Chapter 4 Chapter 4

Heat Exchangers
Types & Applications,
LMTD Derivation & problems
1
HEAT EXCHANGERS
A heat exchanger is defined as an equipment which transfers the heat
from a hot fluid to a cold fluid
Definition
from a hot fluid to a cold fluid.
Types of heat exchangers:
Criteria for classification of heat exchangers:
(i) Nature of heat exchange process
(ii) Relative direction of fluid motion (ii) Relative direction of fluid motion
(iii) Design and constructional features
(iv) Physical state of fluids
I Nature of heat exchange process: I. Nature of heat exchange process:
a) Direct contact heat exchangers or Open heat exchangers
Examples: Cooling towers, Direct contact feed heaters
2
g
b) Indirect contact heat exchangers.
Examples: IC engines, gas turbines, Air pre heaters, Economisers.
HEAT EXCHANGERS
II. Relative direction of fluid motion:
a. Parallel flow heat exchanger Fluids move in same direction
b Counter flow heat exchanger Fluids move in opposite direction b. Counter flow heat exchanger Fluids move in opposite direction
c. Cross flow heat exchanger Fluids make right angle to each other
III. Design and constructional features:
a. Concentric tubes
b. Shell and tube (most widely used)
c Multiple shell and tube passes c. Multiple shell and tube passes
d. Compact heat exchangers
IV. Physical state of fluids:
a. Condensers
b. Evaporators.
3
HEAT EXCHANGERS
A li ti
Automobiles (Radiators, Air preheater, Exhaust gas heat removal)
Gas turbines
Cooling towers
Applications
Cooling towers
Industrial Furnaces (Economizers)
Temperature variation in a heat exchanger Temperature variation in a heat exchanger
Parallel flow Counter flow
4
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids in a heat
exchanger varies from point to point
Introduction to LMTD
exchanger varies from point to point
In addition various modes of heat transfer are involved
Hence based on the concept of appropriate mean temperature difference Hence, based on the concept of appropriate mean temperature difference,
also called logarithmic mean temperature difference, the total heat transfer rate
in the heat exchanger is expressed as
Q = UA (T)
lm
where
U Overall heat transfer co-efficient, W/m
2
K
A Area, m
2
(T)
lm
Logarithmic mean temperature difference.
5
( )
lm
g p
HEAT EXCHANGERS
In order to derive expression for LMTD for various types of heat
exchangers the following assumptions are made
LMTD Derivation - Assumptions
exchangers, the following assumptions are made
1. Flow is steady
2. The overall heat transfer co-efficient is constant.
3. The specific heats of both fluids are constant.
4. The mass flow rate of both fluids are constant.
5. Axial conduction along the tube is negligible.
6 The chance in kinetic and potential energies of the fluids are negligible 6. The chance in kinetic and potential energies of the fluids are negligible.
6
HEAT EXCHANGERS
LMTD Derivation Parallel flow
A single pass parallel flow heat exchangers is shown in fig
Let us consider an elemental area dA of the heat exchanger.
The heat flow rate is given by
dQ = U dA (T t) (1)
Let
m
h
Mass flow rate of hot fluid
m
c
Mass flow rate of cold fluid
C Specific heat of hot fluid
dQ = U dA (T t) (1)
dQ = -m
h
C
ph
dT = m
c
C
pc
dt (2)
We know that
C
ph
Specific heat of hot fluid
C
pc
Specific heat of cold fluid
T
1
Entry temperature of hot fluid
T
2
Exit temperature of hot fluid
t Entry temperature of cold fluid
h ph c pc
( )
dQ = -m
h
C
ph
dT
dT = -dQ / m
h
C
ph
dT = -dQ / C
h
[since C
h
= m
h
x C
ph
] (3)
t
1
Entry temperature of cold fluid
t
2
Exit temperature of cold fluid
U Overall heat transfer co-efficient
From equation (2),
dQ = m
c
C
pc
dt
dt = dQ / m
c
C
pc
7
c pc
dt = dQ / C
c
[since C
c
= m
c
x C
pc
] (4)
HEAT EXCHANGERS
LMTD Derivation Parallel flow
dT dt = (dQ / C
h
) (dQ / C
c
)
= dQ [(1 / C
h
) + (1 / C
c
)]
d = dQ [(1 / C
h
) + (1 / C
c
)] [since d = dT dt] (5)
Substituting dQ value from Equation (1) in Equation (5), Substituting dQ value from Equation (1) in Equation (5),
d = U dA (T t) [(1 / C
h
) + (1 / C
c
)]
= U dA [(1 / C
h
) + (1 / C
c
)] [since = T t]
(d / ) = U dA [(1 / C
h
) + (1 / C
c
)]
Integrating
(d / ) = [(1 / C
h
) + (1 / C )] U dA

(d / ) = [(1 / C
h
) + (1 / C
c
)] U dA
[ln ] = U [(1 / C
h
) + (1 / C
c
)] A
[ln
2
- ln
1
] = U A [(1 / C
h
) + (1 / C )]

1

2
1
8
[ln
2
ln
1
] U A [(1 / C
h
) + (1 / C
c
)]
ln (
2
/
1
) = U A [(1 / C
h
) + (1 / C
c
)] (6)
HEAT EXCHANGERS
LMTD Derivation Parallel flow
We know that,
Q = m
h
C
ph
(T
1
T
2
) = m
c
C
pc
(t
2
t
1
)
Q = C (T T ) = C (t t ) [since C = m x C ] (7) Q = C
h
(T
1
T
2
) = C
c
(t
2
t
1
) [since C = m x C
p
] (7)
Q = C
h
(T
1
T
2
)
1/C
h
= (T
1
T
2
) / Q (8)
F ti (7) From equation (7),
Q = C
c
(t
2
t
1
)
1/C
c
= (t
2
t
1
) / Q (9)
Substitute 1/C and1/C values in equation (6) and rearranging Substitute 1/C
h
and1/C
c
values in equation (6) and rearranging,
ln (
2
/
1
) = U A [((T
1
T
2
) / Q) + ((t
2
t
1
) / Q)]
ln (
2
/
1
) = (U A / Q) [T
1
T
2
+ t
2
t
1
]
Q = U A [T T + t t ] / ln ( / ) Q = U A [T
1
T
2
+ t
2
t
1
] / ln (
2
/
1
)
= U A [T
2
T
1
+ t
1
t
2
] / ln (
2
/
1
)
= U A [(T
2
t
2
) (T
1
t
1
)] / ln (
2
/
1
)
9
Q = U A [(T
2
t
2
) (T
1
t
1
)] / ln ((T
2
t
2
) / (T
1
t
1
)) [since = T t]
Q = U A [(T
1
t
1
) (T
2
t
2
)] / ln ((T
1
t
1
) / (T
2
t
2
)) (10)
HEAT EXCHANGERS
LMTD Derivation Parallel flow
Q = U A [(T
1
t
1
) (T
2
t
2
)] / ln ((T
1
t
1
) / (T
2
t
2
))
(or)
Q = UA (T)
lm
where (T)
lm
logarithmic mean temperature difference
(T)
lm
= [(T
1
t
1
) (T
2
t
2
)] / ln ((T
1
t
1
) / (T
2
t
2
))
10
HEAT EXCHANGERS
LMTD Derivation Counter flow
Let
LMTD for Counter
flow heat exchanger m
h
Mass flow rate of hot fluid
m
c
Mass flow rate of cold fluid
C
ph
Specific heat of hot fluid
C
pc
Specific heat of cold fluid
pc
p
T
1
Entry temperature of hot fluid
T
2
Exit temperature of hot fluid
t
1
Entry temperature of cold fluid
t
2
Exit temperature of cold fluid
2
U Overall heat transfer co-efficient
Q = UA (T)
lm
where (T)
lm
logarithmic mean temperature difference
(T)
l
= [(T
1
t
2
) (T
2
t
1
)] / ln ((T
1
t
2
) / (T
2
t
1
))
11
(T)
lm
[(T
1
t
2
) (T
2
t
1
)] / ln ((T
1
t
2
) / (T
2
t
1
))