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HVAC&RSystem,2012
2012
FundamentalsofHVAC&RPart2
Presentedby:
Ir Dr.SamC.M.Hui
March1,2012
Joint Comprehensive Certificate Course on HVAC&R System, 2012
Feb-Apr 2012
Dr. Sam C. M. Hui
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Hong Kong
E-mail: cmhui@hku.hk
Fundamentals of HVAC&R Part 2
Contents
Air-side systems
Air duct design
Space air diffusion
Ventilation design
Air-side systems
To better understand HVAC systems, they can
be divided into five subsystems or loops:
Air-side
Chilled water
Refrigeration equipment
Heat rejection
Controls
13
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C 13
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C
12
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C
7
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C 3
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C
38
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C
49
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C
10
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C
35
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C
29
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C
33
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C, 28
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C
7
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C
12
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C
29
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C
35
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C
27
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C
33
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C
25
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C
Control Loop
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Can you describe each component?
Air-side systems
The fluid = AIR
Fluid properties
Air density = 1.204 kg/m
3
Air specific volume = 0.831 m
3
/kg
Specific heat (C
p
) = 1.0 kJ/kg.K
Fluid pressure
Static pressure/head
1 standard atmospheric pressure = 101.325 kPa (1 bar)
Absolute pressure & gauge pressure
It is useful to remember some typical data of air. Velocity profile
What is the difference
between laminar and
turbulent flow?
Air-side systems
Duct pressure changes (c.f. atm pressure)
Static pressure (SP), Pa
Velocity pressure (VP), Pa = V
2
/ 2
Total pressure (TP), Pa = SP + VP
Fan: a pumping device
Fan (total) pressure = pressure difference between
fan inlet and fan discharge
At fan suction/inlet, SP = negative (c.f.
atmospheric); at discharge, SP = positive
Air-side systems
Fans
Fan types
Centrifugal fans: radial, forward curved, air foil
(backward curved), backward inclined, tubular, roof
ventilator
Axial fans: propeller, tube-axial, vane-axial
Arrangement
Motor location, air discharge orientation, drive train
type (direct drive or pulley drive)
Centrifugal: single width single inlet (SWSI), double
width double inlet (DWDI)
Centrifugal and axial fan components
Propeller
Tube-axial
Tube-vane
AXIAL FANS
Can you suggest
where are they
being used?
Tubular centrifugal fan
Centrifugal roof ventilator
Air-side systems
Fan performance
Fan volume flow rate (m
3
/s or l/s), V
f
Fan total pressure p
tf
, fan velocity pressure p
vf
&
fan static pressure p
sf
(Pa)
Fan power & efficiency
Fan power or air power (W) = p
tf
x V
f
Fan power input on the fan shaft (brake horsepower), P
f
Fan total efficiency:
t
= p
tf
x V
f
/ P
f
Combined index of aerodynamic, volumetric & mechanical
efficiencies
Air temp. increase through fan, T
f
= p
tf
/(c
pa
t
)
Typical fan performance curve
Performance
curves for
controllable-
pitch vane-axial
fans
Air-side systems
Fan-duct systems
Flow resistance R, pressure drop p and volume flow
rate V
Duct sections in series:
Duct sections in parallel:
2
V R p
o
n s
R R R R
2 1
n p
R R R R
1 1 1 1
2 1
Air-side systems
Fan Laws
Speed (n)
Volume flow (V)
Total pressure loss (p )
Air density ()
For air systems that are
geometrically &
dynamically similar:
(D = impeller diameter)
Air-side systems
System effect p
ts
Its additional total pressure loss caused by uneven
or non-uniform velocity profile at the fan inlet, or
at duct fittings after fan outlet
Due to the actual inlet and outlet connections as
compared with the total pressure loss of the fan test
unit during laboratory ratings
Inlet Outlet
Inlet swirl
Outlet duct
Inlet
conditions
(Source: Air Movement and Control Association (AMCA))
Simple air-handling unit (AHU)
A typical AHU with unhoused
plug/plenum return fan
Air-side systems
Main components of AHU
Casing
Fans
Coils
Filters
Humidifiers (optional)
Outdoor air intake, mixing & exhaust section
Controls
Water cooling coil
Low efficiency (panel-type) Medium efficiency (bag-type)
HEPA and ULPA filters
Activated carbon filter
Air duct design
Types of air duct
Supply air duct
Return air duct
Outdoor air duct
Exhaust air
Duct sections
Header or main duct (trunk)
Branch duct or runout
Rectangular duct
Round duct w/ spiral seam
Flat oval duct Flexible duct
(Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)
Transverse joint reinforcement
(Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)
Air duct design
Duct specification
Sheet gauge and thickness of duct material
Traverse joints & longitudinal seam
reinforcements
Duct hangers & their spacing
Tapes & adhesive closures
Fire spread and smoke developed
Site-fabricated or factory-fabricated
Air duct design
Frictional losses: Darcey-Weisbach Equation
H
f
= friction head loss, or p
f
= pressure loss
f = friction factor (dimensionless)
L = length of duct or pipe (m)
D = diameter of duct or pipe (m)
v = mean air velocity in duct (m/s)
g = gravitational constant (m/s
2
)
= density of fluid (kg/m
3
)
g
c
= dimensional constant, for SI unit, g
c
= 1
Friction chart for round duct
(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2001)
Air duct design
Circular equivalent
Hydraulic diameter, D
h
= 4 A / P
A = area (mm
2
); P = perimeter (mm)
Rectangular duct:
Flat oval duct:
Air duct design
Dynamic losses
Result from flow disturbances caused by duct-
mounted equipment and fittings
Change airflow paths direction and/or area
Flow separation & eddies/disturbances
In dynamic similarity (same Reynolds number &
geometrically similar duct fittings), dynamic loss
is proportional to their velocity pressure
Region of eddies and
turbulences in a round elbow
5-piece 90
o
round elbow
(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2001)
Rectangular elbow, smooth radius, 2 splitter vanes
Mitered elbow and its secondary flow
(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2001)
Airflow through a
rectangular converging
or diverging wye
(Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)
Abrupt enlargement
Sudden contraction
(Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)
Air duct design
Duct layout
Symmetric layout is easier to balance
Smaller main duct & shorter design path
For VAV systems, duct looping allows feed from
opposite direction
Optimise transporting capacity (balance points often
follow the suns position)
Result in smaller main duct
Compare alternative layouts & reduce fittings
For exposed ducts, appearance & integration with
the structure is important
Typical supply duct system with symmetric layout & looping
(Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)
Air duct design
Duct sizing methods
Equal-friction method with maximum velocity
Duct friction loss per unit length remains constant
Most widely used in normal HVAC applications
Constant-velocity method
Often for exhaust ventilation system
Minimum velocity to carry dust is important
Limit velocity to reduce noise
Air duct design
Duct sizing methods
Static regain method
Normally used with a computer package for high
velocity systems (e.g. in main duct)
Size air duct so that static pressure nearly offset the
pressure loss of succeeding duct section along main duct
T method
Optimising procedure by minimising life-cycle cost
System condensing (into a single imaginary duct)
Fan selection (optimum system pressure loss)
System expansion (back to original duct system)
Concept of static regain method
(Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)
Air duct design
Design information required
Client requirements
Required supply air condition
Type of system supplied
Ambient conditions
Duct material
Duct insulation
Duct system layout
Air duct design
Key design inputs
Design volume flow rate (m
3
/s)
Limiting duct pressure loss (Pa/m)
Limiting flow velocity (m/s)
Design outputs
Schematic of ductwork layout & associated plant
Schedule of duct sizes and lengths, and fittings
Space air diffusion
Objective of space air diffusion
Evenly distribute conditioned & outdoor air to
provide healthy & comfortable indoor environment,
or appropriate environment for process, at
optimum cost
Last process of air conditioning
Take place entirely within conditioned space
Directly affect the occupants, but it is difficult to
trace & quantify
Space air diffusion
Important considerations:
Thermal comfort (temp., humidity, air velocity)
Comfort conditions, local variations
Indoor air quality
Airborne pollutants
Ventilation effects
Noise control
Noise criteria, sound attentuation
Occupied zone: 1.8 m from floor
Occupied
zone
(Source: Rock, B. A. and Zhu, D., 2002. Designers Guide to Ceiling-based Air Diffusion.)
Space air diffusion
Draft & effective draft temperature
Draft: unwanted local cooling of human body
caused by air movement & lower space air temp.
Turbulence intensity, I
tur
=
v
/ v
m
v
= standard deviation of air velocity fluctuation (m/s)
v
m
= mean air velocity (m/s)
Effective draft temperature: combines effects of
uneven space air temp. & air movement
= T
x
T
r
a (v
x
v
rm
)
Thermal Comfort
(Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)
Space air diffusion
Air diffusion performance index (ADPI)
ADPI = (N
x 100) / N
: effective draft temperature
N