UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

* 8 7 3 0 7 1 9 7 5 2 *

2217/21

GEOGRAPHY
Paper 2

May/June 2011
2 hours 15 minutes

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

Additional Materials:

Ruler
Calculator
Protractor
Plain paper

1:50 000 Survey Map Extract is enclosed with this question paper.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Section A
Answer all questions
Section B
Answer one question.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.
The Insert contains Photograph A for Question 3, Figs 11 and 12 for Question 7, and Figs 14 and 16 and
Tables 5 and 6 for Question 8.
The Survey Map Extract and the Insert are not required by the Examiner.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 28 printed pages, 4 blank pages and 1 Insert.

DC (SM/DJ) 32043/5
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2
Section A

For
Examiners
Use

Answer all questions in this section.

The 1:50 000 map is of Macheke, Zimbabwe.

(a) Study the area of the map shown in Fig. 1.
85

86

87

88

89

90
92

92
A

91

91

B
90

90
E
F

89

89
D

88

88
85

86

87

88

89

90

Fig. 1
(i)

Name the feature at A.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

What type of road is at B?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii)

What height is the spot height at C?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv)

Name the feature at D.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(v)

Name the feature at E.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(vi)

How many peaks are shown for hill feature F?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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(b) Give the six-figure grid reference of the trigonometrical station on the Percyvale Estate,
near the centre of the map.

For
Examiners
Use

...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) (i)

Measure the distance along the road from the bench mark at 708912 to the bench
mark at 727915.
.............................................. metres

(ii)

[1]

What is the difference in height between the two bench marks?

.............................................. metres

(iii)

[1]

What is the average gradient along the road between the two bench marks?
..........................................................
..........................................................
Gradient is 1 : ...................................

[1]

(d) Fig. 2 is a cross section from 780890 to 810890 drawn to scale.

1600

1600

1500

1500

1400

1400

metres

metres

Cultivation

810890

780890

Fig. 2
(i)

Complete the eastern end of the cross-section.

(ii)

Label on Fig. 2:

the position of the Macheke River;

the position of the gravel or earth road.

[1]

[2]

(e) Suggest two reasons for the location of cultivated areas.

1 .......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(f)

Study the area of the map shown on Fig. 3.

72

73

For
Examiners
Use

74

87

87

86

86

85

85
72

73

74

Fig. 3
(i)

Describe the River Nyamakovera in this part of the map.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii)

Draw on Fig. 3 the routes of the gravel or earth roads in this area.

[2]
[Total: 20 marks]

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BLANK PAGE

TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 2

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6
2

Study Fig. 4, which shows population pyramids for three countries.

Age
Age
Kenya
80+
80+
75-79
75-79
70-74
70-74
65-69
65-69
60-64
60-64
Male
Female 55-59
Male
Female
55-59
50-54
50-54
45-49
45-49
40-44
40-44
35-39
35-39
30-34
30-34
25-29
25-29
20-24
20-24
15-19
15-19
10-14
10-14
5-9
5-9
0-4
0-4
6 4 2 0 2 4 6
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
percent of population
percent of population
Germany

For
Examiners
Use

USA

Male

Female

6 4 2 0 2 4 6
percent of population

Fig. 4
(a) (i)
(ii)

Complete Fig. 4 to show that USA has 2% males aged 5559.

[1]

In Germany, what percentage of the population are males aged 3539?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii)

Which country, shown in Fig. 4, has the shortest life expectancy?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Describe two differences between the pyramids for Kenya and USA.
1 .......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(c) Study Fig. 5, which shows the Demographic Transition Model.
1
2
3
High stationary Early expanding Late expanding

Stage

5?
Declining?

Birth rate

40
Birth
and
death
rates
(per 1000
people
per year)

4
Low stationary

For
Examiners
Use

Death rate
30
Natural
increase

20
10

Natural
decrease

Total
population

Fig. 5
Suggest which stage of the Demographic Transition Model applies to each of the
countries shown on Fig. 4. Give a reason for each answer.
Germany Stage ....................................
Reason ............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Kenya Stage .........................................
Reason ............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
USA Stage ............................................
Reason ............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 8 marks]

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8
3

Study Photograph A (Insert), of a campground on the shores of Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe.

For
Examiners
Use

(a) Suggest evidence for human activity in the area of the photograph.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) (i)

During which season was the photograph taken?

Circle the correct answer.
Dry season

(ii)

Hot season

Wet season

[1]

Give two pieces of evidence to support your choice of season.

1 ...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

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(c) Fig. 6 shows the climate of the area in Photograph A.

For
Examiners
Use

10

rainfall (mm)

400

temperature (C)

20

300
200
100
0

J
J
months

Fig. 6
(i)

Complete Fig. 6 to show a temperature of 6 C in July.

(ii)

In which two months is Photograph A most likely to have been taken?

Circle two answers.
February

May

July

[1]

September

[2]
[Total: 8 marks]

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4

Study Fig. 7, which shows volcanic activity in and around Italy.

For
Examiners
Use

Key
City
Active Volcano
Larderello
729
Vulcini
2115

Dormant Volcano
with years since
last eruption

Adriatic
Sea

ROME
Monte Nuovo
473
Vesuvius
Ischia
709

NAPLES

Tyrrhenian
Sea 1282
Mediterranean Sea

TUNISIA

Lipari
Vulcanello
500

Ionian
Sea

Stromboli
Vulcano
121

Sicily Etna
Isola
Fernandes
180
Pantelleria
120

MALTA

100 200
km

Fig. 7
(a) Describe the location of volcanic activity shown on the map.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) (i)

Which volcano has been dormant for the longest period of time?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

Which two dormant volcanoes have their last eruption only one year apart?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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(c) Three of the volcanoes shown on Fig. 7 are active. Using map evidence, for eruptions of
equal magnitude:
(i)

For
Examiners
Use

Which would cause the most disruption to human activity? Give a reason for your
answer.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

Which would cause the least disruption to human activity? Give a reason for your
answer.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8 marks]

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5

Fig. 8 shows energy consumption in Australia and Vietnam.

Australia

For
Examiners
Use

Vietnam

Key
Transport
Industrial
Residential
Commercial and Public Services
Agriculture
Other Consumption
Fig. 8
(a) (i)

Complete Fig. 8 using the data for Australia given in Table 1.

[2]

Table 1

(ii)

Commercial and public services

7%

Agriculture

2%

Other

4%

What percentage of energy consumption is used in the residential sector in

Vietnam?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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(b) Compare the three largest sectors in the two countries.
..........................................................................................................................................

For
Examiners
Use

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Study Table 2.
Table 2
Central Australia

Vietnam

Temperature

Hot

Hot

Rainfall

Low

High

Scrub

Forest

Flat

Hills and valleys

Natural vegetation
Landscape

Using the information in Table 2, give two reasons why Vietnam is more suitable for a
hydroelectric scheme than Central Australia.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8 marks]

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14
6

Study Fig. 9, a sketch map of the location of a car factory.

For
Examiners
Use

Housing
areas

Ri

ve
r

Tr
ib
ut
ar

Housing areas

er
riv

y
wa
r
o

ot

Car
factory

CBD

Reservoir

Export
dock
Housing
areas
Oil
refinery

Harbour
Imports of
components

0.5
km

Key
Wooded hills

Fig. 9

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Fishing
village

15
(a) (i)

Using the headings given, suggest why this is a good location for a car factory.
Physical factors ........................................................................................................

For
Examiners
Use

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Human / economic factors .........................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]
(ii)

Using Fig. 9, suggest a possible source of energy for the car factory.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Traditional employment in the area is in primary industry. Name a primary industry
indicated by Fig. 9.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(c) Study Fig. 10, which shows sales of cars from the factory.
YEAR

For
Examiners
Use

SALES

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
= 100 000 cars
Fig. 10
(i)

Complete Fig. 10 to show sales of 400 000 cars in year 9.

(ii)

What was the increase in car production from year 1 to year 4?

[1]

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8 marks]

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BLANK PAGE

TURN OVER FOR SECTION B

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Section B
Answer one question in this section.
7

Students heard that waste water from a factory was polluting the local river. They decided
to do some fieldwork to see if this was true. However, before they started their investigation
their teacher warned them about the possible dangers of doing fieldwork in a polluted river.
She also suggested some precautions they might take to protect themselves.
(a) (i)

Suggest two dangers which their teacher may have warned them about and
suggest how they might protect themselves whilst working in a polluted river.
Danger 1 ..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Protection .................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Danger 2 ..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Protection .................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]

(ii)

Give two ways that the students would be able to check if the river was polluted
before they began their fieldwork.
1 ...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The students agreed on two hypotheses to investigate.

Hypothesis 1: The river is most polluted near to the factory and the level of
pollution decreases downstream.
Hypothesis 2: Animal life in the river is affected by water pollution.
To measure the level of water pollution the students did some research in the local
library. They found some secondary data which showed the results of a study into the
levels of dissolved oxygen and ammonia in the river. The results of the study included
the following:

Oxygen is essential for animals to live in rivers. Polluted rivers have low
dissolved oxygen levels.
Ammonia is a chemical which pollutes water.

A summary of the secondary data is shown in Fig. 11 (Insert).

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Examiners
Use

19
(i)

Having studied the secondary data shown in Fig. 11 the students agreed with
Hypothesis 1: The river is most polluted near to the factory and the level of
pollution decreases downstream.

For
Examiners
Use

What evidence on Fig. 11 supports their conclusion?

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii)

Suggest why the level of pollution changes downstream from the factory.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) To investigate Hypothesis 2: Animal life in the river is affected by water pollution
the students carried out the investigation described in Fig. 12 (Insert). They did the
investigation at five sites along the river; these are shown in Fig. 11.
(i)

Why did the students disturb the river bed when carrying out the investigation?
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

Should the students have put the net upstream or downstream of the kick-sampling
site? Explain your decision.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii)

Why did the students need to identify the animals found while sampling at each site?
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv)

Why did the students do three tests at each site?

..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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(d) Table 3, below, shows the results of the students fieldwork.
The results are recorded using a tally method.

For
Examiners
Use

Table 3
Fieldwork results
Unpolluted

Quality of water

Very polluted

Animal
Rat-tailed
Stonefly Mayfly Caddis fly Shrimp Water louse Leech
Bloodworm
species
maggot
Biotic
score

10

Site 1

ll

ll

ll

Site 3

55/7 = 7.9

ll

ll

13/5 = 2.6

ll

ll

19/6 = 3.2

Site 4

ll

Site 5

ll

ll

ll

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Site 2

(i)

Average
Biotic
Index score
at the site

46/7 = 6.6

Calculate the average Biotic Index score for site 4. Put your answer into Table 3.
Show your calculation in the space below.
[2]

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21
(ii)

Plot the average Biotic Index score for sites 4 and 5 on Fig. 13 below. Site 4 is
10.5 km downstream and site 5 is 14 km downstream.
[2]

For
Examiners
Use

How Biotic Index changes downstream

9
8

Site 1

Biotic index

6
5
4
Site 3
3

Site 2

2
1
0
0

6
7
8
9
10
distance downstream (km)

11

12

13

14

15

16

waste water
pipe
Fig. 13
(iii)

How does the average Biotic Index score change downstream? Support your
answer with evidence from Fig. 13.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]

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(iv)

The students reached a conclusion that Hypothesis 2: Animal life in the river is
affected by water pollution is true. Give two pieces of evidence from Table 3 to
support this conclusion.
1 ...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) Describe two other ways in which a river may be polluted, other than by waste water
from a factory.
1 .......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(f)

Suggest one hypothesis that students might investigate through fieldwork in a river
which is not polluted. Describe how they would test their hypothesis.
Hypothesis: ......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
How they would test it: .....................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 30 marks]

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Examiners
Use

23
8

Students who lived in Thailand were interested in the development of tourism at Chiang Mai,
a city in the north of the country. They decided to investigate why tourists came to Chiang
Mai and what impact tourism had on people who lived in the city. Their two hypotheses were:

For
Examiners
Use

Hypothesis 1: Physical attractions brought more tourists to Chiang Mai than human
attractions.
Hypothesis 2: Tourism has a positive rather than negative impact on people who live
in Chiang Mai.
(a) The students decided to use the questionnaire, shown in Fig. 14, (Insert), to investigate
Hypothesis 1.
(i)

When they showed their questionnaire to the teacher she suggested that they
should start the questionnaire by asking:
Are you a tourist in this city?
Why do you think the teacher made this suggestion?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii)

Suggest why the students included some physical and human attractions from
which tourists could choose.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

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(iii)

The answers to Question 1 (Which continent do you come from? ) are shown in
Table 4 below.
Table 4
Answers to Question 1
Continent

Number of tourists

Asia

26

Africa

Europe

14

Oceania

North America

12

South America

Total

70

What conclusions can you make from Table 4 about the origin of tourists visiting
Thailand?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iv)

The answers to Question 2 (What are the main physical attractions you are visiting
whilst in Chiang Mai? ) and Question 3 (What are the main human attractions you
are visiting whilst in Chiang Mai? ) are shown in Table 5 (Insert).
Use this data to complete the bar graphs in Fig. 15 on page 25 (opposite). Draw the
bars to show the number of visits made to the Botanical Gardens and the Buddhist
temples.
[2]

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Examiners
Use

25
Tourist attractions

For
Examiners
Use

Physical attractions
60
55
50

Number of visits made

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Mae Klang
Doi
waterfall Inthanon
Mountain

Fang Hot
Springs

Botanical
Gardens

Elephant Orchid and Ob Luang

camp
Butterfly
Gorge
farms

Attractions

Human attractions
50
45

Number of visits made

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Hill tribe
villages

National
museum

Shopping Buddhist Bhubing Muang Kung Royal

at the
temples
Palace Earthenware pagodas
village
night bazaar
Attractions

Fig. 15
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(v)

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In the space below draw and label a different type of graph that could be used to
show the answers from Question 4 (Overall which attracted you most to Chiang
Mai? ) which are also shown in Table 5 (Insert).
[3]

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For
Examiners
Use

27
(vi)

The students reached the conclusion that Hypothesis 1: Physical attractions

brought more tourists to Chiang Mai than human attractions was false. Do you
agree with them? Support your decision with evidence from Table 5 (Insert).

For
Examiners
Use

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) The students used a different questionnaire to investigate the impact of tourism on
people who lived in Chiang Mai. The questionnaire is shown in Fig. 16 (Insert).
(i)

The students used a systematic sampling technique to obtain answers to their

questionnaire. Suggest how they might have done this.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

Do you think that it was a good idea to ask people for their first and second choices?
Explain your decision.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

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(c) The answers to Question 2 (What do you think are the main positive impacts of tourism
in Chiang Mai? ) and Question 3 (What do you think are the main negative impacts of
tourism in Chiang Mai? ) are shown in Table 6 (Insert).
The students devised this simple formula to work out which impacts were most
important.

Positive impact:

More jobs and income

1st choice

27 2 = 54

2nd choice

15 1 = 15

Total score

(i)

69

Use this formula to work out the total score for air pollution.

Negative impact:

Air Pollution

1st choice
2nd choice
Total score

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[2]

For
Examiners
Use

29
Using the results calculated by their formula the students drew the graphs, Figs 17A
and 17B, below.

For
Examiners
Use

Positive impacts of tourism

More jobs and income

Improved standard of living
More modern services
Cleaner environment
Improved infrastructure
Reduction in crime
Greater range of goods in shops
Local people have greater global awareness
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Total score
Fig. 17A
Negative impacts of tourism

Noise pollution
Air pollution
Traffic congestion
Increase in crime
Decline of traditional culture and way of life
Increase in litter
Increase in cost of living
Destruction of natural environment
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Total score
Fig. 17B
(ii)
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Plot on Fig. 17B the result of your calculation for air pollution in (c)(i).
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[1]
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30
(iii)

What conclusion can you make about Hypothesis 2: Tourism has a positive rather
than negative impact on people who live in Chiang Mai ? Support your decision with
evidence from Table 6 (Insert) and Figs 17A and 17B.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]

(iv)

Local people identified air pollution and traffic congestion as the main negative
impacts of tourism. Why do you think they identified these?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) Describe how the students could carry out fieldwork to investigate the impact of traffic
congestion.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 30 marks]

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Examiners
Use

31
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BLANK PAGE

Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 2 Fig. 4
Question 2 Fig. 5
Question 3 Photograph A
Question 7 Fig. 12 Photograph

http://www.uni.edu/gai/India/India_Lesson_Plans/India_Population_Pyramids_files/im; 10 October 2009.

http://www.geographyalltheway.com/igcse_geography/population_settlement/population; 14 October 2009.
James Harper UCLES.
Wideworld GCSE Geography Review; Vol. 13.3 ; Philip Allen; February 2002.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

UCLES 2011

2217/21/M/J/11