Electronics 2

Analog Communication Systems
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Chapter 1 - Base Band Signals
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Chapter 2 - Analog Modulation
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Chapter 3 - AM Transmitters
Chapter 4 - AM Reception (Part
1)
Chapter 4 - Part 2
Chapter 4 - Part 3
Chapter 5 - FM Transmission
Chapter 6 - FM Reception
Chapter 7 - SSB Transmission
Chapter 8 - SSB Reception
Chapter 9 - Pulse Modulation,
Transmission And Reception
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Chapter 8 - SSB Reception

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q. 1. What are SSB receivers. Enlist their qualities.

Ans. The SSB receivers demodulate the SSB signals and
process them. The SSB receivers are not used as broadcast
receivers. They are required to receive signal in crowded
frequency bands such as short wave bands. So, these are
usually made double (or multi) conversion type.
There special qualities are
(i) High reliability
(ii) Simple maintenance
(iii) Ability to demodulate SSB signals
(iv) Supression of adjacent channel signals.
(v) High SN ratio
(vi) In case of Independent side band (ISD) receivers it
should be capable to separate independent side bands.

Q. 2. Enlist demodulators for SSB signals.

Ans. The demodulators used for SSB signals are:
(z) Product modulator
(ii) Balanced modulator

Q. 3. Mention the types of SSB receivers.

Ans. (a) The SSB receivers are of the following types:
1. Pilot carrier receiver
2. Supressed carrier receiver.
(b) They may also be of the following types:
1. Coherent receivers
2. Non Coherent receivers

Q. 4. Explain principle of Pilot carrier SSB
demodulator/receiver.
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Ans. In Pilot carrier SSB modulator, a pilot carrier is used
at the receiver to synchronize the local oscillator used for
demodulator to the original carrier, this improves operation
of the demodulator.

At the receiver 3 MHz signal is picked up, amplified and
converted to I:F. at 100 5 kHz, producing pilot carrier as
100 kHz and upper side band (USB) in the range of 100 -
104 kHz. The output of receiver is passed through USB filter
and then to the product demodulator. A phase lock
oscillator produces 100 kHz carrier for the demodulator. A
final low pass filter (LPF) removes the sum component of the
demodulator, leaving 0 to 4 kHz AF signal.

SHORT & LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q. 5. Describe product demodulator
for demodulation detection of SSB signals.

Ans. The SSB demodulation or detection is different from AM
demodulation. The fig. 2 shows the circuitary of a
product demodulator/detector.
The SSB signal is fed to the base of a bipolar transistor
through a fixed frequency. IF transformer and a crystal
oscillator is connected to the emitter of the transistor. The
frequency of the oscillator is made equal to the carrier
frequency. If upper side band (USB) is fed to the
demodulator, the value of IF will be 203 kHz and the crystal
oscililator frequency will be 200 kHz. The mixing of these two
freq.uencies will result in a number of frequency components
including the difference fr4uency. This is the required AF.

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signal and is selected by using a band pass filter which
rejects all other frequencies. If lower side band (LSB) is fed
to the demodulator the IF will-be of 200 kHz and crystal
oscillator frequency will be of 203 kHz.

Q. 6. Discuss balanced demodulator for demoluition of
SSB.signals Or Discuss a Transreceiver
(modulator/demodulator) for SSB signals.

Ans.This circuit can be used as a modulator at transmitter
side and as a demodulator at the receiver side, and can be
switched on to either side as per requirement, so it is
preferred to a product demodulator. This is used in
Transreceivers. (Transmitter plus receiver) See Fig. 3. When
used as a demodulator, SSB signal is fed at terminals (1, 2,).
The circuit behaves as a non linear resistance giving sum
and difference frequencies. The transformer blocks the RF
frequencies and allows only AF frequencies at terminals
(3, 4).

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When used as a modulator input is given at terminals (5, 6)
from crystal (local) oscillator, which has a frequency of about
200 kHz. The modulated output is obtained across terminal
(1, 2).

Q. 7. (a) What is coherent and non Co-herent
detectioWreception.
(b) Explain Coherent
(Synchronous) detectioWreception of SSB signals.

Ans. (a) In Coherent detection method, we use a local
oscillator (L.O.) at the receiving end. The frequency and
phase of the carrier generated at the local oscillator of the
receiver should be identical (coherent or synchronised) with
the carrier generated at the transmitter, Otherwise, the
detected signal will be distorted; therefore, this method is
called Coherent or synchronous method of detection.
In non coherent detection, the frequency and phase.ofthe
local oscillators on the two sides may not be coherent or
synchronised.
The disadvantage of coherent method is that, it requires an
additional system at the receiver to ensure the
synchronization. This makes the receiver complex and costly.

(b) Coherent detector : The Fig. 4 shows a Coherent SSB
detector. The modulated SSB signal is first multiplied with
the locally generated carrier and then passed through a low
pass filter (LPF). The output is the original modulating signal.

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of a signal, AGC (automatic gain control) disappears, causing
the receiver to operate at its maximum sensitivity. The low
level of the noise at the input of the receiver gets amplified
and which is very much uncomfortable specially in case of
police or ambulance receivers. To solve this problem, a
squelch or mute or Quiet circuit is used in the receiver;
which enables the receivers output to remain cut off unless
the signal is present.

Q 9. What is BFO ?

Ans. BFO (Beat Frequency Oscillator) : The communication
receivers should be able to receiv transmission in morse
code. In order to make dots, dash and spaces in morse code
audiable, we use a BFO. This is a simple hartley type
oscillator which operates at a frequency of I kflz above or
below the last intermediate frequency. When the IF is
present, a whistle is hearid in the loud speaker and dots or
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dashes can be heard. To avoid interference the BFO is
switched off otherwise. The Fig. 6 shows Block diagram of
B.F.O. It gives a very large frequency range with a single dial
rotation.

At the output of the mixer, we get sum and difference off1
and f2. The BFO is usually affected by spurious beat
notes called whistles. These whistles appear, when IF is
obtained.

Q. 10. Write a note on necesity of Automatic
Frequency Control (AFC) in SSB receivers.

Ans. Not all receivers require the automatic frequency
control (AFC) but it is must in SSB receivers whose local
oscillators stability should be exceptionally high so as to
prevent any large frequency variation in the demodulated
signal. An AFC circuit consists of a phase comparator which
varies bias on a varactor diode (or other variable capacitance
device) and changed capacitance is applied across a VFO
(variable frequency oscillator), whose frequency is kept away
automatcally from changing with temparature change etc.

In a double coversion receiver, number of components
(blocks) required are lesser than required in mono
conversion receivers.
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Q. 11. Explain a Pilot carrier SSB receiver

Ans. The SSB receiver is a double conversion type with a
squelch (mute) circuit It also has an AFC system which
provides a good frequency stability. The Local oscillator is
used with a multiplier.

The output of L.F. mixer contains the wanted sideband and
the pilot carrier. The. srde band goes to filter then to product
detector and then to the amplifier. The pilot carrier is filtered
and amplified separately. A phase comparator is also
provided which has two inputs : vne from carrier amplifier
and other from the crystal oscillator. The comparator
compares these two input frequencies, and gives an output,
which will be zero, if the frequencies are equal. This ideal
condition gives very good frequency stability. The output of
the comparator is given to a varactor diode and then to VFO
(Variable Frequency Oscillator) and ben to the H.F. mixer.

Q. 12. Explain Supressed carrier SSB receiver.
Or
Explain an ISB (Independent side band) receiver.

Ans. The Fig. 9 shows block diagram of a supressed carrier
SSB receiver which is used for ISB (Independant side band)
reception. Its RF amplifier is a wideband amplifier covering a
range of 15 kHz to 30 MHz. The first intermediate frequency
is very high say 35 MHz. A high IF provides much higher
image frequency rejection, which is very important in SSB
receivers. Frequency synthesiser provides a high frequency
stability. Upto low frequency IF stage, this receiver is similar
to an ordinary double conversion type receiver, after this,
difference arises due to the presence of two independent
side.
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bands (ISBs), which are separated after the LF mixer. The
upper ISB is filtered by a bandpass filter and IF is amplified
and after the product detector stage, audio frequency (AF)
output (say channel A) is obtained.
The lower ISB is filtered through a separate band pass filter
amplified and after the product detector stage, AF output
(say channel B) is obained . In this way, both the
independent sidebands are obtained, Note that carrier is
absent.
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