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Chapter 1 - Base Band Signals
And Systems
Chapter 2 - Analog Modulation
Technique
Chapter 3 - AM Transmitters
Chapter 4 - AM Reception (Part
1)
Chapter 4 - Part 2
Chapter 4 - Part 3
Chapter 5 - FM Transmission
Chapter 6 - FM Reception
Chapter 7 - SSB Transmission
Chapter 8 - SSB Reception
Chapter 9 - Pulse Modulation,
Transmission And Reception
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Chapter 1 - Base Band Signals And Systems

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS



Q1.What is communication in general?

Ans. The transfer of information/message from one place to
another is called communication.
Q2. Write in brief history of communication.

Ans. In earlier days Pigeons were used to send message
(Information, signal) from one place to another. For this purpose
pigeons were trained so that they could travel hundreds of mile to
reach the correct destination. The message was tied round their
neck or fastened in the beak and was flown towards the
destination.

Men were also engaged for this job. They were known as
Harkara, they were collecting dak from one place and carried to
the destination, Later on, they were provided with horse to speed
up the work. See Figure 2.
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In 1830, letter boxes were installed in Britain and as India was
under British rule, many such red painted letter boxes were
installed in the localities in India, where the English people
resided. Such boxes can be seen even today. (See Figure 3)
Weve had postal services of some kind or the other since times
beyond memory. Every ruler employed dak runners to carry
information to and from the outposts of his kingdom to the place.
It was during British rule that postal services were linked to the
police. A regular police force was set up in 1832; and the first
Indian postage stamp was issued in 1840. To start with, post
offices were located in the same buildings as police stations. Then
postal services outstripped the police and had to have large
buildings like General Post Offices to handle mail, telegrams,
money orders, -fixed deposits, etc. Now postal services are on
the decline. People use telephones, courier services, e-mail and
fax. In near future, post offices may become a relic of the past.
Q3.Discuss Base band and Pass band signals.

Ans. (a) The original message/signal generated from an
information source is known as Base band signal. This signal may
be a combination of two or more messages! signals. If a base
band signal is transmitted directly (without modulation). It is
known
as pass band transmission. The base band signal may be analog
as well as digital. The base band transmission is preferred at
low frequencies and short distances.
(b) Pass band signal : The modulated signal is called as Pass
band (or Band pass) signal a Pass band transmission. The
generated frequencies (lower! higher side bands) are called Band
pass frequencies. If a I kHz signal amplitude modulates a 200
KHz carrier, the pass band frequencies generated are 199 KHz
(200-1) to 201 (20011) kz.
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The pass band transmission is preferred at high frequencies and
for long distances.
The T.V. and satellite transmission are examples of pass band
transmission. This transmission may be analog as well as digital.
Q4(a) Define modulation. Give its types.

Ans. (a) Modulation is a process of varying some parameter of a
(carrier) wave in accordance to the modulating
(information/message) signal.
(b) Types of modulations: It is broadly of two types.
1. Continuous wave (CW) modulation: Here the carrier wave is of
continuous nature such as sine wave. The examples of this
modulation are:
(a) Amplitude modulation.
(b) Frequency modulation.
(c) Phase modulation.
2. Pulse modulation: In this the carrier is a pulse. The examples
of this modulation are
(a) Analog pulse modulation: Such as:
1. Pulse amplitude modulation.
2. Pulse time modulation.
(b) Digital pulse modulation: e.g. Pulse code modulation. Q. 4.
(b) What is demodulation?
Ans. The original signal is recovered/detected from the mod,ulted
wave, this process is called demodulation or detection. This is
carried out in the receiver.
Q. 5. Define communication.

Ans. As a general concept, we can say that transfer of informtion
from one place to another is communication.
A significant point about communication is that it involves a
sender (transmitter) and a receiver, Only a receiver can complete
the process of communication. Therefore dual process of
transmitting and receiving or coding and decoding an
information can be called as communication ; thus, this is a two
way process.
Q.6.What are the elements of communication?

Ans. The important elements of communication system are:
1. Message or information
2. Sender, transmitter or coder
3. Receiver or decodef
4. Code
5. Channel (transmission path).
Q. 7. What are the methods of communication?

Ans. The communication may be:
(a) Oral communication: In this type of communication, the
message is sent or transmitted from the sender to the receiver
through spoken words e.g., direct talk or through telephone. The
communication through hints or face expression also come under
this category.
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(d) Written communication : When the message is sent to the
receiver in writing, it is called written communication. e.g.,
communication through letter, FAX etc.
Q. 8. Describe in brief the process of communication.

Ans. The process of communication involves the following steps:
1. Encoding the message : The encoder encodes the message
into suitable words, symbols etc. for transmission.
2. Transmission : After developing the message into suitable
code, it may be transmitted through a proper channel, i.e.
written or oral.
3. Reception : The information is received on the other side by
the receiver.
4. Decoding : The coded message is decoded into the original
form, so that it is easily understood by the person on the receiver
side.
5. Use : The final stage of the communication process is to use
the information for the purpose, it has been transmitted.
Q. 9. What do you mean by Time domain and frequency
domain.

Ans. (a) In time domain representation of a signal, The signal is
a time varying quantity. Time domain specifies the amplitude of
the signal at a particular instant of time.
(b) The Time domain signal can be converted into Frequency
domain by Fourier series.
Q. 10. What are the various errors in communication
systems?

Ans. Errors In Communication System : When a distortion occurs
in the received message, an error is said to have occurred. The
distortion may be a frequency, phase or any other distortion. . .
These are following reasons which produce errors:
1. Band Width : When the band width allowed to a transmission is
not sufficient it causes an error. The band width allowed to the
AM transmission is only 10 kHz but a human ear req3ires a band
width of 15 kHz for full satisfaction. Hence AM. Transmission lacks
fidelity. The bandwidth allowed to F.M. transmission is 200 kHz
and it can reproduce a transmitted signal to our full satisfaction.
2. Noise : The noise is another reason that produce error. The
unwanted sound is called noise. There are many types of noises :
external or internal. The signal to noise ratio can be improved by
changing the band width.
Q. 11. What do you mean by channel?

Ans. Channel refers to a medium over which the transmitted
signal travels. It can be wires, space, coaxial cable or any other
medium. Some unwanted energy known as noise is added to
the signal at the transmitter, receiver as well as at the channel
stage. This is a purely random and cannot be predicted. The noise
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will be received along With signal at the receiver thus, it places
limitations on the transmission system. To reduce the effect of
noise, the signal strength should be kept high otherwise, noise
will completely destroy the signal and the signal shall be
unintelligible.
Q. 12. How will you find capacity of a channel.

Ans. The channel capacity is given by Shannon Hartley theorem
which is equal to
Q. 13. State whether practical information signal is power
signal or energy signal.

Ans. It is power signal.
Q. 14. What is the advantage of using a high frequency
carrier for transmission?

Ans. For transmission h.f. carrier is used so that the signals gains
strength and go to large distance.
Q. 15. Explain relation between SNR and BW.

Ans. Relation between SNR and BW: Noise power is proportional
to 8W. The BW is called noise equivalent BW for a low pass filter.
Note that the ratio of signal power to noise power is called signal
noise ratio (SNR).
Q. 16. What are the frequency range of AM and FM
broadcast bands?

Ans. AM broadcasting-kilohertz.
FM broadcasting-megahertz.



SHORT & LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS



Q. 17. What do you mean by Electronic communication.
Give its structure/ Block diagram.

Ans. (a) Electronic communication : The function of an electronic
communication system is to convey or send a message from one
place to another using electronic equipment. The message may
be an information or a signal. The information or a signal is
obtained from a source, and through a electronic network it is
sent to the receiver.
Various communication systems are employed to transmit A.V.
(audio-video) signals of telephone, radio, T.V. radar, etc.
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(b) Structure of an electronic communication system: A
communication system consists of following parts [Figure 5 (a)
and (b)]
1. Source of Information
2. Transmitter
3. Receiver
1. The information source : The information source is the source
which generates or produce information or signal.
2. Transmitter : Transmitter is the device which transmits the
generated information or signal. It has the following components:
(a) Coding : The transformation of the signal into a suitable form
in which it can be transmitted,
(b) Modulation : To superimpose the signal on an H.F. carrier, so
that the signal can travel long distances.
3. Receiver: It is that which receives the information, e.g. radio
receiver, T.V. receiver, telephone receiver, etc. It consist of:
(a) Decoding: It is the reverse of coding, e.g. to regain the
original form of the signal.
(b) Demodulation : It is the reverse of modulation, i.e. to
separate the original signal from the carrier.
Q. 18. Write a note on B.W. requirement for various
signals.

Ans. By limiting the band width for a signal, more channels can
be accommodated. The band width requirement for a signal
mainly depends upon the modulating signals. The audio signal
occupies a band width upto 15 KHz but when a carrier is
modulated by the audio signal the modulated signal will certainly
need more band width. Here we are giving B.W. of few signals.
(Figure b)
1. The audio signal need B.W. of about 20 Hz to 15 kHz for
transmission.
2. The video signal needs a BW of about 4 MHz, while a fax signal
needs a BW of I kHz only. In T.V. the picture is scanned in 1/30
seconds while a FAX needs 10 minutes to scan a page.
3. For a telephone a B.W. of 300 to 3300 Hz is required.
Q. 19. Write down the types of communication systems
and mediums.

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Ans. Basically, communication systems are of two types:
1. Wire communication, i.e. where communication is done
through wires, e.g.
cable T.V. wire telephony, etc.
2. Wireless or carrier communication i.e. where communication is
done without wires. In this system, a carrier wave is used. In
other words, modulation is carried out, e.g. radio, T.V., radar,
radio, telephony, etc.
A carrier is a high frequency wave which carries the signal, i.e.
the signal is superimposed on the carrier.
i1s of frequency band for different types of communication are
given in Table 1.1.
(b) Transmission Mediums : The various transmission medium
used is various ranges of the electro magnetic spectrum are
shown in Figure 7.
These mediums are twin wire lines, co-axial cables, wave guides
and optical fibre cables. The various communication systems
operating in different ranges of spectrum are : telephone A.M.
and F.M. broadcasting T.V., satellite etc.
The telephone channels need a bandwidth (B.W.) of 3003500
Hz, the medium wave broadcasting needs a B.W. of about 10
kHz, the VFIF stations need a B.W. of about 150 kHz and T.V.
channels need a B.W. of about 8 MHz or so.
Q. 20. Define modulation. Explain need of modulation.

Ans. (a) Modulation: The process of changing some characteristic
(amplitude, frequency phase, etc.) of a carrier by the signal
(audio or video) is called modulation. Modulation means
modification variation or change. We modify the carrier according
to the signal and hence the name. This is an important process of
wireless communication.
(b) Need of modulation: In carrier (wireless) transmission
modulation is necessity.
This is explained below:
(a) The first and the foremost reason is that the original sound
produced by microphone (or video camera in case of video signal)
is very weak and it has a very low frequency. The energy
contained by the signal is proportional to its frequency. Thus due
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to losses in energy, the signal will die after some distance.
Moreover, it cannot travel long distance. Therefore, the low
frequency signal is made to sit on high frequency carrier. Such
an arrangement enables the signal to travel long distances before
it dies out. At the receiver the signal is separated out and the
carrier is grounded. The phenomenon can be illustrated by the
following analogy, Suppose a man travels on foot to deliver a
message. Naturally he will take a long time to reach the
destination; moreover, he cannot travel long distance.
But if the man is provided a horse, the message can reach longer
distance in shorter time. At the destination, the receiver will take
out the message and will leave the horse.
Assume here, the message as a signal, horse as a carrier and the
receiver as the radio or TV receiver. This explains the total
process of radio transmission and reception.
(h) The next reason describes the height of the antenna needed.
The transmitting antenna should have a height equal to the
wavelength. This condition gives best results. We know that
V =f2
where V Velocity of radio waves 3 x 108 m/s.
frequency
2 wavelength
(i) If the frequency of the signal is 20 KHz, the length of the
antenna
V 3X108m/s
I =2= = =15000m=l5km
f 20 x i03
i.e. if the sound produced at mike is to be transmitted as such,
we need an antenna of 15 km height, which is totally impractical.
(ii) If f 1 MHz
3 X l0
now length of the antenna 1 2 = . = 300 m
i.e., if frequency of the signal is raised to 1 MHz, it can be
transmitted through
a 300 m high antenna. This is a practical height. Therefore we
can modulate the signal according to the requirement and need.
In other words, the signal is superimposed on a high frequency
carrier.
(c) The last and the most important reason is that modulation
permits the transmission without wire. We can receiver audio-
video signals from any corner of the world through wireless
communication. We witness a match being played at France,
sitting in our bed room. Imagine the length of wire needed if
wireless communication were not possible.
Q. 21. Explain the term mixing/frequency translation.

Ans. During the processing of signals in communication systems,
it is often necessary to translate or shift the modulated signal to a
new frequency band. The process is called frequency
mixing/translation/conversion or hetrodyning. The device, which
performs this function is called frequency mixer.
For example, in AM radio receivers, the received radio frequency
(RF) is shifted to an intermediate frequency (IF) by mixing the RF
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The RF range is about 1690 kHz and IF is 455 kHz. .The local
oscillator generates a frequency of 2055 kHz (2055 kHz - 1600
kHz 455 kHz). It can be easily understood, that IF which is of a
small range (than RF) can be easily and economically amplified,
filtered and demodulated.
Q. 22. Write down the types of modulation systems.

Ans. Types of modulations : Modulation is an important process
in all wireless (carrier) communications. In this, the signal is
superimposed on a high frequency carrier wave. Some
characteristic (amplitude, frequency, phase etc.) of the carrier
wave is changed in accordance with the instantaneous value of
the signal. A sine wave may be represented
where
e E sin(wt +
e = instantaneous value of modulated wave
Em = maximum amplitude cv = angular velocity
phase relation
Accordingly, modulation is of three types (see the above
equation): V V
1. Amplitude modulation. By changing amplitude of the carrier.
2. Frequency modulation. By changing frequency of the carrier.
3. Phase modulation. By changing phase of the carrier.
However, the complete classification of modulation processes are
given below:
1. Amplitude modulation (AM)
(a) Single side band AM (SSBAM) -
(b) Double side band AM (DSBAM)
(c) Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
In India, for sound, amplitude modulation is used.
2. Frequency modulation (FM)
In India, for television signals, frequency modulation is used.
3. Phase modulation.
4. Pulse modulation (used in telephone and telegraphy) these
may be:
(a) Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
(b) Time division multiplexing (TDM)-used in long play records.
(c) Pulse time modulation (PTM)
(d) Pulse division multiplexing
(e) Pulse code modulation (PCD)
5. Digital modulation (DM) - They may be:
(a) Differential PCM (DPCM)
(h) Adoptive PCM (ADPCM)
(c) Data modulation (DM)
(d) Adoptive data modulation (ADM)
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6. Multiplexing
Note: 1. The modulation may also be:
(1) Analog modulation
(ii) Digital modulation.
2. The amplitude modulation is often reffered as linear
modulation. The frequency and phase modulation are known as
non liner, angular orexponential modulation. While there may be
many forms of exponential modulations but only two i.e.,
frequency and phase modulations are practical. In particular, both
linear as well as non linear modulations are continuous wave
(CW) type modulations.
Q. 23. What do you mean by multiplexing?

Ans. (a) Multiplexing is a technique in which several signals are
combined into a composite signal for transmission over a
common channels.
(Ii) Types : Multiplexing is of two types.
1. Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) : The signals are
separately modulated and transmitted. Any type of modulation
cart he used, however
SSB (Single Side Band) modulation is most widely used. At the
receiver the signals are separated by Band pass filters and then
demodulated. The FDM is used in telephony, telemetry and TV
communications. The FDM suffers from the problem of cross
talk.
2. Time division multiplexing (TDM) : In this, complete channel
width is allotted to one user for a fixed time slot. This technique
is suitable for digital signals as these signals are transmitted
intermittently and the time between two successive signals can
be utilized for other signals. The TDM suffers from inter symbol
interference (I.S.I).
Q. 24. Explain in brief Radio broadcasting, Transmission
and Reception.

Ans. Radio (wireless) Broadcasting, transmission and Reception :
The process of sending radio T.V. signals by an antenna to
multiple receivers which can simultaneously pick up the signal is
called broadcasting
In simple words to radiate radio wave from a station into space
is broadcasting or, to send signal in all directions (broad) is called
broadcasting.
After the waves are thrown into the space, the transmission start
and all the receivers in the range can simultaneously pick up the
signal. This is called reception. There is a little difference
between broadcasting and transmission. However, the process of
reception is quite different.
Important components of this network are under : See figure 9.
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1. Broadcasting
2. Microphone: At the broadcasting station, the person speaks
before mike. The mike is a transducer and converts sound energy
into electrical energy. The speaker generates a sound of
frequency between 20 Hz and 20 kHz (i.e. audio frequency).
3. Amplifier: The electrical signal obtained from microphone
(mike) is weak and the same is amplified through an amplifier (s)
to the required land.
4. Modulator : Here the modulation of the signal occurs. A local
oscillator generates high frequency waves called carrier waves.
The signal modulates the carries or the signal is superimposed on
the carrier. The resultant waves are called radio waves or
modulated waves.
Transmitting antenna : Through the transmitting antenna, the
radio waves are propagated into the space.
(b) Transmission: After broadcasting, the transmission starts.
These radio waves travel in space at a speed of 3 x 108 rn/s, as
they are like heat and light waves. In other words, they are
electromagnetic waves.
(c) Reception : The picking of these ratio waves by radio (or T.V.)
receiver is called reception. Our radio receiver has the following
important parts:
1. Receiving antenna : The radio waves induced e.m.f. on our
antenna.
2. RF amplifier : The radio waves are of radio frequency (R.F.)
range. The e.m.f. induced is amplified through R.F. amplifier (s).
3. Detector : - Now the original is detected (separated) from the
carrier by the detector circuit. The signal starts its forward
journey while the carriers are grounded.
4. A.F. amplifier : The signal is now passed through the amplifier.
Note that the signal is of audio frequency range. It should have
sufficient energy to strike the loudspeaker.
5 Loudspeaker : This is the final stage. The electric signal is again
converted into the original sound signal which was produced in
the broadcasting station:
Note:
(i) Here Radio does not mean radio receiver. The radio means
wireless.
(ii) Radio means radiations for wireless transmission. The
principle of radio broadcasting, transmission and reception
described above are same for radio, as well T.V. signals and also
for all such wireless devices.
(iii) Radio is the abbreviated form of radio telegraph or radio
telephone.
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(iv) Broadcasting means to send out in all directions.
(v) (a) AM. radio broadcast band: Its range is 540-1600 kl-Iz.
The stations are a assigned every 10 kHz in the above band.
(b) F.M. radio broadcast band: Its range is 88-108 MHz. The
stations are assigned every 200 Hz in the above band.
(c) T.V. broadcasting band: A T.V. channel is 6 MHi wide to
include picture and sound signals for each broadcast station.
(vi) (a) Analog form of a broadcast signal is a continuous
variation as shown in Figure (a).
(b) Digital form of broadcast signal is shown in Fig. (b).
Q. 25. Write a note on transmission and reception of T.V.
signals.

Ans. The T.V. signal has sound as well as picture; Both are
processed through separate circuits.
When a person speaks in a T.V. station before a T.V. (video)
camra, his sound as well as picture, both are converted into
electric pulses. Note that the camera has an in built
microphone. These electrical Pulses are modulated and
transmitted through the antenna. The signal transmitted is called
the composite video signal, which contains sound as well as
picture; in the form of electrical energy. -
The T.V. receiver picks up this composite video signal (sound +
picture) through.


Problem . Calculate capacity of a standard 4 kHz telephone
channel working in the range of 300 - 3400 Hz with SN ratio
equal to 32 dB.

Sol.
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Problem . A gaussian channel is band limited to 1 MHz. If the
signal to noise
spectral density S/i1 = 10 Hz, calculate channel capacity and
max. information rate



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