4.D. 1ottom that coul, 1e ;uickl- slippe, o0er a uniform. These
:garments: /ere ma,e of a /ater#solu1le non#permea1le film. an, came in a small packet the
si>e of a /allet.
5
4. TYPES OF WAR GASES
There is consi,era1le 0ariation amon! /ar !ases as to ph-sical an, chemical properties. so that
the most satisfactor- metho, of classification is accor,in! to the effects pro,uce, on the human
1o,-.
a. The Lun! +rritants (kno/n 0ariousl- as chokin! !ases. Suffocate or Asph-<iates) are
0er- ,ea,l-. The- irritate the throat an, lun!s. lea,in! to cou!hin! an, ,ifficult
1reathin!. <posure to a stron! concentration. e0en for a short time. ma- pro,uce a fatal
result.
1. The -e +rritants (Tear 2ases or Lachr-mators) cause intense smartin! of the e-es an, a
copious flo/ of tears. The- ,o not cause an- permanent ,ama!e.
c. Nose +rritants (Sternutators or Snee>in! 2ases) pro,uce se0ere pain in the nose. throat
an, chest. The- in,uce nausea an, mental ,epression. The effects are not permanent. 1ut
are rather persistent.
,. The Skin +rritants (Blister 2ases or Hesicants) are 0er- acti0e on all parts of the 1o,-.
an, the- penetrate throu!h porous su1stances inclu,in! or,inar- clothin!. -es. lun!s.
skin are all affecte, 1- these !ases either in the 0apour or li;ui, state. an, ,eep an,
e<tensi0e 1listerin! ma- result. The effects of e<posure are some/hat ,ela-e,. No
imme,iate ,iscomfort is felt. /hich makes these !ases ,ou1l- ,an!erous.
Some !ases coul, 1e liste, un,er t/o of the sections a1o0e. Chloropicrin. for e<ample. is a tear#
pro,ucin! !as as /ell as an effecti0e lun! irritant. Certain other !ases ,o not fit into the a1o0e
scheme. a case in point 1ein! h-,roc-anic aci,. /hich has a paral->in! effect. The a1o0e
classification is useful. ho/e0er. in that if emphasi>es the purpose for /hich the ,ifferent !ases
are use, an, the harmful effects /hich ma- 1e looke, for /here these !ases are present.
2ases are sometimes classifie, as persistent an, nonpersistent. Particulate clou,s are !enerall-
non#persistent as the- ,rift alon! /ith the /in, an, are rapi,l-
Dilute, /ith the atmosphere. This also applies 0er- !enerall- in the case of true !ases. So that
persistent !ases are lar!el- li;ui,s an, persistenc- ,epen,s on a num1er of factors. chief of
/hich is the rate of 0apourI action. This in turn is relate, rather ,efinitel- to the 0apour pressure.
6
The lo/er the 0apour pressure. the slo/er the rate of e0aporation an, the !reater the persistence.
3eat an, hi!h /in,s fa0our rapi, e0aporation /ith a conse;uent ,ecrease in persistenc-. 2as in
enI close, spaces /ill ten, to 1e more persistent as the /in, is una1le to act freel- upon it. "ain
lo/ers persistenc- 1- /ashin! the !as from the air. an, in some cases 1- chemical action /ith
the !as. Most /ar !ases are hea0ier than air. the !reater ,ensit- pre0entin! rapi, ,iffusion.
A. T3"4AT AND LAN2 +""+TANTS
Chlorine (Cl
C
)
Phos!ene (C4Cl
C
)
Diphos!ene(ClC44CCl
E
)
Chloropicrin (CCl
E
N4
C
)
B. N4S +""+TANTS
D.A. (Diphen-l Chlorarsine)
D.C. (Diphen-l C-anarsine)
D.M. (Diphen-lamine Chlorarsine)
C. HSLCANTS
Mustar, !as (C
)
3
'
Cl
C
S)
Le/isite (C
C
3
C
AsCl
E
)
7
4.1. CHLORINE
Chlorine 2as ,e0elope, 1- 2erman chemist 5rit> 3ar1or in $=$( for use as a poison !as in
@@+.Chlorine is a chemical element /ith s-m1ol Cl an, atomic num1er $B. Chlorine is in
the halo!en !roup ($B) an, is the secon, li!htest halo!en after fluorine. The element is a -ello/#
!reen !as un,er stan,ar, con,itions. /here it forms ,iatomic molecules. +t has the
hi!hest affinit- an, the thir, hi!hest electro ne!ati0it- of all the elements? for this reason.
chlorine is a stron! o<i,i>in! a!ent. 5ree chlorine is rare on arth. an, is usuall- a result of
,irect or in,irect o<i,ation 1- o<-!en.
The most common compoun, of chlorine. so,ium chlori,e (common salt). has 1een kno/n since
ancient times. Aroun, $&E% chlorine !as /as first s-nthesi>e, in a chemical reaction. 1ut not
reco!ni>e, as a fun,amentall- important su1stance. Characteri>ation of chlorine !as /as ma,e
in $BB) 1- Carl @ilhelm Scheele. /ho suppose, it an o<i,e of a ne/ element. +n $'%= chemists
su!!este, that the !as mi!ht 1e a pure element. an, this /as confirme, 1- Sir 3umphre-
Da0- in $'$%. /ho name, it from Ancient 2reek6 :pale !reen:.
Nearl- all chlorine in the arthFs crust occurs as chlori,e in 0arious ionic compoun,s.
inclu,in! ta1le salt. +t is the secon, most a1un,ant halo!en an, C$
st
most a1un,ant chemical
element in arthFs crust. lemental chlorine is commerciall- pro,uce, from 1rine 1- electrol-sis.
The hi!h o<i,i>in! potential of elemental chlorine le, commerciall- to free
chlorineFs 1leachin! an, ,isinfectant uses. as /ell as its man- uses of an essential rea!ent in the
chemical in,ustr-. Chlorine is use, in the manufacture of a /i,e ran!e of consumer pro,ucts.
a1out t/o#thir,s of them or!anic chemicals such as pol-0in-l chlori,e. as /ell as man-
interme,iates for pro,uction of plastics an, other en, pro,ucts /hich ,o not contain the element.
As a common ,isinfectant. elemental chlorine an, chlorine#!eneratin! compoun,s are use, more
,irectl- in s/immin! pools to keep them clean an, sanitar-.
o
o u
8
4.1.1. P"#$i%&' C"&(&%)*(i$)i%$ +, C"'+(i-* &-. i)$ C+/0+1-.$
Chlorine. li;uefie, un,er a pressure of B.) 1ar at room temperature. ,ispla-e, in a ;uart> ampule
em1e,,e, in acr-lic !lass.
At stan,ar, temperature an, pressure. t/o chlorine atoms form the ,iatomic molecule ClC.This
is a -ello/#!reen !as that has a ,istincti0e stron! o,or. familiar to most from common 1leach.
The 1on,in! 1et/een the t/o atoms is relati0el- /eak (onl- C)C.('% J %.%%) kGKmol). /hich
makes the ClC molecule hi!hl- reacti0e. The 1oilin! point at re!ular atmosphere is aroun, LE)
MC. 1ut it can 1e li;uefie, at room temperature /ith pressures a1o0e B)% KPa.
Althou!h elemental chlorine is -ello/#!reen. chlori,e ion. in common /ith other hali,e ions. has
no color in either minerals or solutions (e<ample. ta1le salt). Similarl-. (a!ain as /ith other
halo!ens) chlorine atoms impart no color to or!anic chlori,es /hen the- replace h-,ro!en atoms
in colorless or!anic compoun,s. such as tetra chloromethane. The meltin! point an, ,ensit- of
these compoun,s is increase, 1- su1stitution of h-,ro!en in place of chlorine. Compoun,s of
chlorine /ith other halo!ens. ho/e0er. as /ell as man- chlorine o<i,es. are 0isi1l-
colore,.
4.1.2. C"*/i%&' C"&(&%)*(i$)i%$
Alon! /ith fluorine. 1romine. i
,ine. an, astatine. chlorine is a mem1er of the halo!en series
that forms the !roup $B (formerl- H++. H++A. or H++B) of the perio,ic ta1le. Chlorine forms
compoun,s /ith almost all of the elements to !i0e compoun,s that are usuall- calle, chlori,es.
Chlorine !as reacts /ith m
the com1ustion of h-,rocar1ons.
st or!anic compoun,s. an, /ill e0en sl !!ishl- support
,
o
a
n
4.2. PHOSGENE GAS
Phos!ene /as s-nthesi>e, 1- the British chemist Gohn Da0- ($B=%D$'&') in $'$C 1- e<posin! a
mi<ture of car1on mono<i,e an, chlorine to sunli!ht. 3e name, it :phos!ene: in reference of the
use of li!ht to promote the reaction? from 2reek. Phos (li!ht) an, !ene
(1 1ecame important in the chemical in,ustr- as the $=th centur-
pro!resse,.
manufacturin!.
orn). +t !ra,uall-
rticularl- in ,-e
Phosgene is the chemical compoun, /ith the formula C4Cl
C
. This colorless !as !aine, infam-
as a chemical /eapon ,urin! @orl, @ar +. +t is also a 0alue, in,ustrial rea!ent an, 1uil,in!
1lock in s-nthesis of pharmaceuticals an, other or!anic compoun,s. +n lo/ concentrations. its
o,or resem1les freshl- cut ha- or !rass. +n a,,ition to its in,ustrial pro,uction. small amounts
occur naturall- from the 1reak,o/n an, the com1ustion of or!ano#chlorine compoun,s. such as
those use, in refri!eration s-stems. The chemical /as name, 1- com1inin! the 2reek /or,s
FphosF (meanin! li!ht) an, !enesis (1irth)? it ,oes not mean it contains
an- phosphorus (cf. phosphine).
4.2.1. S)(1%)1(* &-. B&$i% P(+0*()i*$
Phos!ene is a planar molecule as pre,icte, 1- HSP" theor-. The CN4 ,ista
ce is $.$' O. the
CPCl ,istance is $.B) O an, the ClPCPCl an!le is $$$.'Q. +t is one of the simplest aci,
chlori,es. 1ein! formall- ,eri0e, from car1onic aci,. +APAC name is Car1on-l Dichlori,e.
10
10
4.2.2. P(+.1%)i+-
+n,ustriall-. phos!ene is pro,uce, 1- passin! purifie, car1on mono<i,e an, chlorine !as
throu!h a 1e, of porous acti0ate, car1on. /hich ser0es as a catal-st6
C4 R Cl
C
S C4Cl
C
(T3
r<n
N L$%B.&kGKmol)
4.2.3. C"*/i%&' W&(,&(*
5urther information6 Ase of poison !as in @orl, @ar + an, Secon, ITALO-ABYSSINIAN WAR.
5ollo/in! the e<tensi0e use of phos!ene !as in com1at ,urin! @orl, @ar +. it /as stockpile, 1-
0arious countries as part of their secret chemical /eapons pro!rams.
+n Ma- $=C'. ele0en tons of phos!ene escape, from a /ar surplus store in central 3am1ur!. E%%
people /ere poisone, of /hom $% ,ie,.
Phos!ene /as then onl- fre;uentl- use, 1- the +mperial Gapanese Arm- a!ainst the Chinese
,urin! the @ar. 2as /eapons. such as phos!ene. /ere pro,uce, 1- Anit BE$ an, authori>e, 1-
specific or,ers !i0en 1- 3irohito (mperor Sho/a) himself. transmitte, 1- the chief of staff of
the arm-. 5or e<ample. the mperor authori>e, the use of to<ic !as on EB( separate occasions
,urin! the 1attle of @uhan from Au!ust to 4cto1er $=E'.
11
11
4.3. CHLOROPICRIN GAS
Chloropicrin. also kno/n as PS. is a chemical compoun, /ith the structural formula Cl
E
CN4
C
.
This colorless hi!hl- to<ic li;ui, /as once use, in chemical /arfare an, is currentl- use, as
a fumi!ant an, nematicide as a stan,alone treatment or in com1ination K co#formulation /ith
meth-l 1romi,e an, $.E#Dichloropropene
Chloropicrin /as first ,isco0ere, in $')' 1- a Scottish chemist Gohn Stenhouse. 3e prepare, it
1- the reaction of a chlorinatin! a!ent /ith picric aci,6
34C
&
3
C
(N4
C
)
E
R $$ Na4Cl S E Cl
E
CN4
C
R E Na
C
C4
E
R E Na43 R C NaCl
Because of the precursor he use,. Stenhouse name, the compoun, chloropicrin. althou!h the
t/o compoun,s are structurall- ,issimilar.
Chloropicrin /as use, in @orl, @ar +. +n $=$B. there /ere reports that the 2ermans /ere testin!
an, usin! a ne/ chemical in /arfare. That chemical /as chloropicrin. @hile not as lethal as
other chemical /eapons. it cause, 0omitin! an, /as a lachr-mator- a!ent. This com1ination of
properties force, Allie, sol,iers to remo0e their masks to 0omit. e<posin! them to to<ic
!ases. This cause, a lar!e num1er of casualties on the +talian front.
4.3.1. P(+0*()i*$
As liste, in the ta1le. chloropicrin is a colorless li;ui, that is insolu1le in /ater. /ith /hich it is
sta1le. @ith a 0apor pressure of C) mm 3!. its 0olatilit- is 1et/een that
of phos!ene an, mustar, !as in persistence. althou!h closer to phos!ene 1ecause it is relate, to
the compoun,. Tests ha0e sho/n that chloropicrin causes humans to shut their e-es
in0oluntaril-. Chloropicrin can 1e a1sor1e, s-stemicall- throu!h inhalation. in!estion. an, the
skin. +t is se0erel- irritatin! to the lun!s. e-es. an, skin. Because of these properties. chloropicrin
can onl- 1e ,eli0ere, in shell form as a chemical /eapon.
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4.3.2. U$*$ +, C"'+(+0i%(i-
Chloropicrin. to,a-. is use, as
a fumi!ant to control pests foun, in the soil. Althou!h less
common. it can 1e use, as a poison for 0erte1rates. such as ra11its. Chloropicrin is commonl-
use, in com1ination /ith other fumi!ants. such as meth-l 1romi,e an, sulf
potenc- an, as a /arnin! a!ent.
ic. for increase,
Chloropicrin has 1een use, in
hemical /arfare. +t first appeare, in $=$B /hen the 2ermans
teste, a ne/ chemical /eapon on the +talian front. The ne/ chemical /eapon
the Allies at first. since the- ha, ne0er encountere, it 1efore.
as ,e0astatin! to
4.3.3. S&,*)#
Chloropicrin is a hi!hl- to<ic chemical. N+4S3 $==( states that Chloropicrin is a lachr-mator
an, a se0ere irritant of the respirator- s-stem in humans? it also causes se0ere skin irritation on
contact. @hen splashe, onto th
the cornea.
e-e chloropicrin has cause, corneal e,ema an, li;uification of
<posure to concentrations of $( ppm cannot 1e tolerate, for more than $ minute. an, e<posure
to ) ppm for a fe/ secon,s is temporaril- ,isa1lin!.
<posure to %.E#%.EB ppm chlor
picrin for E to E% secon,s causes tearin! an, e e pain. <posure
to $( ppm for a fe/ secon,s can cause respirator- tract in9ur-.
<posure to $$= ppm in air for E% minutes is lethal? ,eath is cause, 1- pulmonar- e,ema.
<amples of in,ustrial e<posure in humans6 CB /orkers in a cellulose factor- /ho /ere e<pose,
to hi!h le0els of chloropicrin for E minutes ,e0elope, pneumonitis after E to $C hours of irritate,
cou!hin! an, ,ifficult- on 1reathin!? the- su1se;uentl- ,e0elope, pulmonar- e,ema. an, one
,ie,.
Because of chloropicrinFs sta1ilit-. protection re;uires hi!hl- effecti0e a1sor1ents. such
as acti0ate, charcoal Chloropicrin. unlike its relati0e compoun, phos!ene. is a1sor1e, rea,il- at
an- temperature. /hich ma- pose a threat in lo/ or hi!h temperature climates.
The use of the su1stance has 1een restricte, 1- the A.S. !o0ernment. althou!h such restriction is
out,ate, no/.
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4.4. MUSTARD GAS
Mustar, !as /as possi1l- ,e0elope, as earl- as $'CC 1- CUsar#MansuVte Despret> ($B='D$'&E)
The sulfur mustar,s. or sulphur
mustar,s. commonl- kno/n as mustar, !as. are a class of
relate, c-toto<ic an, 0esicant chemical /arfare a!ents /ith the a1ilit- to form lar!e 1listers on
the e<pose, skin an, in the lun!s. Pure sulfur mustar,s are colorless. 0iscous li;ui,s at room
temperature. @hen use, in impure form. such as /arfare a!ents. the- are usuall- -ello/#
1ro/n in color an, ha0e an o,or resem1lin! plants. !arlic. or horsera,ish. hence the name.
Mustar, !as /as ori!inall- assi!ne, the name LOST. after the scientists @ilhelm
Lommel an, @ilhelm Steinhoff. /ho ,e0elope, a metho, for the lar!e#scale pro,uction of
mustar, !as for the +mperial 2erman Arm- in $=$&.
Mustar, a!ents are re!ulate,
n,er the $==E Chemical @eapons Con0ention (C@C). Three
classes of chemicals are monitore, un,er this Con0ention. /ith sulfur an,
!roupe, in Sche,ule $. as su1stances /ith no use other than in chemical /arfar
coul, 1e ,eplo-e, on the 1attlefiel, 1- means of artiller- shells. aerial 1om
spra-in! from /arplanes.
4.4.1. P(+0*()i*$
nitro!en mustar,
. Mustar, a!ents
s. rockets. or 1-
Mustar, !as /as colourless an, o,ourless an, coul, take up to $C hours to take effect. Mustar,
!as causes the 0ictims skin to 1lister an, e-es to stin!. As /ell as this. the 0i tim /oul, 1lee,
internall- an, e<ternall-. 0entuall- the 0ictim /oul, ,ie of suffocation as the !as ,estro-e, the
cells in their lun!s.
4.4.2. U$*$ +, M1$)&(. G&$
Mustar, !as /as first use, effecti0el- in @orl, @ar + 1- the 2erman arm- a!ainst British an,
Cana,ian sol,iers near *pres. Bel!ium. in $=$B an, later also a!ainst the 5rench Secon, Arm-.
The name Yerite comes from its usa!e 1- the 2erman arm- near the to/n of *pres. The Allies
,i, not use mustar, !as until No0em1er $=$B at Cam1rai. 5rance. after the armies ha, capture, a
stockpile of 2erman mustar,#!as shells. +t took the British more than a -ear to ,e0elop their o/n
mustar, !as /eapon. (The onl- option a0aila1le to the British /as the Despret>DNiemannD
2uthrie process). This /as use, first in Septem1er $=$' ,urin! the 1reakin! of the 3in,en1ur!
Line.
Mustar, !as /as ,isperse, as an aerosol in a mi<ture /ith other chemicals. !i0in! it a -ello/#
1ro/n color an, a ,istincti0e o,or. Mustar, !as has also 1een ,isperse, in such munitions
as aerial 1om1s. lan, mines. mortar roun,s. artiller- shells. an, rockets. <posure to mustar, !as
/as lethal in a1out one percent of cases. +ts effecti0eness /as as an incapacitatin! a!ent. The
earl- countermeasures a!ainst mustar, !as /ere relati0el- ineffecti0e. since a sol,ier /earin!
a !as mask /as not protecte, a!ainst a1sor1in! it throu!h his skin an, 1ein! 1listere,.
Mustar, !as is a persistent /eapon that remains on the !roun, for ,a-s an, /eeks. an, it
continues to cause ill effects. +f mustar, !as contaminates a sol,ierFs clothin! an, e;uipment.
then the other sol,iers that he comes into contact /ith are also poisone,. To/ar,s the en, of
@orl, @ar +. mustar, !as /as use, in hi!h concentrations as an area#,enial /eapon that force,
troops to a1an,on hea0il-#contaminate, areas.
4.5. LEWISITE GAS
Le/isite /as first s-nthesi>e, in $=%) 1- Gulius Arthur Nieu/lan, ,urin! stu,ies for his
PhD. 3is metho, in0ol0e, reactin! acet-lene /ith arsenic trichlori,e in the presence of an
aluminums chlori,e catal-st. <posure to the resultin! compoun, ma,e Nieu/lan, so ill he /as
hospitali>e, for a num1er of ,a-s.
Le/isite is name, after the AS chemist an, sol,ier @in for, Lee Le/is ($'B'D$=)E). +n $=$'
Dr Gohn 2riffin (Gulius Arthur Nieu/lan,Fs thesis a,0isor) ,re/ Le/isFs attention to Nieu/lan,Fs
thesis at Malone- 3all. a chemical la1orator- at The Catholic Ani0ersit- of America.
4.5.1. P(+0*()i*$
Molecular formula C
C
3
C
AsCl
E
Molar mass C%B.EC !Kmol
Densit- $.'= !Kcm
E
Meltin! point
D$' QC
Boilin! point
$=% QC
$. The- are colorless an, o,orless. impure samples of le/isite are a -ello/ or 1ro/n li;ui, /ith
a ,istincti0e o,or that has 1een ,escri1e, as similar to scente, !eraniums. +n $=$'. the
Americans came up /ith a !as that /as 9ust as ,ea,l- as Mustar, !as. 1ut in0isi1le like
Phos!ene.
C. Le/isite ha, a ten,enc- to 1reak ,o/n in moist en0ironments (like if it /as rainin! or there
/as mu, an-/here on the 1attlefiel,). so lar!e ;uantities of the !as /as not pro,uce, ,urin!
@orl, @ar 4ne.
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E. +t can easil- penetrate or,inar- clothin! an, e0en ru11er? upon skin
ontact it causes
imme,iate pain an, itchin! /ith a rash an, s/ellin!. Lar!e. flui,#fille, 1listers (similar to
those cause, 1- mustar, !as e<posure) ,e0elop after appro<imatel- $C hour .
4.5.2. C"*/i%&' C+/0+$i)i+-
Le/isite is usuall- foun, as a
mi<ture. of C#chloro0in-larsonous ,ichlori,e as /ell as !is(C#
chloroethen-l) arsinous chlori,e (:le/isite C:). an,tris(C#chloro0in-l)arsine (:le/isite E:).
4.. TEAR GAS
Tear !as. formall- kno/n as a lachr-mator- a!ent or lachr-mator (from lacrima meanin! :tear:
in Latin). is a non#lethal chemical /eapon that stimulates the corneal ner0es in the e-es to
cause tears. pain. an, e0en 1lin,ness. Common lachr-mators inclu,e pepper spra- (4C !as). CS
!as. C" !as. CN !as (phenac-l chlori,e). noni0ami,e. 1romoacetone. <-l-l 1romi,e. s-n#
propanethial#S#o<i,e (from onions). an, Mace (a 1ran,e, mi<ture).
Lachr-mator- a!ents are commonl- use, for riot control. Their use as chemical /arfare a!ents is
prohi1ite, 1- 0arious international treaties. Durin! @orl, @ar +. more to<ic lachr-mator- a!ents
/ere use,.
4..1. E,,*%)$
Tear !as /orks 1- irritatin! mucous mem1ranes in the e-es. nose. mouth an, lun!s. an, causes
cr-in!. snee>in!. cou!hin!. ,ifficult- 1reathin!. pain in the e-es. temporar- 1lin,ness. etc.
@ith CS !as. s-mptoms of irritation usuall- appear after C%D&% secon,s of e<posure an,
commonl- resol0e /ithin E% minutes of lea0in! (or 1ein! remo0e, from) the area. @ith pepper
spra- (4C !as). the onset of s-mptoms. inclu,in! loss of motor control. is almost imme,iate.
forcin! the 0ictim to a1an,on a!!ressi0e 1eha0ior in =%W of cases.
Lachr-mators are thou!ht to act 1- attackin! sulph-,r-l functional !roups in en>-mes. 4ne of
the most pro1a1le protein tar!ets is the T"PA$ ion channel that is e<presse, in sensor- ner0es
(tri!eminal ner0e) of the e-es. nose an, mouth.
4..2. Ri$5$
As /ith all non#lethal. or less#than#lethal /eapons. there is some risk of serious permanent in9ur-
or ,eath /hen tear !as is use,. This inclu,es risks from 1ein! hit 1- tear !as cartri,!es. /hich
inclu,e se0ere 1ruisin!. loss of e-es. skull fracture. an, e0en ,eath. @hile the me,ical
conse;uences of the !ases themsel0es are t-picall- limite, to minor skin inflammation.
,ela-e, complications are also possi1le6 people /ith pre#e<istin! respirator- con,itions such
as asthma. /ho are particularl- at risk. ma- sometimes re;uire hospitali>ation or e0en 0entilation
support. Skin e<posure to CS ma- cause chemical 1urns or in,uce aller!ic contact ,ermatitis.
5. USES OF WAR GASES
5.1. U$* i- W&(
Ase of tear !as in /arfare (as all other chemical /eapons) is prohi1ite, 1- 0arious international
treaties that most states ha0e si!ne,. Police an, pri0ate self#,efense use is not 1anne, in the
same manner. Arme, forces can le!all- use tear !as for ,rills (practicin! /ith !as masks) an, for
riot control. 5irst use, in $=$). "YLYL 1romi,e /as a popular tearin! a!ent since it /as easil-
1re/e,.
The AS Chemical @arfare Ser0ice ,e0elope, tear !as !rena,es for use in riot control in $=$=.
5.2. U$* i- Ri+) C+-)(+'
Certain lachr-mator- a!ents are often use, 1- police to force compliance. most nota1l- tear !as.
+n some countries (e.!.. 5inlan,. Australia. an, the Anite, States). another common su1stance
is mace. /hich is the same as CN an, is use, as a self#,efense /eapon. in small spra- cans.
"YLYL 1romi,e. CN an, CS are the ol,est of these a!ents. an, CS is the most /i,el- use,.
5.3. T(*&)/*-)
4nce a person has 1een e<pose,. a 0ariet- of treatments ma- 1e use,. The stan,ar, first ai, for
1urnin! solutions in the e-e is irri!ation (spra-in! or flushin! out) /ith /ater. an, some
e0i,ence su!!ests that ,iphoterine solution. a first ai, pro,uct for chemical spra-s. ma- help
/ith ocular 1urns or chemicals in the e-e.
20
20
. PROTECTION FROM GAS ATTACKS
$. Hictims of the first !as attacks /ere a,0ise, to urinate on han,kerchiefs an, hol, them to
their noses to act as a ,isinfectant to the !as.
C. As technolo!- a,0ance,. more effecti0e masks /ere ,e0elope, to protect the sol,iers.
!. PROTECTI6E E7UIPMENTS
21
2. GAS-ATTACK 6ICTIMS
22
3. CONCLUSION
@ar 2ases are one of the most ,ea,l- results of chemical en!ineerin!. The ,eath an, ,estruction
the- can an, ,o 1rin! a1out are scar-. @ars ,o lea, to ,eaths an, ,estruction. 1ut the horror of
/ar !ases unleashe, on an-one can ne0er 1e 1rou!ht to scale.
There shoul, 1e strict control on the pro,uction an, uses. e0en if it is meant for ,efense
purposes. No one ,eser0es the kin, of pain an, miser-. /hich /ar !ases 1rin! a1out.
The proof of such /eaponsX ,estructi0e po/er /as on ,ispla- in the recent S-rian Ci0il @ar.
/herein thousan,s of innocent people inclu,in! /omen an, chil,ren /ere mercilessl- mur,ere,
usin! Sarine. a ,ea,l- @ar !as. 3ence accor,in! to me the use of such !ases shoul, 1e 1anne,.
23
REFERENCES
$. http6KK e n./ikip e ,i a .or ! K/ ikiK C h e m ica lY/ ea ponsYinY @ orl,Y @ a rY +
C. http6KK e n./ikip e ,i a .or ! K/ ikiK C h e m ica lY/ a rf a re
E. ///.histo r - . a rm - .m ilKht m lK1ooksK%$%K$ % #$K C M 3 Y P u1Y$ % #$.p,f
). http6KK e n./ikip e ,i a .or ! K/ ikiK C hlorine
(. http6KK e n./ikip e ,i a .or ! K/ ikiK C hloropi c rin
&. ///.s c ie n ce m a , n e ss.o r ! Kli1r a r - K1ooksKth e Y / a rY ! a s e s.p,f
B. http6 K Ke n./ikip e ,i a .or ! K/ ikiK P hos ! e ne
'. http6KK e n./ikip e ,i a .or ! K/ ikiKT ea rY ! a s
=. http6KK e n./ikip e ,i a .or ! K/ ikiKDiphos ! e ne
$%. ///./ > a ponlin e .c o m KP oiso n 2 a s.p,f
$$. http6KK e n./ikip e ,i a .or ! K/ ikiK L e /isite
12. https6KK///. ! o o ! le .c o.i n Ki m ! hp ZhlNen[ta1N/i
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