RESULT

First Method : Titration of unknown acid with

VOLUME
( mL)
TITRATION 1
( pH )
TITRATION 2
( pH )
0 3.70 3.76
1 3.82 3.85
2 3.95 3.99
3 4.08 4.11
4 4.20 4.22
5 4.36 4.33
6 4.43 4.41
7 4.50 4.49
8 4.59 4.58
9 4.62 4.66
10 4.71 4.73
11 4.80 4.82
12 4.91 4.90
13 5.02 4.99
14 5.13 5.09
15 5.26 5.20
16 5.37 5.33
17 5.45 5.47
18 5.63 5.65
19 5.87 5.94
20 6.65 6.63
21 10.37 10.31
22 10.85 10.90
23 11.08 11.09













0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 5 10 15 20 25
p
H

v
a
l
u
e

Volume of NaOH solution (mL)
Titration 1
Titration 1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 5 10 15 20 25
p
H

v
a
l
u
e

Volume of NaOH solution (mL)
Titration 2
Titration 2
Second Method : Half volume method

Sample 1 Smple 2
Volume of unknown acid(mL) 5.0 5.0
Volume of acid + distilled
water(mL)
30.0 30.0
Volume of NaOHadded(mL) 10.5 9.5
pH of combined solution 4.98 4.97
Ka of unknown acid 1.04710
-5
1.07210
-6

pKA of unknown acid 4.98 4.97


For the weak acid reaction
HA (aq) H
+
(aq) + A
-
(aq)
the equilibrium constant K
a
is
K
a
= [H
+
][A
-
]/[HA]
At the half-equivalence point:
[HA] = [A
-
]
Thus in the equation K
a
= [H
+
][A
-
]/[HA], [A
-
]/[HA] = 1
and at this particular point, K
a
= [H
+
]
and pKa = pH






Sample 1.
The pH recorded when the two solution combine was 4.98
pH = -log [H
+
]
4.98 = -log [H
+
]
[H
+
] = 10
-4.98
[H
+
] = 1.04710
-5

Since H
+
was equal to Ka , then the value of pKa can be determine.
Ka = [H
+
]
pKa = -log Ka
= -log (1.04710
-5
)
pKa = 4.98
Sample 2
The pH recorded when the two solution combine was 4.97
pH = -log [H
+
]
4.97 = -log [H
+
]
[H
+
] = 10
-4.97
[H
+
] = 1.07210
-5

Since H
+
was equal to Ka , then the value of pKa can be determine.
Ka = [H
+
]
pKa = -log Ka
= -log (1.07210
-5
)
pKa = 4.97
Thus;
Average pKa
[

]
Calculation of Error = |1.8 x 10
-5
- 1.06 x 10
-5
| X 100 = 25.9%
2.86 x 10
-5

CALCULATION
First method : Titration of unknown acid with the
1. value for each titration

TITRATION 1 TITRATION 2

( )

( )

2. Average value of

) (

3. The identification of the unknown acid and calculation error

Based on the average

calculated, which is

, it is closest to the

of
which is

DISCUSSION
In this experiment, we have to determine the acid ionization constant,

value of an
unknown weak acid that was given. Two methods can be used to determine the acid
ionization constant,

which is titration with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide and

second method is by measuring the initial pH of the unknown weak acid. The equation used
to calculate

is .
Although the calculation errors are quite large, the experiment was successfully completed
and the objective was achieved. For the first method, the pH is recorded for every 1.0mL of
NaOH titration with strong base and data is tabulated .Two different graphs for each titration
were obtained. The titration curve of the graphs showed that the titration was done between a
weak acid and strong base thus we have obtained the correct graph for this experiment. The
volume of at equivalence point for titration 1 and titration 2 are 20.5 mL and 20.8 mL
respectively obtained from each graph.
The original acid has been converted into hydroniums ions at the equivalence point.
Next, half of the solution must have been converted to hydronium ions exactly at the
point halfway to the equivalence point. Therefore, the concentrations of two species in
solution are equal. Thus, from the half-equivalence point obtained from the graph, the

can
be calculated as

. The half-equivalence point for titration 1 and titration 2 are 10.25

mL and 10.4 mL and corresponding pH value for each titration are 4.8 and 5 respectively.
The

values obtained are

and

for titration 1 and titration 2

respectively. The average value of

is

and the value is close to the

of acetic
acid that is

with error of % compared to our result. Therefore, we can

conclude that the unknown acid is Acetic Acid.





For the second experiment, we measured pH using the probe from the pH meter for
the same unknown acid for two different beakers. The pH that we obtained for Solution 1 and
Solution 2 are 4.98 and 4.97 respectively. From this pH value, we can conclude that the
concentrations of hydronium ions that we calculated are

and

respectively for Solution 1 and Solution 2. The

of each solution is calculated by

using equation pH=pKa . The

values obtained for each solution are and

respectively for Solution 1 and Solution 2. The average

value is . Based on the

average value of

, we can determine the unknown acid as Acetic Acid solution because it

is closest to the

value of solution which is with the error of 25.9%

compared to our results.
As for result, we identified the unknown acid as Acetic Acid for both two methods.
The percentage error for first method is lower than second method. This experiment shows
that the titration between weak acid and strong bases is much more accurate compared to the
second method by measuring the initial pH to calculate

. As for the second method, the

measurement of free

ions from the acid using pH meter is affected as it has an ionic

interference of the ions that present in the solution. Therefore, it will reducing the
concentration. For titration with strong base, the ions are all already neutralised due to the
addition of strong base . The pH is not necessarily equal to 7 this experiment when at
the equivalence point.



CONCLUSION

There are two methods used in this experiment which are titration of unknown acid with
NaOH and by measuring the initial pH of the unknown acid. From the first method, the
average Ka of the unknown acid that we get is

. However, from the second

method, the average Ka of the unknown acid that we get is

. Theoretically, the
Ka value of the acetic acid is

. .The percentage error that we get for the first

method is 16.1% while the percentage error for the second method is 25.9%. Referring to the
theoretical value of acetic acid and the percentage error from both methods, we can say that
the first method is more accurate because the result from the first method is more closer to
the theoretical value and has less percentage error compare to the second method which is a
little bit far from the theoretical value and has more percentage error


RECOMMENDATION
While doing the experiment there are a few recommendations and precautions that have to be
considered in order to get an accurate value and readings of data. First of all, ensure that there
are no other substances in the beaker. next, measure the volume using the right apparatus
such as volumetric flask because the degree of accuracy is high. Thus, it is more preferable to
be used. Thirdly, make sure that the substances that we use is fully dissolve by using
magnetic stirrer because it would affect the pH reading. Then, plot the graph using small
scale as the result will be more accurate. Lastly, the reading of the volume NaOH used must
be taken correctly by make sure the eyes is perpendicular to the meniscus of the NaOH in the
burette.






APPENDIX
Name Formula K
a
pK
a

acetic HC
2
H
3
O
2
1.8 x 10
-5
4.7
ascorbic (I) H
2
C
6
H
6
O
6
7.9 x 10
-5
4.1
ascorbic (II) HC
6
H
6
O
6
-
1.6 x 10
-12
11.8
benzoic HC
7
H
5
O
2
6.4 x 10
-5
4.2
boric (I) H
3
BO
3
5.4 x 10
-10
9.3
boric (II) H
2
BO
3
-
1.8 x 10
-13
12.7
boric (III) HBO
3
2-
1.6 x 10
-14
13.8
carbonic (I) H
2
CO
3
4.5 x 10
-7
6.3
carbonic (II) HCO
3
-
4.7 x 10
-11
10.3
citric (I) H
3
C
6
H
5
O
7
3.2 x 10
-7
6.5
citric (II) H
2
C
6
H
5
O
7
-
1.7 x 10
5
4.8
citric (III) HC
6
H
5
O
7
2-
4.1 x 10
-7
6.4
formic HCHO
2
1.8 x 10
-4
3.7
hydrazidic HN
3
1.9 x 10
-5
4.7
hydrocyanic HCN 6.2 x 10
-10
9.2
hydrofluoric HF 6.3 x 10
-4
3.2
hydrogen peroxide H
2
O
2
2.4 x 10
-12
11.6
hydrogen sulfate ion HSO
4
-
1.2 x 10
-2
1.9
hypochlorous HOCl 3.5 x 10
-8
7.5
lactic HC
3
H
5
O
3
8.3 x 10
-4
3.1
nitrous HNO
2
4.0 x 10
-4
3.4
oxalic (I) H
2
C
2
O
4
5.8 x 10
-2
1.2
oxalic (II) HC
2
O
4
-
6.5 x 10
-5
4.2
phenol HOC
6
H
5
1.6 x 10
-10
9.8
propanic HC
3
H
5
O
2
1.3 x 10
-5
4.9
sulfurous (I) H
2
SO
3
1.4 x 10
-2
1.85
sulfurous (II) HSO
3
-
6.3 x 10
-8
7.2
uric HC
5
H
3
N
4
O
3
1.3 x 10
-4
3.9


First Method: Titration of unknown acid with
TITRATION 1 TITRATION 2
Volume of
used (mL)
pH Volume of
used (mL)
pH
0.0 2.876 0.0 2.890
1.0 3.439 1.0 3.522
2.0 3.819 2.0 3.869
3.0 4.057 3.0 4.122
4.0 4.253 4.0 4.326
5.0 4.458 5.0 4.486
6.0 4.625 6.0 4.707
7.0 4.840 7.0 4.902
8.0 5.065 8.0 5.164
9.0 5.459 9.0 5.508
10.5 10.959 10.0 11.019
11.5 11.620 11.0 11.589
12.5 11.797 12.0 11.784

Second method: Measuring initial pH of the unknown acid
The pH value of unknown acid
Solution 1 Solution 2
3.38 3.44