CIRCUIT MODELLING IN PSCAD

ATP-EMTP is used to simulate the various fault conditions .The simulation of various fault
by using the proposed circuit breaker model is shown in the below Figs. There is usually a
cable connected between the GCB and the step up transformer, hence the simulation circuit
comprises a generator as source, a GCB, a cable, step-up transformer,a HVCB,a voltage grid
and the faults initiated at different locations.


The circuit shown here is the Single Line Diagram(SLD) of the power plant.
The various parameters of the equipments are given below .

The Generator used here has the output power of 300MW,20KV line-line rms voltage, and
current of 10.18kA with a frequency of 50Hz.
Then Generator Circuit Breaker(GCB) is connected in the circuit. A constant resistance
with a value of 1 is used for modeling the closed circuit breaker and constant resistance of
1 M is used for the open circuit breaker model after successful arc extinguishing.

Then the IPBD(isolated phase bus duct) having the rating as 12000A is continuous current
rating and 90000A as the fault current rating. To this IPBD,the main bus is connected as
shown from where the power is transferred to the various loads.
The Step-up transformer of 355MVA,420kv/20kv,50hz with Pr-gnd capacitance, Pr-Sr
capacitance, Sr-gnd capacitance is shown. These capacitances are taken for a 355MVA
transformer by referring the hand book.
The voltage grid at shown at the right side of the circuit is an equivalent circuit of a grid
having line-line rms voltage of 400kv, and the R-L circuit having the X/R ratio as 20.
Ia- The Ammeter carrying the generated current.
Ea-The voltmeter connected across the contacts of a GCB.
Ea4 & Ea6 -The voltmeters connected on the either side of the contacts of a GCB.
Ia1- The Ammeter carrying the current flowing in the Primary winding of the Step-up
transformer.
Ea1- The voltmeters connected on the Primary side of the Step-up transformer.
Ia2- The Ammeter carrying the current flowing in the secondary winding of the Step-up
transformer.
Ea2- The voltmeters connected on the secondary side of the Step-up transformer.

Case Study: A Fault occurring between GCB and IPBD.



The fault is created at 0.1sec and is sustained for sometime. Here the GCB is opened at
0.15sec because of which the High Transients are occurring across the contacts if the GCB as
shown in the graph(ref Ea1 or Ea4-Ea6 Graph). The fault is causing a very high current to
flow in the circuit which is asymmetry in nature. This current can be very high because the
full energy of the power system feeds the fault. These currents are subject to another type of
very demanding condition called Delayed current zeros. This unique characteristic of the
fault current comes from the very high X/R (inductive reactance to resistance) ratio of the
circuit and the operating conditions of the generator, which can combine to produce a DC
component of the fault current exceeding 100%. This means the asymmetrical fault current
peak becomes so high, and its decay so slow, that the first current zero can be delayed for
several cycles. Since circuit breakers rely on current zero crossing in order to interrupt,
generator circuit breakers must be able to withstand longer arcing times and greater electrical,
thermal and mechanical stresses when interrupting this kind of fault
The voltage across the circuit breaker at current interruption of 100 kA short circuit is shown
in Fig. . It is noticed that the reignition is happened at first current zero and the interruption of
short circuit current is happened at the second current zero. After that the TRV oscillates with
high oscillation and the first TRV peak of oscillation reaches the value of about 95 kV.

Case Study: A Fault occurring between Transformer and HVCB.


The fault is created at 0.1sec and is sustained for sometime. Here the GCB is opened at
0.15sec because of which the High Transients are occurring across the contacts if the GCB as
shown in the graph(ref Ea1 or Ea4-Ea6 Graph). The fault is causing a very high current to
flow in the circuit which is asymmetry in nature. These currents are also subject to another
type of very demanding condition called Delayed current zeros, which can combine to
produce a DC component of the fault current exceeding 100%. This means the asymmetrical
fault current peak becomes so high, and its decay so slow, that the first current zero can be
delayed for several cycles. Since circuit breakers rely on current zero crossing in order to
interrupt, generator circuit breakers must be able to withstand longer arcing times and greater
electrical, thermal and mechanical stresses when interrupting this kind of fault.

The voltage across the circuit breaker at current interruption of 40 kA short circuit is shown in
Fig. . It is noticed that the reignition is happened at first current zero and the interruption of
short circuit current is happened at the second current zero. After that the TRV oscillates with
high oscillation and the first TRV peak of oscillation reaches the value of about 75 kV.






































Some of our other results are tabulated and shown below:














A new mitigation technique is introduced to reduce the transient recovery voltage (TRV) and the rate
of rise of re-striking voltage (RRRV) during switching period. The results show that the proposed
technique successfully reduces both the TRV and RRRV.

Case Study: A Fault occurring between GCB and IPBD and the Mitigation using surge
capacitor of 65nf.




It is proposed to use capacitor as a suppressor across the GCB to suppress the TRV.
Fig. shows the circuit with C=65 nF. It is noticed that for the waveform with using the
suppressor, the TRV and the RRRV are 36.7 kV 0.0734kv/microsec. It is also shown
that the high frequency oscillation is damped.

Case Study: A Fault occurring between GCB and IPBD and the Mitigation using surge
capacitor of 130nf.




Fig. shows the circuit with C=130 nF. It is noticed that for the waveform with using
the suppressor, the TRV and the RRRV are 28.12 kV 0.05624microsec. It is also
shown that the high frequency oscillation is much more damped when compared to
the mitigation done with 65nf.

MITIGATION RESULTS
WITHOUT SURGE
CAPACITOR
Time (microsecs) TRV (kv) RRRV
(kv/microsecs)
Voltage across GCB 500 96.44 0.19288
Voltage at LV side
of Xr
500 95 0.19
WITH SURGE
CAPACITOR OF
65nF
Time (microsecs) TRV (kv) RRRV
(kv/microsecs)
Voltage across GCB 500 36.7 0.0734
Voltage at LV side
of Xr
500 35.35 0.0707
WITH SURGE
CAPACITOR OF
130nF
Time (microsecs) TRV (kv) RRRV
(kv/microsecs)
Voltage across GCB 500 28.12 0.05624
Voltage at LV side
of Xr
500 23.6 0.0472






Fig. shows the TRV versus the capacitance value of the proposed C suppressor. It is noticed
that as the value of surge capacitance increases the TRV decreases. The TRV decreases when
the capacitance increases from 40 nF to 300 nF




Fig. shows the RRRV versus the capacitance of the proposed C suppressor. It can be seen that
as the value of capacitance increases the RRRV decreases. When the value of capacitance
increases from 40 nF to 300 nF ,the RRRV decreases.

Thus it is concluded that :-The proposed mitigation technique using C suppressor effectively
reduced both TRV and RRRV. As the capacitance of C suppressor increases, the TRV and
RRRV are decreased.