World Cities

Urban Places
A study of Urban Dynamics, Megacities and World Cities

Contents
o Introduction
o World cities
o Megacities
Urban Dynamics
Urban Land Use
Suburbanisation
Exurbanisation
Counterurbanisation
Decentralisation
Urban Decay
Urban Renewal
Urban Consolidation
Urban Village
Spatial Exclusion
o Urban Renewal yrmont
E!idence o" Renewa l
Results o" Urban Renewal
Results# Social Structure
Results# Economic C$aracter
Results# Culture o" lace
Results# Sustainability
o Large City Case Study% Sydney
& Ste!en 'ewman ())*+ ()),+ ())-+ ()).+ ()/)
2
Introduction
0$e word URBAN is o"ten used to describe suc$ places as#
URBANISED AREA#
a continuously built up landscape de"ined by buildings and
population densities1
CITY
a nucleated settlement t$at $as many "unctions
2multi"unctional3+ including an establis$ed Central 4usiness
District 2C4D3+ $as residential land use and $as non%
residential land use1
TOWN
0$ese are similar to cities w$ereby it $as a C4D but it is
smaller in si5e and its "unctions are less complex t$an a city1
SUBURB#
0$is re"ers to a secondary area outside a larger UR46' area1
It o"ten $as a specialised "unction suc$ as being a residential+
industrial or a commercial area1
METROPOLITAN AREA:
Re"ers to a large%scale "unctional entity o"ten containing
se!eral di""erent types o" urban areas1
URBANISATION:
0$e process w$ere a country7s population li!ing in urban areas
increases.
3
WORLD CITIES
1.
T!e n"ture# c!"r"cter "nd s$"ti"% distri&ution
o' (or%d cities
1.1
T!e N"ture o' Wor%d Cities
0$e underlying process t$at $as led to t$e de!elopment o" world cities is globalisation1
W!"t is )%o&"%is"tion*
Economic+ political and cultural acti!ities across t$e world $a!e
become interconnected and indi!iduals and nations "ind
t$emsel!es in"luenced "rom a distance1
+LOBALISATION 2To Globalise3 can simply be de"ined as The
process of going to a more interconnected world particularly by
making a single world economy dominated by western capitalist
models1
W!"t is " Wor%d Cit,*
atric8 9eddes w$o coined t$e term World City in /./:#
-A .(or%d cit,/ re'ers to t!ose $%"ces (!ere t!e &u%0 o' t!e (or%d/s 1ost
i1$ort"nt &usiness is conducted2
;owe!er+ t$is de"inition is limited as it does not ta8e into account
globalisation and t$e "act t$at World Cities are connected to eac$ ot$er1
0$ere"ore we can add an extra bit to t$e de"inition abo!e#
-Wor%d Cities "re t!e contro% or co11"nd centres in t!e net(or0 o'
cities "round t!e (or%d2.
0$us t$e de"inition o" a World City is
A .(or%d/ cit, re'ers to t!ose $%"ces (!ere t!e &u%0 o' t!e (or%d/s 1ost
i1$ort"nt &usiness is conducted 1"0in) t!e1 t!e contro% "nd co11"nd
centres o' t!e )%o&"% econo1, 3)%o&"%is"tion4 in t!e net(or0 o' cities
"round t!e (or%d.
4
1.5 T!e C!"r"cter o' Wor%d Cities
Cities in general play an important role in society around it1
W$at ma8es World Cities c$aracteristically di""erent "rom ot$er
cities is t$at t$ey are connected to ot$er cities around t$e world
and t$ey control t$e "low o" money and culture in an e!er growing
globalised world1
0$e 8ey c$aracteristics o" world cities are#
1. T!e, "re 1"6or 7INANCIAL CENTRES
5. T!e, !ouse t!e 8EAD9UARTERS O7 MA:OR +LOBAL
CORPORATION 3TNCs ; MNCs4
<. T!e, "re %oc"tions o' AD=ANCED PRODUCER SER=ICES
>. T!e, "re nodes 'or TELECOMMUNICATIONS
?. T!e, "ct "s nodes 'or TRANSPORTATION
6. T!e, "re t!e %oc"tions o' +%o&"% CULTURAL
SPECTACTULARS.
5
1.5.1M"6or 7in"nci"% Centres
0$e "irst 8ey c$aracteristic o" World Cities is t$at t$ey are ma<or
"inancial centres1 0$is is best demonstrated by#
t$e location o" world7s top ban8s=
t$e !alue o" t$e stoc8 exc$ange located in t$at city
6
"4 Loc"tion o' Wor%d/s To$ B"n0s.
Since World Cities are about regulating t$e "low o" money in t$e global
economy+ it stands to reason t$at ban8s are 8ey in regulating t$is "low1 6s a
result+ leading ban8s are located in World Cities1 0$e table below $ig$lig$ts
t$e cities wit$ t$e most top (: ban8s located in t$em1 >ou s$ould notice t$at
t$e "irst column s$ows generally accepted world cities1
GLOAL A!"#!G $%&'#C% C%!(&%$
P&#M% MA)O& M#!O&
Frankfurt Bangkok Abu Dhabi
Hong Kong Beijing Amsterdam
London Bogota Bare!ona
"i!an Buenos Aires Boston
#e$ %ork &araas Bratis!a'a
(aris )ene'a Brusse!s
*an Faniso Houston Buda+est
*inga+ore ,akarta &airo
-ok.o ,ohannesburg &hiago
/urih Kua!a Lum+ur &o!ombo
Labuan Da!!as
Los Ange!es Dubai
Lu0embourg Dub!in
"adrid 1dinburgh
"anama )!asgo$
"ani!a 2stanbu!
"e0io &it. Lima
"iami Lisbon
"ontrea! L.on
"oso$ "e!bourne
"umbai "onte'ideo
(rague "unih
*ao (au!o #e$ De!hi
*antiago 3saka
*eou! 4io de ,aneiro
*hanghai 4ome
*.dne. -ehran
-ai+ei 5ienna
-oronto
6arsa$
Data
Data for 78 of the to+ 25 banks in the $or!d are
used to define signifiant +resenes9
*tandard &hartered :ranked 7;9 a!! branhes
!isted $ith 5 or more fa0 numbers<
&redit *$isse :2; a!! branhes !isted e0e+t
for *$it=er!and $here t$o or more branhes
re>uired for a it. to be !isted<
?B* :3; a!! branhes !isted e0e+t for
*$it=er!and $here t$o or more branhes
re>uired for a it. to be !isted<
&om+agnie Finaniere de (aribas *a :@; a!!
branhes !isted<
&reditansta!tABank'erein :78; a!! branhes
!isted<
, ( "organ :72; a!! branhes !isted<
Bankers -rust :73; a!! branhes !isted<
#at6est )rou+ :7@; a!! offies of #at6est
"arkets !isted<
Bano Bi!bao 5i=a.a :23; a!! branhes
!isted<
Dresdner Bank )rou+ :24; a!! branhes
!isted.
Definitions
For eah signifiant +resene a it. sores one
+oint.
(rime entres9 ities $ith sores of @ or
more
"ajor entres9 ities $ith sores of 5 to
B
"inor entres9 ities $ith sores of 2 to
4
B
&4 Loc"tion o' To$ Stoc0 E@c!"n)es
Wor%d Cities "%so !ouse t!e 1"6or stoc0 e@c!"n)es. Muc!
o' t!e (or%ds 'in"nci"% '%o(s "re tr"ded t!rou)! stoc0
e@c!"n)es. T!e t"&%e &e%o( s!o(s t!e to$ Stoc0
E@c!"n)es "nd t!e cities t!e, "re %oc"ted in.
T(ent, M"6or Stoc0 E@c!"n)es In T!e Wor%d:
M"r0et C"$it"%iA"tion ; Ye"rBtoBd"te TurnoCer "t t!e end o' Octo&er 5D
R"n0 Cit, Stoc0 E@c!"n)e
Tot"% S!"re
TurnoCer
3tri%%ions o' US
do%%"rs4
M"r0et ="%ue
3tri%%ions o' US
do%%"rs4
/ 'ew >or8 '>SE Euronext (-1,) ()1,)
( 'ew >or8 '6SD6? /(1@) @1A.
A London London Stoc8 Exc$ange .1/@ @1(/
@ 0o8yo 0o8yo Stoc8 Exc$ange :1@: @1*A
: Bran8"urt Bran8"urt Stoc8 Exc$ange 2Deutsc$e 4Crse3 A1*@ (1/(
* S$ang$ai S$ang$ai Stoc8 Exc$ange A1:* A1)(
, Madrid Madrid Stoc8 Exc$ange (1@. /1-A
- Milan Milan Stoc8 Exc$ange 24orsa Italiana3 /1.- /1/A
. S$enn5en S$en5$en Stoc8 Exc$ange /1-* )1,@
/) ;ong Dong ;ong Dong Stoc8 Exc$ange /1,) (1.,
// 4usan Dorea Exc$ange /1** /1(*
/( Stoc8$olm 'ordic Stoc8 Exc$ange 9roup EMF
/
/1*) /1A-
/A Guric$ Swiss Exc$ange /1:- /1AA
/@ 0oronto 0oronto Stoc8 Exc$ange /1A* (1(.
/: Sydney 6ustralian Securities Exc$ange /1)) /1@:
/* Mumbai 'ational Stoc8 Exc$ange o" India )1:* /1@*
/, Moscow Moscow Interban8 Currency Exc$ange )1@. )1.,
/- Sao aulo SHo aulo Stoc8 Exc$ange )1@- /1@)
/. Io$annesburg Io$annesburg Securities Exc$ange )1A: )1.@
() 4ombay 4ombay Stoc8 Exc$ange )1(* /1*/
1.5.5 8ouse Cor$or"te 8e"dEu"rters
6not$er C$aracteristic o" World Cities is t$at t$ey usually $a!e t$e ;?s o"
0ransnational and Multinational corporations+ w$o $a!e been t$e most in"luential
players in t$e world economy1 0$ere"ore+ t$eir presence in a city indicates t$e
importance o" t$at city in t$e world. It is estimated t$at t$ese corporations conduct
o!er ,:J o" t$e business around t$e globe1 0$e Bortune :)) list s$ows w$ere t$e
0op /) ran8ed locations o" 0'CS and M'Cs are $oused1
Cit, R"n0 Cit, Countr, No. o' +%o&"% ?
Co1$"nies
ReCenues 3F 1i%%ions4
/ 0o8yo Iapan @, /+-:-+*)-
( aris Brance (: /+@/.+.AA
A London 4ritain (( /+/-A+,*.
@ 4ei<ing C$ina (/ .@A+,*-
: 'ew >or8 U1S1 () /+/**+@*.
* Seoul Sout$ Dorea /A :,*+./.
, 0oronto Canada . ((.+A)-
- Madrid Spain - A:,+.(,
. Guric$ Swit5erland , A:@+*:,
. Munic$ 9ermany , @::+-(/
. Esa8a Iapan , (*,+(.*
/) ;ouston U1S1 * A@@+)(-
// Mumbai India : /A.+*/:
// 6msterdam 'et$erlands : A(@+.@)
// 6tlanta U1S1 : ()A+A,.
/( DKsseldor" 9ermany @ (,/+A/,
/( Bran8"urt 9ermany @ ((.+.)A
/( Essen 9ermany @ /(:+)A.
/( Rome Italy @ ((A+,(.
/( Moscow Russia @ (((+-/:
/( Stoc8$olm Sweden @ .)+(*@
/( 0aipei 0aiwan @ /(*+@@)
/( Melbourne 6ustralia @ //-+/-*
/( 4russels 4elgium @ A,A+-*(
/( ;ong Dong C$ina @ -,+,*:
1.5.< Loc"tion o' AdC"nced Producer SerCices
World Cities $a!e large corporations "unctioning in t$em+ t$us
t$ey need specialised adanced producer serices to support
t$eir needs1 0$ese 6d!anced roducer Ser!ices are o"ten
businesses t$at $a!e multi%city and multi%country locations1
9lobalisation $as pro!ided opportunities t$at $a!e increased
t$e rise o" specialist corporations ser!icing ot$er globalising
"irms1 0$e main ad!anced producer ser!ices t$at are needed
"or 0'Cs and M'Cs are
o accountancy+
o ad!ertising+
o legal "irms1
Ke. &ities $ith 2nternationa! Aountan.
Firms !oated in them.
+LOBAL ACCOUNTANCY SER=ICE CENTRES
PRIME MA:OR MINOR
6tlanta 6msterdam 6delaide
C$icago 6uc8land 6ntwerp
Dusseldor" 4erlin 6r$us
Bran8"urt 4irming$am 4altimore
London 4oston 4ologna
Los 6ngeles 4risbane Calgary
Milan 4russels Caracas
'ew >or8 Cologne Columbus
aris Copen$agen Detroit
Sydney Dallas Dresden
0o8yo ;amburg Dublin
0oronto ;ong Dong 9ene!a
Was$ington DC ;ouston 9enoa
Ia8arta 9ot$enburg
Io$annesburg ;elsin8i
Lyon Duala Lumpur
Madrid Leeds
Manc$ester Lille
Melbourne Luxembourg
Mexico City Marseille
Montreal Miami
Moscow Minneapolis
Munic$ 'ew Del$i
Esa8a Eslo
$iladelp$ia Santiago
Rome 0urin
Rotterdam Utrec$t
San Brancisco
Sao aulo
Seoul
Singapore
Stoc8$olm
Stuttgart
0aipei
0el 6!i!
0$e ;ague
Vancou!er
Guric$
4ea!erstoc8+ I1V1+ Smit$+ R191+ and1 0aylor+ 1I 2/...3 A Roster
of !orld "ities+ Cities+ /* 2*3+ + @@:%@:-
$ttp#LLwww1lboro1ac1u8LgawcLrbLrb:1$tmlMtA
Data
Aountan. firms ha'e ama!gamated from
eight firms into si0 to tighten their strang!eAho!d
o'er the $or!d market. Data for fi'e of these si0
$as a'ai!ab!e and signifiant +resenes are
defined as fo!!o$s9
Arthur Anderson :ranked 7; A a!! ities
$ith t$o branhes or offies<
1rnst C %oung :2; A a!! ities $ith t$o
banhes or offies are !isted<
K(") (eat "ar$ik :4; A ities $ith
branhes in $hih 28 or more
+rofessiona! ontats<
&oo+ers and L.brand :5; A ities $ith
branhes in $hih 28 or more
+rofessiona! ontats<
(rie 6aterhouse :6; A a!! ities $ith t$o
branhes or offies.
Definitions
&ities sore one for eah signifiant +resene.
(rime entres9 ities $ith a sore of 5
"ajor entres9 ities $ith a sore of 4 or
3
"inor entres9 ities $ith a sore of 3 or
2.
GLOAL AD'%&(#$#!G $%&'#C%
C%!(&%$
P&#M% MA)O& M#!O&
&hiago Amsterdam Auk!and
London Athens Banga!ore
"innea+o!is Bare!ona Bangkok
#e$ %ork Boston Beijing
3saka Brusse!s Bogota
(aris &araas Buharest
*eou! &o+enhagen Buda+est
-ok.o Dusse!dorf Buenos Aires
Frankfurt &a+e -o$n
He!sinki Da!!as
Hong Kong Detroit
2stanbu! Dub!in
Lisbon )ene'a
Los Ange!es Hamburg
"adrid ,akarta
"e!bourne ,ohannesburg
"e0io &it. Kua!a Lum+ur
"i!an Lima
(rague "ani!a
*an Franiso "iami
*antiago "onte'ideo
*ao (au!o "ontrea!
*inga+ore "oso$
*tokho!m "umbai
*.dne. #e$ De!hi
-oronto 3s!o
5ienna 4io de ,aneiro
/urih -ai+ei
-e! A'i'
6arsa$
6e!!ington
Data
:i; List of to+ 58 ad'ertising firmsDgrou+s in the
$or!d b. turno'er

:ii; 3ffies of the fo!!o$ing firmsDgrou+s9

*ignifiant +resene defined b. one offie
reorded9 3C"DE D"BCBE Lo$e Ho$ard
*+inkE )re.E and Abbott "ead 5ikers.
2m+ortant +resene defined b. t$o offies
reorded9 (ub!iisE %oung C 4ubianE and
-"(.
Definitions
(rime entres9 se!eted ities from to+ 58 !ist<
sum of in'erse ranks used :i.e. 7st F 58E et.; to
define !eading @ ities $ith sores 58 and abo'e.
"ajor entres9 remaining ities $ith to+ 58
head>uarters +!us ities in $hih 5E 6 or B of the
s+eifi firmsDgrou+s studied ha'e an im+ortant
+resene in the it..
"inor entres9 ities in $hih 2E 3 or 4 of the
s+eifi firmsDgrou+s studied ha'e an im+ortant
+resene in the it..
GLOAL L%GAL $%&'#C% C%!(&%$
(42"1 "A,34 "2#34
Brusse!s A!mat. Abu Dhabi
&hiago Bangkok Amsterdam
Hong Kong Beijing Athens
London Ber!in At!anta
Los Ange!es Buda+est Bare!ona
"oso$ &!e'e!and Boston
#e$ %ork Da!!as Bogota
(aris Frankfurt Bratis!a'a
*inga+ore )ene'a Bra=i!ia
-ok.o Ho &hi "inh &it. Buenos Aires
6ashington Houston Buharest
Kie' &airo
"adrid &araas
"e0io &it. Dubai
"i!an Dusse!dorf
"innea+o!is )uang=hou
(rague Hamburg
4i.adh Hanoi
4ome 2stanbu!
*an Franiso ,akarta
*ao (au!o Kansas &it.
*eatt!e "adrid
*hanghai "ani!a
*.dne. "e!bourne
-oronto "unih
6arsa$ (hi!ade!+hia
/urih 4ihmond
4io de ,aneiro
*t (etersburg
*antiago
*tokho!m
-ai+ei
-ashkent
-ijiana
Data
:i; ?K and ?*A head>uarters of !a$ firms $ith
foreign branhes.
:ii; Foreign branhes of ?K and ?*A !a$ firms.

Definitions
-his g!oba! +roduer ser'ie is huge!.
dominated b. t$o ountriesE ?*A and ?KE and
therefore there has to be different ru!es for these
t$o ountries and the rest of the $or!d :436;.
(rime ser'ie entres9
436 A ities $ith 26 or more ?*D?K
!a$ branhes
?*D?K A ities housing B or more !a$
firms $ith foreign branhes
"ajor ser'ie entres9
436A ities $ith 5A7B ?*D?K !a$
branhes
?*D?K A ities housing 4 or 5 !a$ firms
$ith foreign branhes
"inor ser'ie entres9
4369 ities $ith at !east 2A4 ?*D?K
!a$ branhes
?*AD?K9 ities housing 2or 3 !a$ firms
$ith foreign branhes
1.5.> Te%eco11unic"tion Nodes
6not$er 8ey c$aracteristic o" World Cities is t$at t$ey are t$e
telecommunication nodes o" t$e world economy1
Impro!ements in telecommunications $as decreased t$e
problem o" distance and $elped in ma8ing economic acti!ities
not as concentrated1 ;owe!er+ ad!anced communications
need expensi!e in"rastructure1 0$e de!elopment o"
specialised telecommunications networ8s suc$ as internet
pro!ision+ mobile p$one+ and wireless internet suc$ as 'ext 9
$a!e been concentrated in World Cities1
R"n0 City
'umber o"
networ8s
/ London AA
( Bran8"urt A(
( 'ew >or8 A(
@ aris (@
@ 6msterdam (@
@ C$icago (@
@ 6tlanta (@
- Los 6ngeles (A
- Dallas (A
- Was$ington (A
// $iladelp$ia (/
/( Stoc8$olm ()
/A Vienna /.
/A 4russels /.
/A 4erlin /.
/A ;amburg /.
/A Seattle /.
/A 'ewar8 /.
/A Detroit /.
/A 4altimore /.
/A Iac8son!ille /.
/A Miami /.
(A Copen$agen /-
(A DKsseldor" /-
(A Madrid /-
(A ;ouston /-
(A San Brancisco /-
(- Minneapolis /,
(- 4oston /,
(- Cle!eland /,
(- Raleig$ /,
A( rague /*
A( Munic$ /*
A( GKric$ /*
A( San Iose /*
A( Sacramento /*
A( San Diego /*
A( Den!er /*
A( Erlando /*
@) Milan /:
@) St1 Louis /:
@) 4u""alo /:
@) 0ampa /:
@) 6lbany /:
@) 6ustin /:
@) C$arlotte /:
@, Lyon /A
@, 4udapest /A
@, Rotterdam /A
@, Eslo /A
@, Warsaw /A
:( ;elsin8i /(
:( Marseille /(
:( Strasbourg /(
:( Stuttgart /(
:( 4ratisla!a /(
:( 4arcelona /(
:( 9ene!a /(
#umber and 4ank of -ota! net$ork
(ro'iders in the ?*A and 1uro+e
R"n0 City
'umber o"
networ8s
/ London AA
( Bran8"urt A(
( 'ew >or8 A(
@ aris (@
@ 6msterdam (@
@ C$icago (@
@ 6tlanta (@
- Los 6ngeles (A
- Dallas (A
- Was$ington (A
// $iladelp$ia (/
/( Stoc8$olm ()
/A Vienna /.
/A 4russels /.
/A 4erlin /.
/A ;amburg /.
/A Seattle /.
/A 'ewar8 /.
/A Detroit /.
/A 4altimore /.
/A Iac8son!ille /.
/A Miami /.
(A Copen$agen /-
(A DKsseldor" /-
(A Madrid /-
(A ;ouston /-
(A San Brancisco /-
(- Minneapolis /,
(- 4oston /,
(- Cle!eland /,
(- Raleig$ /,
A( rague /*
A( Munic$ /*
A( GKric$ /*
A( San Iose /*
A( Sacramento /*
A( San Diego /*
A( Den!er /*
A( Erlando /*
@) Milan /:
@) St1 Louis /:
@) 4u""alo /:
@) 0ampa /:
@) 6lbany /:
@) 6ustin /:
@) C$arlotte /:
@, Lyon /A
@, 4udapest /A
@, Rotterdam /A
@, Eslo /A
@, Warsaw /A
:( ;elsin8i /(
:( Marseille /(
:( Strasbourg /(
:( Stuttgart /(
:( 4ratisla!a /(
:( 4arcelona /(
:( 9ene!a /(
Figure 79 -e!ommuniations -raffi : *oure9 $$$.te!egeogra+h..om;
htt+9DD$$$.te!egeogra+h..omDeeDfreeGresouresDfiguresDinde0.+h+
1.5.? Tr"ns$ort"tion Nodes
Ene "eature o" 9lobalisation is t$e ability o" people to access
many parts o" t$e world e""iciently and Nuic8ly1 0$us+ anot$er 8ey
c$aracteristic o" World Cities is t$at t$ey are o"ten t$e 0ransport
nodes o" tra!el= air tra!el is an excellent indicator1
M"rc! 15 5G
P"ssen)er Tr"''ic 5D PRELIMINARY
L"st u$d"te: M"rc! 15 5G
R"n0 Cit, 3Air$ort4
Tot"%
P"ssen)ers
H C!"n)e
/ ATLANTA# +A 3ATL4 GI <DI 5GD ?.<
( C8ICA+O# IL 3ORD4 DJ 1?I <5> 3 .54
A LONDON# +B 3L8R4 JG JG ??> .G
@ TOKYO# :P 38ND4 JJ JD1 ><? 1.<
: LOS AN+ELES# CA 3LAL4 J1 GI? ?>G 1.>
* PARIS# 7R 3CD+4 ?I I1I <G< ?.>
, DALLASM7T WORT8# TL 3D7W4 ?I DG> GDJ 3 .D4
- 7RANK7URT# DE 37RA4 ?> 1J1 G?J 5.J
. BEI:IN+# CN 3PEK4 ?< D<J I5< I.>
/) MADRID# ES 3MAD4 ?5 155 51> 1>.
// DEN=ER# CO 3DEN4 >I GJ< <GI ?.>
/( NEW YORK# NY 3:7K4 >D G1 J< 15.5
/A AMSTERDAM# NL 3AMS4 >D DI< J5 <.D
/@ LAS =E+AS# N= 3LAS4 >D ?I? 1> <.
/: 8ON+ KON+# CN 38K+4 >J II? D.5
/* 8OUSTON# TL 3IA84 >5 IDG J1D 1.
/, P8OENIL# AN 3P8L4 >5 1ID G 1.G
/- BAN+KOK# T8 3BKK4 >1 51 G1 3 <.D4
/. SIN+APORE# S+ 3SIN4 <J D1 ??J >.G
() ORLANDO# 7L 3MCO4 <J >G >1J ?.<
(/ NEWARK# N: 3EWR4 <J <I1 I11 1.G
(( DETROIT# MI 3DTW4 <J 15J ??? .>
(A SAN 7RANCISCO# CA 3S7O4 <? DI< 11D J.J
(@ TOKYO# :P 3NRT4 <? ?< <? 1.J
(: LONDON# +B 3L+W4 <? 51G <II <.1
(* MINNEAPOLISMST PAUL# MN 3MSP4 <? 1J ?? 3 1.<4
(, DUBAI# AE 3DLB4 <> <>G 11 1I.<
(- MUNIC8# DE 3MUC4 << I?I >55 1.>
(. MIAMI# 7L 3MIA4 << D> >1J <.D
A) C8ARLOTTE# NC 3CLT4 << <G< G15 15.>
6irports participating in t$e 6CI annual tra""ic statistics collection1
0otal assengers# total passengers enplaned and deplaned+ passengers in transit counted once1
Source# 6irports Council International 2())-3 $ttp#LLwww1airports1orgLcdaLaciOcommonLdisplayLmainLaciOcontent),Oc1<spP5nQaciRcpQ/%:%:@%::O***O(OO 2accessed
()L),L())-3
htt+9DD$$$.ai.aeroDaiDaiDfi!eD(ressH284e!easesD288BG(4sD(4G7@8B8BG-3(78.+df
1.5.J Loc"tion o' +%o&"% Cu%tur"% S$ect"cu%"rs
6not$er 8ey c$aracteristic o" World Cities is t$at t$ey are
Cultural centres "or 9lobal Spectaculars1
9lobalisation is as muc$ a cultural p$enomenon as an
economic one1 opular culture+ and especially popular culture
produced in t$e west is one o" t$e most !isible aspects o" t$e
emerging global culture1
9lobal cultural spectacles suc$ as t$e Elympic 9ames and
large arena pop concerts are o"ten occurrences in World
Cities+ t$is is due to t$e in"rastructure in place "or t$e large
amounts o" money and expertise needed to $ost t$ese e!ents1
8ost "nd C"ndid"te Cities 'or t!e Su11er O%,1$ic +"1es
>ear ;ost City+ Country Candidate City+ Country
/.*@ 0o8yo+ Iapan 4russels+ 4elgium= Detroit+ US6
/.*-
Mexico%City+
Mexico
4uenos 6ires+ 6rgentina= Detroit+ US6= Lyon+
Brance
/.,( Munic$+ BDR Detroit+ US6= Madrid+ Spain= Montreal+ Canada
/.,* Montreal+ Canada Los 6ngeles+ US6= Moscow+ USSR
/.-) Moscow+ USSR Los 6ngeles+ US6
/.-@ Los 6ngeles+ US6 Seoul+ St$ Dorea
/.--
Seoul+ Sout$
Dorea
6t$ens+ 9reece= Melbourne+ 6ustralia=
'agoya+ Iapan
/..( 4arcelona+ Spain
6msterdam+ 'et$erlands= 4elgrade+
>ugosla!ia= 4irminga$m+ UD= 4risbane+
6ustralia= aris+ Brance
/..* 6tlanta+ US6
6t$ens+ 9reece= Melbourne+ 6ustralia=
0oronto+ Canada= 4elgrade+ >ugosla!ia=
Manc$ester+ UD
())) Sydney+ 6ustralia 4e<ing+ C$ina
())@ 6t$ens+ 9reece
Rome+ Italy= Cape 0own+ St$ 6"rica=
Stoc8$olm+ Sweden= 4uenos 6ires+ 6rgentina
())- 4ei<ing
Istanbul 20UR3+ Esa8a 2I'3+ aris 2BR63+
0oronto 2C6'3
()/( London
aris 2BR63+ Madrid 2ES3+ Moscow 2RUS3
and 'ew >or8 2US63
U2 Vertigo Tour Destinations and Dates 2005-2006
North America 1
st
Leg
LL(,1)A1()): San Diego+ C6 Sports 6rena
LLA/1)A1()): 6na$eim+ C6 6rrow$ead ond
LL)@1)@1()): Los 6ngeles+ C6 Staples Center
LL)-1)@1()): San Iose+ C6 ; a!ilion
LL/@1)@1()): $oenix+ 6G 9lendale 6rena
LL/.1)@1()): Den!er+ CE epsi Center
LL(@1)@1()): Seattle+ W6 Dey 6rena
LL(,1)@1()): Vancou!er+ 4C 9eneral Motors lace
LL//1):1()): C$icago+ IL United Center
LL/A1):1()): $iladelp$ia+ 6 Wac$o!ia Center
LL/*1):1()): East Rut$er"ord+ 'I Continental 6irlines 6rena
LL()1):1()): 'ew >or8+ '> Madison SNuare 9ardens
LL(/1):1()): $iladelp$ia+ 6 Wac$o!ia Center
LL(A1):1()): 4oston+ M6 Bleet Center
Europe
LL).1)*1()): 4russels+ 4elgium Ding 4audouin Stadium
LL//1)*1()): 9elsen8irc$en+ 9ermany Sc$al8e Stadium
LL/A1)*1()): Manc$ester+ UD City o" Manc$ester Stadium
LL/,1)*1()): London+ UD 0wic8en$am Stadium
LL()1)*1()): 9lasgow+ UD ;ampden ar8
LL(A1)*1()): Dublin+ Ireland Cro8e ar8
LL(-1)*1()): Cardi""+ UD Millenium Stadium
LL)/1),1()): Vienna+ 6ustria Ernst ;appel Stadium
LL)@1),1()): Datowice+ oland Slas8i Stadium
LL)*1),1()): 4erlin+ 9ermany Elympic Stadium
LL)-1),1()): aris+ Brance Stade de Brance
LL/)1),1()): Guric$+ Swit5erland Let5igrund Stadium
LL/(1),1()): 6msterdam+ ;olland 6rena
LL/.1),1()): Milan+ Italy San Siro
LL((1),1()): Rome+ Italy Elympic Stadium
LL(*1),1()): Eslo+ 'orway Valle$o!in Stadium
LL(-1),1()): 9ot$enburg+ Sweden Ulle!i Stadium
LLA)1),1()): Copen$agen+ Denmar8 ar8en
LL)(1)-1()): Munic$+ 9ermany Elympic Stadium
LL)@1)-1()): 'ice+ Brance arc des Sports C$arles
E$rmann
LL)*1)-1()): 4arcelona+ Spain Camp 'ou
LL)-1)-1()): San Sebastian+ Spain %
LL/)1)-1()): Madrid+ Spain Estadio Vicente Calderon
LL/A1)-1()): Lisbon+ ortugal 6l!alade

North America 2
nd
Leg
LL//1).1()): 0oronto+ Entario 6ir Canada Center
LL()1).1()): C$icago+ IL United Centre
LL((1).1()): Minneapolis+ M' 0arget Center
LL(@1).1()): Milwau8ee+ WI 4radley Center
LL)(1/)1()): 4oston+ M6 Bleet Center
LL/A1/)1()): 'ew >or8+ '> Madison SNuare 9ardens
LL/:1/)1()): $iladelp$ia+ 6 Wac$o!ia Center
LL/-1/)1()): Was$ington+ DC DC MCI Center
LL(/1/)1()): ittsburg$+ 6 Mellon 6rena
LL(A1/)1()): Detroit+ MI alace o" 6uburn ;ills
LL(,1/)1()): ;ouston+ 0F 0oyota Center
LL(-1/)1()): Dallas+ 0F 6merican 6irlines Center
LLA/1/)1()): Los 6ngeles+ C6 Staples Center
LL)A1//1()): Las Vegas+ 'V M9M 9rand
LL),1//1()): San Brancisco+ C6 Ea8land 6rena
LL/(1//1()): Miami+ BL 6merican 6irlines 6rena
LL/,1//1()): 6tlanta+ 96 $ilips 6rena
LL()1//1()): 'ew >or8+ '> Madison SNuare 9ardens
LL(@1//1()): Ettawa+ E' Corel Centre
LL(:1//1()): Montreal+ ?C 4ell Centre
LL)A1/(1()): 4oston+ M6 0D 4an8nort$ 9arden
LL)*1/(1()): ;art"ord+ C0 Ci!ic Center
LL)-1/(1()): 4u""alo+ '> ;S4C 6rena
LL).1/(1()): Cle!eland+ E; 9und 6rena
LL//1/(1()): C$arlotte+ 'C 'ew C$arlotte 6rena
LL/A1/(1()): St1 Louis+ ME Sa!!is Center
LL/@1/(1()): Ema$a+ 'E ?west Center
LL/*1/(1()): Salt La8e City+ U0 Delta Center
LL/-1/(1()): ortland+ ER Rose 9arden
South America and aci!ic
LL//1)(1())* Monterrey+ Mexico Estadio 0ecnolSgico
LL/@1)(1())* Mexico City+ Mexico Estadio 65teca
LL/.1)(1())* Sao aulo+ 4ra5il Morumbi Stadium
LL(:1)(1())* Santiago+ C$ile 'acional Stadium
LL(-1)(1())* 4uenos 6ires+ 6rgentina Ri!er late Stadium
LL)*1//1())* 4risbane+ 6ustralia ?S6C Stadium
LL).1//1())* Sydney+ 6ustralia 0elstra Stadium
LL/:1//1())* 6delaide+ 6ustralia 66MI Stadium
LL/,1//1())* Melbourne+ 6ustralia 0elstra Dome
LL(A1//1())* 6uc8land+ 'ew Gealand Ericsson Stadium
LL(-1//1())* 0o8yo+ Iapan Saitama Super 6rena
LL)-1/(1())* ;onolulu+ ;awaii 6lo$a Stadium

1.<
S$"ti"% Distri&ution o' Wor%d Cities
W!ere "re (or%d cities %oc"ted* Are so1e cities 1ore
i1$ort"nt t!"n ot!ers*
6 number o" world cities can be easily identi"ied based on t$e
c$aracteristics outlined pre!iously1
0$e "irst spatial pattern is t$at since World Cities are about t$e
"low o" money+ it is t$e ric$ de!eloped countries t$at $ouse
t$em
Secondly+ t$e pattern we generally see is t$at some Tworld
cities7 $a!e larger spatial articulations t$an ot$ers1
SPATIAL ARTICULATIONS re"er to t$e space o!er w$ic$ a
city $as a clear and distinct in"luence1 0$ey can $a!e in"luence
locally+ nationally+ or globally1
4ased on t$is sp$ere o" in"luence 2spatial articulation3 world
cities $a!e been gi!en a $ierarc$y1
0$is $ierarc$y is o"ten based on a cities "inancial power and to
some extent cultural in"luence
0$ere $a!e been a number o" researc$ reports w$ic$ identi"y
w$ere world cities are located based on t$e Spatial articulation
$ierarc$ies+ two are generally accepted#
1. Wor%d Cit, 8,$ot!esis
0$e World City ;ypot$esis identi"ies t$ree types o" World Cities#
a1 The Dominant World City% 0$ese are considered t$e
control centres o" t$e world economy
b1 Major World City% 0$ese are groups o" world cities w$ere
t$ey $a!e ma<or multinational articulations1
. Secondary World City% 0$ese are cities t$at $a!e
important roles at t$e national and sub%national le!el
8ier"rc!, Cit,
Do1in"nt Wor%d
Cities
London+ 0o8yo+ 'ew >or8
M"6or Wor%d Cit, Bran8"urt+ 6msterdam+ aris+ Singapore+ Los 6ngeles+ Miami
Second"r, Wor%d
Cit,
Munic$+ Guric$+ Milan+ 4arcelona+ Madrid+ Lyon+ Moscow+
Mumbai+ ;ong Dong+ Seoul+ Sydney+ Esa8a%Dobe+ Vancou!er+
Montreal+ 0oronto+ Seattle+ San Brancisco+ C$icago+ ;ouston+
4oston+ Mexico City+ Sao aulo+ 4uenos 6ires
5. T!e +"WC InCentor, o' Wor%d Cities
0$e 9aWC 29lobal and World City study group3 $a!e
de!eloped a list o" World Cities
0$ey gi!e a score between /%/( based on t$e 6DV6'CED
REDUCER SERVICES a city can pro!ide "or t$e large
corporations1
0$e "our main 6d!anced roducer Ser!ices t$ey score are#
o accountancy+
o ad!ertising+
o ban8ing+
o legal "irms1
0$ey t$en named t$e t$ree types o" world cities in terms o" t$e
score based on t$e amount o" 6d!anced roducer Ser!ices#
o A%$!" (or%d cities% a city scoring /) or more must be
a global centre "or all "our ser!ices
o Bet" Wor%d Cities% a city scoring ,%. must be a global
centre "or at least A o" t$e ser!ices
o +"11" Wor%d Cities% cities scoring @ to * as must be
global ser!ice centres "or at least two sectors and at
least one o" t$ose must be a ma<or ser!ice pro!ision
6s can be seen "rom t$e 9aWC in!entory+ most world
cities are located in t$e 'ort$ern ;emisp$ere1
Europe $osts t$e most t$en 'ort$ 6merica and t$en
6sia1
Most importantly+ it appears to be a p$enomenon t$at
occurs mainly in DEVELEED CEU'0RIES1
Using t*e Dominant World City (able and (*e GaWC in+entory of ,orld cities diagram
com-lete t*is table.
Dominant
World
City
*ierarc*y
Cities
GaWC
#n+entory
Cities
Dominant
6or!d
&it.
A!+ha
6or!d
&it.
"ajor
6or!d
&it.
Beta
6or!d
&it.
*eondar.
6or!d
&it.
)amma
6or!d
&it.
Ans(er t!e 'o%%o(in) in ,our (or0&oo0s.
/3 W$at cities are recognised by bot$ systems as t$e cities wit$ t$e $ig$est
SPATIAL ARTICULATIONP
(3 Describe t$e spatial distributions o" t$ese world cities1 Is t$ere any pattern
to t$ese distributionsP
A3 W$at regions o" t$e World are underrepresented in bot$ t$ese listsP
@3 W$at are some reasons you belie!e w$y t$ese regions are under
represented in t$ese listsP
5. T!e ro%e o' (or%d cities "s $o(er'u% centres o' econo1ic "nd cu%tur"% "ut!orit,
World cities play a ma<or role in t$e international
economy bot$ as power"ul centres o" economic
aut$ority and cultural aut$ority1
World cities $a!e become t$e command points "or t$e
lin8ages and interconnections t$at 8eep t$e
contemporary world economy+ social and political
systems going1 0$ey are integral in t$e globalisation
process and t$is is re"lected in t$eir c$aracteristics and
"unctions1 6s suc$+ t$eir 8ey c$aracteristics $ig$lig$t
$ow t$ey $a!e bot$ economic and cultural aut$ority in
t$e globalised world1
World Cities demonstrating Economic Authority
0$e economic aut$ority o" world cities re"ers to $ow
t$ey in"luence many aspects o" t$e global economy
"rom "low o" money+ business decisions+ setting mar8et
trends1 World Cities demonstrate t$ey $a!e economic
aut$ority t$roug$ t$e "ollowing c$aracteristics#
Act "s 7in"nci"% Centres1 6ll o" t$e ma<or stoc8
exc$anges and "utures exc$anges are located in
world cities1 'ew >or8 is t$e ma<or city in t$e world
"or t$e trading o" eNuities 2s$ares in companies3 and
go!ernment bonds1 Muc$ o" t$e trading "or eNuities
and bonds is done in cyberspace wit$ stoc8
exc$anges around t$e world lin8ed by computer
networ8s1 World cities are also centres "or ban8ing
and associated "inancial ser!ices1 0$e largest ban8s
in t$e world $a!e t$eir $eadNuarters in world cities1
London+ 0o8yo+ 'ew >or8+ aris+ ;ong Dong+ San
Brancisco+ 4oston and Guric$ are ma<or ban8ing
cities1
8e"dEu"rters 'or 1"n, TNCs "nd %"r)e n"tion"%
cor$or"tions1 0'Cs $a!e an enormous in"luence on
t$e global economy1 0$ey dominate decision ma8ing
because indi!idual 0'Cs not only decide w$at t$ey
will produce+ but also w$ere production will ta8e
place1 0'Cs+ will+ o!er time+ locate t$eir production
and distribution "acilities to reduce costs and
maximise access to global mar8ets1
World cities are also t$e $eadNuarters "or most o" t$e
I9Es t$at play a ma<or role in t$e global economy1
0$ese include t$e World 0rade Erganisation in 'ew
>or8+ and t$e Erganisation "or Economic
Cooperation and De!elopment 2EECD3 in aris1
Ke, %oc"tions 'or AdC"nce Producer SerCices1
0$ese $a!e replaced manu"acturing as t$e leading
economic sector in world cities1 0$ese "irms are
in!ol!ed in national and international acti!ities in
"inance+ law+ accounting+ and ad!ertising1 0$ey also
can include insurance+ transport+ training and
con"erencing+ tourism+ in"ormation and researc$ and
inno!ation1
World cities pro!ide a place in w$ic$ 8ey people can
gat$er in"ormation+ o"ten "ace%to%"ace+ and de!elop
networ8s o" contacts and monitor agreements and
contracts1 0$ey also pro!ide conditions "or inno!ation
and creati!ity to t$ri!e1
M"r0ets 'or " C"st r"n)e o' )oods "nd serCices1
0$ey are areas o" massi!e accumulations o" wealt$
and $ig$ incomes1 0$e purc$asing power o" people in
ma<or world cities is extraordinary1 0$e importance o"
t$ese cities as mar8ets is s$own by patterns o"
concentrated retailing in $ig$%order consumer goods+
suc$ as clot$ing+ <ewellery and art1 Streets suc$ as
Bi"t$ 6!enue in 'ew >or8 and t$e C$amps de Elysee
in aris are "amous "or t$eir retailing o" !ery expensi!e
goods1
World Cities demonstrating Cultural Authority
#en though technology can place people in the
middle of the $ahara and allow them to run a multi
billion dollar company% the key to successful business
is the handshake% most decisions are made face to
face& !orld cities proide the means for that to occur
thus giing them cultural authority&
Bui%t enCiron1ent !"s " soci"% in'r"structure t!"t
'"ci%it"tes cont"ct &et(een $eo$%e. 0$is in order "or
people to exc$ange in"ormation "ace%to%"ace and to
de!elop global social networ8s1 World cities $a!e
o""ice buildings+ international $otels+ con"erence
centres+ apartment bloc8s and prestige residences o"
distinct arc$itectural design1 0$ey also $a!e
specialised land%use areas w$ere t$ese buildings are
located1 0$is social in"rastructure is supported by
sop$isticated transport and in"ormation systems1 0$is
includes'
Centres 'or " r"n)e o' $resti)ious cu%tur"%
'"ci%ities "nd entert"in1ent1 World cities $a!e
t$eatres+ opera $ouses+ large entertainment centres
and sports "acilities1 0$ey $ost ma<or cultural and
sporting e!ents ranging "rom art ex$ibitions to tennis
tournaments and t$e Elympics1 0$ese are t$e places
to be seen and to meet people1 0$ese cater "or a
!ariety o" international+ national and local e!ents1
World cities $a!e many "amous centres suc$ as
Wimbledon and Wembley 2London3+ t$e Lou!re
2aris3+ La Scala 2Milan3+ Borest ;ills 2'ew >or83+
6'G Stadium 2Sydney3 and ;ollywood 4owl 2Los
6ngeles31 6ll o" t$e world cities $ost ma<or
international cultural+ entertainment and sporting
e!ents t$at cater "or t$e needs o" locals+ national and
international !isitors1
0$e cultural "acilities complement t$e social
in"rastructure as t$ey pro!ide anot$er means "or
interactions to occur "or business1 Consider t$e
corporate sponsors$ip and boxes at many o" t$ese
!enues1 'ot only iare t$ey being entertained+ but
create t$e opportunity "or c$ance meetings to occur
and to "urt$er de!elop global networ8s1
Wor%d cities $roCide t!e o$$ortunit, 'or "
distinctiCe cu%tur"% %i'est,%e. 9enerally+ people
wit$ money want to li!e wit$ ot$er people wit$
money1 0$ey want to be w$ere you can spend it and
"launt it1 0$us+ world cities are "ull o" people wit$
money and t$e cultural li"estyle associated wit$ t$at1
Li8e ot$er cities+ t$ey also $a!e low%income earners
w$o $a!e little opportunity to participate in t$e world
class cultural and entertainment acti!ities and
"acilities t$at t$ey pro!ide1
This has been adapted form a te(t book somewhereU
mrste!enenwman1com
Case Study . London as a Po,erful Centre of
%conomic and Cultural Aut*ority
London $as been an important city "or nearly one
t$ousand years1 4y /-))+ it was t$e largest city in t$e
world and a ma<or centre o" trade+ commerce and
go!ernment1 London+ at t$e start o" t$e t$ird millennium+
was one o" t$e t$ree dominant world cities+ a ma<or
centre o" economic aut$ority+ and a ma<or centre o"
cultural aut$ority1
Centre of Economic Authority
6long wit$ 'ew >or8 and 0o8yo+ London is one o"
t$e t$ree main "inancial centres in t$e world1 Since
t$e Euro 2European currency3 was implemented in
/...+ it $as become t$e ma<or city "or Euro trading1
LondonVs de!elopment into suc$ an important
economical centre is based on#
its trading culture
t$e Nuality o" its specialised ser!ice "irms % its
s8ills base
its time 5one
its language
its regulatory en!ironment1
London $as a strong global position in a "ull range o"
"inancial mar8ets1 0$ese include ban8ing+ "oreign
exc$ange+ insurance+ deri!ati!es+ "und management+
maritime ser!ices+ bullion mar8et and securities
dealing1
0$e ban8ing sector in t$e UD originates
more cross%border ban8 lending t$an
any ot$er country1 London $as nearly
@-) "oreign ban8s= more t$an any ot$er
city1
0$e UD insurance industry is t$e t$ird
largest in t$e world1 0$e UD is t$e
global mar8et leader in a!iation and
marine insurance+ wit$ a combined
mar8et s$are o" nearly (: per cent1
London is t$e main s8ill centre "or world
reinsurance business1
0$e London "oreign exc$ange mar8et is
t$e largest in t$e world+ wit$ a global
s$are o" around A) per cent1
London is t$e largest mar8et in t$e
world "or deri!ati!es traded o!er%t$e%
counter+ wit$ around A: per cent o"
world turno!er1 London Metal Exc$ange
is t$e largest in t$e world1
London is t$e worldVs largest "und
management city1 It is also t$e leader in
t$e management o" o!erseas clientsV
non%domestic port"olios1
0$e most compre$ensi!e range o"
specialist maritime ser!ices is "ound in
London1 0$is co!ers legal ser!ices+ s$ip
bro8ing+ "inancial ser!ices+ insurance+
s$ip classi"ication and publis$ing1
London is t$e most important global
centre "or gold trading1
London $as more "oreign companies
listed on t$e stoc8 exc$ange t$an any
ot$er city1 It is t$e ma<or centre "or t$e
international bond mar8et1
Centre of Cultural Authority
Social networ8ing 2building a circle o" use"ul
contacts and de!eloping trust wit$in t$is group3 is an
important acti!ity in World Cities and is $ig$ly
de!eloped in London+ w$ere it $as long been a
"eature o" doing business1 Social networ8ing $as
always been seen as an important way to obtain
social 8nowledge+ build trust and gain entry into
areas o" exclusi!e 8nowledge1
Since t$e rapid globalisation o" economic acti!ity+
social networ8ing in London and ot$er World Cities $as
become e!en more important1 0$is is because o"#
t$e increased amounts o" 8nowledge o" all 8inds
t$at circulates
t$e need to interpret t$is 8nowledge
t$e need to 8eep certain 8inds o" 8nowledge+
suc$ as pri!ate 8nowledge+ exclusi!e
t$e need to snap up unexpected business
opportunities1
0$ese t$ings are best done on a "ace%to%"ace basis
Muc$ o" t$is social interaction $as been
"ormalised1 Bi!e "ormalisations can be identi"ied
in London1 0$ey are#
t$e use o" business card
t$e use o" t$e business lunc$ as one o" t$e
main ways in w$ic$ 8nowledge is exc$anged
and social contacts maintained
con!entions and con"erences
t$e electronic exc$ange o" in"ormation t$roug$
t$e telep$one+ "ax+ email and pager as
important bac8ups to person%to%person
interactions
an attempt to build up long%term networ8s
t$roug$ t$e exc$ange o" personnel wit$ ot$er
"irms or wit$ o!erseas o""ices1
London also $as many signi"icant cultural "acilities and
entertainment to encourage social networ8ing1 Some o"
t$e world7s best t$eatres are "ound in London7s West
End1 S$ows suc$ as Cats+ Lion Ding+ and $antom o"
t$e Epera made t$eir world debuts in t$is area1 World
class sporting !enues suc$ as Wimbledon are also "ound
in London1 6lso+ some o" t$e world7s best museums and
galleries wit$ world class ex$ibitions are located t$ere+
including t$e 4ritis$ Museum w$ic$ $ouses t$e best
collection o" Egyptian 6rte"acts outside o" Egypt1
0$e culture o" London is also signi"icant1 6s many o"
t$e people associated wit$ globalisation c$oose to li!e
t$ere "or t$e li"estyle1 S$opping "or some o" t$e best
designer clot$es can be done <ust o"" Ex"ord Street in
'ew 4ond Street and Eld 4ond Street1 0ailor made
clot$ing "or t$at wealt$y business person can be done in
Sa!ille Road1 laces to be seen are So$o "or t$e ca"es
and restaurants+ 'otting ;ill+ May"air+ and iccadilly "or
t$ose really expensi!e restaurants and exclusi!e clubs1
0$ese cultural "actors encourage people to come to
London1 4y encouraging t$em to come to London
business can be controlled t$ere1 0$us+ $a!ing cultural
aut$ority goes $and in $and wit$ maintaining t$e
economic aut$ority1.
Wor%d Cities "s
econo1ic "nd cu%tur"%
"ut!orit,
Econo1ic Aut!orit,
Cu%tur"% Aut!orit,
E@"1$%es 'ro1 London
mrste!ennewman1com
<.
T!e O$er"tion o' +%o&"% Net(or0s
0$e most important t$ing to remember about world cities is t$at t$ey control t$e "low
o" money+ ideas+ culture and people1
Bor t$is "low to occur t$ere need to be networ8s in place1
T'etwor8s7 re"ers to t$e lin8s t$at are in place t$at <oin t$e world cities and ot$er cities
toget$er to allow t$e "low to $appen1
0$ere are many types o" networ8s t$at could $elp us demonstrate t$e operation of
global networks% li8e some o" t$e c$aracteristics we co!ered earlier
2telecommunication in"rastructure and air transport3 ;owe!er+ t$e 9aWC $as
pro!ided a use"ul way o" s$owing $ow world cities are inter%connected especially in
t$e globalised world1 0$ey measure t$e interloc8ing networ8s o" t$e 6d!anced
roducer Ser!ices between world cities1
InterB%oc0in) net(or0 o' AdC"nced Producer SerCices.
6ccording to Sas8ia Sassen+ a renown geograp$er+ it is ad!anced producer ser!ice
"irms w$o are t$e 8ey players in world city "ormation and in de!eloping global
networ8s1 0$roug$ t$eir worldwide acti!ities t$ey create an inter)locking network1
0$is inter%loc8ing networ8 "ormation occurs t$roug$ t$e location decisions o" t$e "irms
as t$ey attempt to pro!ide a seamless ser!ice to t$eir clients across t$e world1
0$ey do t$is by creating a global networ8 o" o""ices in cities around t$e world1 Eac$
o""ice networ8 represents a "irm7s global strategy "or dispensing its ser!ices1 It is t$e
myriad o" "lows between o""ices o" in"ormation+ data+ instructions+ ideas+ plans+ and
people t$at demonstrates t$e ma<or operation o" t$e global networ81
6d!ance roducer Ser!ice Birms are t$ere"ore t$e networ8 Tinter%loc8ers7+ lin8ing
cities toget$er in t$e day%to%day practice o" t$eir business+ not t$e cities t$emsel!es1
London
Using London as an example+ "rom t$e diagram and t$e tables we can see t$at it is
clearly networ8ed to many ot$er cities globally at !arying degrees1
W$at is e!ident is t$at t$e 6d!anced roducer Ser!ices o" "inance+ law+ ad!ertising
and accounting $a!e created strong global networ8s wit$ London1
W$at is important $ere+ is t$e ability to recognise t$at a global networ8 $as been
determined by measuring t$e interloc8ing networ8 between t$e o""ices o" eac$
6d!anced roducer Ser!ice1
6s mentioned pre!iously+ ser!ice "irms o""er a seamless ser!ice across t$eir o""ice
networ8s1 0$is means t$at t$e geograp$ical distribution o" t$eir o""ices+ and t$eir scope
and range+ are important selling points in attracting new clients1 E""ices are assessed
and coded indi!idually by as8ing w$at is t$e importance o" t$is o""ice in t$is city wit$in
t$e "irmVs o!erall o""ice networ8P 0$ese codes become t$e Nuantitati!e input into
determining t$e interconnecti!ity between cities1 0$e coding ranges "rom
2"irm $a!ing no o""ice in a city3
1 2"irm $a!ing a minor o""ice in a city3
5 2standard or typical o""ices o" a "irm in a city3
< 2a "irm $as a ma<or o""ice in a city3+
> 2exceptionally important o""ices o" a "irm suc$ as regional $eadNuarters in a city31
? 2a city $ousing t$e actual $eadNuarters o" a "irm3=
0$e assumption t$at is made is t$at t$e more important an o""ice t$e more wor8ing
"lows it will generate between li8e cities1 0$ere"ore two important o""ices will generate a
muc$ $ig$er le!el o" "low between t$eir respecti!e cities t$an two minor o""ices
between t$eir respecti!e cities1 0$ese data and t$is assumption are combined to
generate estimates o" inter%o""ice wor8ing "low le!els between cities "or eac$ "irm= t$ey
are not actual wor8ing "lows+ but potential working flows% indirect measures deried
from the data and the model assumptions 1 6ggregating all potential wor8ing "lows "or
all "irms located in a city generates estimates o" its wor8ing "low relations wit$ ot$er
cities= w$en t$is is done "or all cities it constitutes t$e world city networ8
O-eration of Global !et,or/s t*roug* Ad+anced Producer $er+ices ,it* London
T!e 'o%%o(in) t"&%e s!o( Cities (it! 1"6or %eCe%s o' %in0")e to London
7or e"c! AdC"nced Producer SerCices C"te)or,
Account"nc,:
2J o" maximum possible 2Q /:3
Percent Cit,
.A Dusseldor"+ 'ew >or8+ aris+ 0o8yo+
0oronto
-, C$icago+ Milan+ Sydney+ Was$ington+ DC
-) 6tlanta+ 4russels+ Bran8"urt+ San
Brancisco
,A 6msterdam+ Dallas+ ;amburg+ ;ong
Dong+
*, 4erlin+ 4oston+ Copen$agen+ Madrid+
Melbourne+ Mexico City+ Rotterdam+
Seoul+ Stoc8$olm+ Guric$
*) 4irming$am+ Ia8arta+ Lyon+ Manc$ester+
$iladelp$ia+ Rome+ Sao aulo+ Santiago+
Stuttgart+ Vancou!er
AdCertisin) :
2J o" maximum possible 2Q (/3
Percent Cit,
.) 'ew >or8
,* 4russels+ Madrid+ Sydney+ 0oronto
,/ Milan+ aris
*, Los 6ngeles+ Singapore+ Stoc8$olm
*( 6msterdam+ 6uc8land+
Copen$agen+ Istanbul+ Lisbon
:, 6t$ens+ Dusseldor"+ Melbourne+ rague+
San Brancisco+ Vienna+ Guric$
:( 4arcelona+ ;elsin8i+ ;ong Dong @-J#
4ang8o8+ Bran8"urt+ Mexico City+ Montreal
@A 4ei<ing+ Caracus+ Ia8arta+ Manila+ San
Brancisco+ Santiago+ Seoul+ 0aipei+ 0o8yo+
Warsaw
A- 4udapest+ 4uenos 6ires+ ;amburg+
Io$annesburg+ Duarla Lumpur+ Miami+
Moscow+ Mumbai+ Eslo

L"(:
2J o" maximum possible 2Q *:3
Percent Cit,
*- 'ew >or8
*) Was$ington DC
:@ 4russels+ ;ong Dong
@- aris
A@ Los 6ngeles
A( 0o8yo
A/ Singapore
(- Moscow
(A Bran8"urt
() C$icago
/- San Brancisco+ Warsaw
/, 4udapest
/: 4ei<ing
/@ Dallas+ ;ouston+ rague
B"n0in)M7in"nce#
2J maximum possible 2Q A-3
Percent Cit,
.: 'ew >or8
,. Singapore
,* ;ong Dong+ 0o8yo
** Bran8"urt
*/ aris+ Guric$
:: Madrid+
:) Milan+ 0aipei
@, Mexico City+ Seoul
@: Sao aulo
@( Ia8arta+ Los 6ngeles
A. 4uenos 6ires+ Dubai+ Duala Lumpur+
Moscow+ San Brancisco+ 0oronto
A, 4ang8o8+ Dubai+ 9ene!a
A@ Luxembourg+ Manama+ Manila+ Mumbai
A( 6bu Dubai+ 6t$ens+ C$icago+
Io$annesburg+ Labuan+ Melbourne+
rague+ Santiago+ S$ang$ai
(. 4arcelona+ Rio de Ianeiro
(* 6msterdam+ 4ei<ing+ 4russels+ Cairo+
Caracas+ ;ouston+ Miami+ Warsaw

(*e GaWC #nde0 of London1s %0ternal
&elations
Bocusing on <ust t$e ot$er :@ world cities+ t$e
le!els o" lin8age to London are broug$t
toget$er in t$e diagram w$ere a!erage
scores across t$e "our producer ser!ices are
computed to de"ine t$e 9aWC Index o"
LondonVs External Relations 24ea!erstoc8+
Smit$ and 0aylor ()))31 0$e :@ world cities
2i1e1 ot$er t$an London3 are arrayed in "i!e
groups1 0$e o!erall dominance o" t$e
London%'ew >or8 lin8+ wit$ score out on its
own at -,+ is designated as LondonVs Vprime
lin8V1 0$e next two $ig$est lin8s 2aris%
London at *- and ;ong Dong%London at *@3
eac$ connect London to t$e ot$er two ma<or
world regions and are designated Vma<or
lin8sV1 Et$er connections scoring o!er :)
t$en become Vimportant lin8sV wit$ two lower
le!els o" lin8s also identi"ied1 0$e clear
message o" t$is diagram is worldwide scope
o" LondonVs lin8ages and t$is is neatly
con"irmed by a regional analysis1
0$e :@ world cities "all neatly into : world
regions plus an additional 4ritis$
Commonwealt$ non%contiguous class o"
cities# /* are in !estern #urope+ /( are "rom
*acific Asia+ // are "rom t$e U$A+ and t$ere
are "i!e eac$ "rom #astern #urope+ +atin
America+ and t$e old "ommonwealth
26ustralia+ Canada+ Sout$ 6"rica31 6!erage
le!els o" connection "or t$ese groups o" cities
are s$own in 0able ,1 er$aps t$e lac8 o"
ma<or !ariation in a!erage scores is t$e main
"eature o" t$is table+ w$ic$ con"irms LondonVs
worldwide reac$1 0$e $ig$est score "or t$e
old Commonwealt$ indicates longer%term
lin8ages t$an contemporary globali5ation but
t$e t$ree main Vglobali5ation arenasV
2Western Europe+ aci"ic 6sia and t$e US63
$a!e !ery similar scores1 0$is s$ows t$at
London is muc$ more t$an <ust VEuropeVs
representati!eV+ articulating Europe into t$e
world%economy+ in a (@%$our globali5ing
"inancial mar8et1 0$e geograp$ical reac$ o"
London con"irms its location in t$e
contemporary space o" "lows as truly+ using
SassenVs 2())/3 terminology+ a global city
24ea!erstoc8+ Smit$ and 0aylor ())/31
2n summar.E this is not on!. the first time
London as a major $or!d it. has been
ana!.=ed om+rehensi'e!. in terms of its
!inkages $ith other $or!d itiesE it is the first
time this t.+e of ana!.sis has been done for
an. $or!d it..
Air #et$orksA
From the London and Stansted airport websites:
Heathrow Airport, 15 miles from central London, is
regarded as the hub of the aviation world. Flying to over
18 destinations in over ! countries, some ! airlines
have made Heathrow their base. "he airport is owned by
#AA, who also owns $tansted, $outhampton, %lasgow,
&dinburgh and Aberdeen airports.
$tansted is #ritain's third(busiest airport, offering flights
to more than 1) destinations in over * countries.
>.
T!e re%"tions!i$s o' do1in"nce "nd de$endence &et(een
(or%d cities "nd ot!er ur&"n centres "nd t!e c!"n)in) ro%e
o' re)ion"% centres "nd t!e de1ise o' t!e s1"%% to(n.

6 good way o" understanding t$e concept o" dominance and
dependence is to loo8 at Centr"% P%"ce T!eor,.
0$is t$eory s$ows t$at
places $a!e an $ierarc$y
w$ere small central
places would o""er a
limited range o" e!eryday
goods and ser!ices to a
small surrounding
population+ and large central places would o""er a large
number o" goods and ser!ices+ many o" t$em specialised in
nature+ to a large surrounding population1 0$us t$e S60I6L
6R0ICUL60IE' o" t$e large central places would be greater in
extent t$an t$at o" t$e small central places1
0$ere"ore+ some urban areas $a!e greater economic
dominance o!er ot$ers w$ile some are dependant on t$e
larger urban area1
Bor example+ t$in8 about w$ere you li!e#
o ;ow "ar will you tra!el to buy mil8P ;ow "ar will you tra!el
to buy clot$esP ;ow "ar will you tra!el to buy a carP
0$is idea is generally applied at t$e regional scale i1e1 ;unter
Region but t$e concept applies in some way to World Cities
6pplying Central lace 0$eory $elps understand dominance and
dependence in World Cities1
DOMINANCE
World cities $a!e more control o!er many ot$er urban places
World cities dominate because t$ey $a!e Cultural and
Economic 6ut$ority1
o 0$ey are t$e centres o" corporate decision%ma8ing and
in!estment decisions
o 0$ey attract talent and expertise t$at generate new ideas
and tec$nologies1
o 0$ey create "as$ion and culture1
o 0$ey are centres o" global transport and communications1
DEE'DE'CE
Re"ers to t$e ways in w$ic$ less power"ul urban centres rely
upon more power"ul urban centres1
Dependence is greatest at t$e bottom o" t$e global urban
$ierarc$y1
Bor example+ cities in less de!eloped countries are dependent
on t$e control exerted by cities 2world cities3 in t$e de!eloped
world1
0$ey are dependant on t$e decisions by 0'Cs and ot$er 8ey
'9Es located in world cities t$at a""ect t$eir well being1
World cities are in t$e de!eloped world and predominantly are
in!ol!ed in 0ertiary sector type o" employment 2ad!anced
producer ser!ices3
>.1
T!e re%"tions!i$ o' do1in"nce "nd de$endence &et(een
(or%d cities "nd ot!er ur&"n centres
Cities in t$e de!eloping world are c$aracteristically
manu"acturing based and owned by 0'Cs t$at "unction in
World cities1 6s suc$ decisions t$at dominate in world cities
a""ect t$e dependant cities in de!eloping countries1
Do1in"nce 3core4 "nd De$endence 3$eri$!er,4 O
Wor%d S,ste1 T!eor,
World system t$eory $elps describe and explain t$e impacts o"
dominance and dependence because o" globalisation1
0$e t$eory argues t$at#
o 0$e modern world system is a world economy+ w$ic$ $as
been broug$t about by globalisation1
o Under t$is world system two or more regions become
interdependent on eac$ ot$er economically1
o 0$e interdependence is not an eNual exc$ange as one region
o"ten becomes t$e core 2dominance3 w$ile ot$ers become t$e
perip$ery 2dependence31
o 0$is di!ide between core and perip$ery is based on a
WDI=ISION O7 LABOURX % t$at is a di!ide between t$e type o"
wor8 t$at is predominant in eac$ region1
o In t$e core 2dominant3 areas t$ey control t$e money 2capital3
and as suc$ t$eir labour is primarily based on sop$isticated
<obs suc$ as ban8ing+ "inance+ accounting and ot$er $ig$ end
<obs126d!anced roducer Ser!ices3
o In contrast at t$e perip$ery 2dependence3 t$e labour is
L64EUR I'0E'SIVE+ t$at is "actory wor81 2rimary and
Secondary Sector3
o W$at $as emerged is t$at t$ose wit$ t$e capital 2money3
dominate o!er t$ose wit$ t$e labour1
9lobalisation $as predominantly been t$e spread o" t$e western
capitalist model+ conseNuently it $as come at a cost to t$e
perip$ery areas1
0o put it simply+ t$e core regions exploit t$e perip$ery regions
and dictate t$e terms o" t$e exc$ange1
0$is is !ery e!ident in t$e world city networ81 0$ere are 8ey
cities in w$ic$ economic decisions are made w$ic$ a""ect t$e
li!es and economy o" ot$er cities especially in t$e de!eloped
world1
Consider+ large 0'Cs+ suc$ as 'i8e+ do t$eir decision ma8ing in
a World City 2core% t$at7s w$ere t$eir ;? is located31 0$eir
"actory $owe!er is in a city in t$e de!eloping world 2perip$ery31
0$is is a common spatial pattern and w$at $as become e!ident+
in t$e globalisation process and t$e de!elopment o" world cities+
is t$at World cities dominate o!er poor perip$ery cities located
in t$e de!eloping world1 0$ey are t$e central place o" t$e
globalised world1
>.5 T!e c!"n)in) ro%e o' re)ion"% centres
World Cities $a!e become important metropolitan areas "or t$e
globalised world1 6s a result o" t$eir growt$ and de!elopment+
ot$er urban areas morp$ology $a!e c$anged especially in
rural areas and regional centres1
9lobalisation o" t$e world economy $as conseNuently led to
t$e growt$ o" some urban areas at t$e expense o" anot$er1
Bor example+ regional centres are ta8ing o!er many "unctions
and as a conseNuence+ small towns are losing $uman
acti!ities associated wit$ t$ose "unctions and t$us+ lose control
o!er t$eir rural surroundings1
Ro%e o' L"r)e Metro$o%it"n Are"s
Large Metropolitan areas suc$ as London and Sydney $a!e
many "unctions+ w$ic$ are complex1 0$e acti!ities range "rom
"unctions suc$ as#
Econo1ic
Educ"tion
8e"%t! serCices
Entert"in1ent.
Decision 1"0in) t$at a""ects social and economic
c$ange in a country1
Centres o' innoC"tion "nd ide"s and $elp spread
t$ese t$roug$out a nation1
Ro%e o' Re)ion"% Centres
6 regional centre is similar to large metropolitan area $owe!er
its "unctions are less complex and its in"luence is less t$an t$at
o" a large metropolitan area1
0$eir role $as c$anged signi"icantly in recent times1
0$ey are becoming t$e central place "or many essential
ser!ices in a geograp$ical location1 Suc$ as $ospitals+
ban8ing+ and go!ernance1
;interlands are t$e areas outside a city or town but are still
in"luenced by a city or town1
;interland areas are becoming more dependant on Regional
centres "or $ealt$+ education+ "inancial ser!ices+ and retailing
ser!ices
0EF0 4EED page /(-
>.< T!e De1ise o' S1"%% countr, To(ns
6s outlined pre!iously Regional centres are becoming more central to
some essential ser!ices suc$ as "inance and $ealt$ etc1
6s a conseNuence many small towns are losing "unctions to t$ese
regional centres and are becoming more dependant on t$em1
#ationa! &ities
:"ajor metro+o!itan area;
4egiona! &entres
Hinter!and
0$us+ many small towns are starting to disappear as t$e populations
mo!e "rom t$em because o" t$e limited "unctions t$ey per"orm1
Bor example+ in ())/ t$e Geographical Names Board of N$! deleted
two towns o"" t$eir list% 6delong 2near Wagga Wagga3 and 9len Da!ies
2near Lit$gow31
Case Study# Changing Role of Dubbo as a Regional City
Dubbo is a city o" around A/)))+ located on t$e western slopes o" 'ew
Sout$ Wales+ a little o!er @)) 8ilometres nort$%west o" Sydney1 It began
as a small settlement on t$e ban8s o" t$e MacNuarie Ri!er+ ser!ing as a
ri!er crossing and a central place "or its rural $interland1
Dubbo $as grown rapidly+ at t$e expense o" many small towns in t$e
area+ because it made "ull use o" its natural ad!antages#
its location at t$e crossroads o" t$e 'ewell ;ig$way and t$e Mitc$ell ;ig$way
its position at t$e intersection o" two rail routes
its situation in t$e middle o" an area o" mostly prosperous "arming and
gra5ing1
Dubbo $as been able to trans"orm t$ese ad!antages into economic
growt$ associated wit$ transport+ retailing and ser!ice industries1 It $as
establis$ed itsel" as a generalist centre "or t$at part o" t$e state1
Dubbo is !ery muc$ a regional centre1 It plays a !ery prominent part
wit$in t$e local economy+ but $as also been able to lin8 wit$ national
processes and mar8ets to "oster growt$1
S$eep "or t$e abattoir come "rom a number o" states1
0$e "low o" tra""ic along t$e 'ewell ;ig$way $as made t$e city a
transport centre o" national signi"icance1
It is t$e location o" one o" 6ustraliaVs built wildli"e sanctuaries+ t$e
Western lains Goo1
Dubbo is not a specialist centre "or any one industry1
'early $al" t$e wor8"orce is employed in w$olesale
and retail acti!ities and community ser!ices
6round /) per cent o" wor8ers are employed in
"inancial ser!ices1
0$e abattoir is t$e largest employer+ employing about
,)) people1
0$e base $ospital is t$e next largest employer1
0$ere are o!er t$irty motels ser!icing tourists and
business people1
0$e city per"orms a !ariety o" roles and its continuing ability to encompass a
number o" "unctions will almost certainly result in its "urt$er growt$1
Demise of the small town around Dubbo
Recent de!elopments in transport and communications $a!e made it
more di""icult "or small towns and !illages wit$ limited "unctions and small
populations to sur!i!e1
0$e widespread owners$ip o" cars in de!eloped nations $as made
people increasingly mobile and prepared to tra!el longer distances
to buy goods and ser!ices1
0$e rapid de!elopment o" communications+ including e%commerce+
$as made it possible "or people in small towns to $a!e access to
immediate in"ormation "rom all round t$e world1 0$is is resulting in
an increasing tendency "or people to purc$ase goods and ser!ices
globally1
0$e declining returns "rom agricultural production $a!e reduced t$e
incomes o" rural $ouse$olds relati!e to t$ose in booming large cities1
0$e $ierarc$y associated wit$ t$e regional city o" Dubbo s$ows t$at
small towns $a!e been a""ected by t$ese de!elopments1 During t$e
/.:)s and /.*)s+ "or example+ t$e Dubbo district de!eloped a system o"
sealed roads1 0$is increased t$e distance people were prepared to
tra!el to buy goods or ser!ices+ w$ic$ meant by%passing t$e small local
towns and going to larger towns+ suc$ as Dubbo1
6s regional cities li8e Dubbo $a!e grown+ local small towns and
!illages $a!e declined1 Wit$ locals s$opping and using ser!ices in
regional centres+ at "irst s$ops and <ob opportunities lea!e t$e small
towns1 0$e population declines and t$en t$e decline accelerates wit$ t$e
loss o" essential in"rastructure+ suc$ as ban8s and $ospitals1
4an8 closures ma8e it !ery di""icult "or many ot$er ser!ices to
sur!i!e1
;ospital closures+ and t$e loss o" doctors and p$armacies+ o"ten
results in older people retiring to t$e larger regional centres1
0$ese losses $a!e a strong impact1
0$e population drops below t$e t$res$old or minimum
population needed to maintain a ser!ice+ resulting in ot$er
closures1
eople in all age groups gradually lea!e t$e small towns and
!illages1
0$is is !ery apparent in t$e Dubbo district as most small towns around it are
in steady decline+ w$ile Dubbo continues to grow1
Wellington a Hinterland of Dubbo
W$en 0im Max"ield started wor8 at 9ersbac$Vs 9arage in
Wellington in /.,/+ it was one o" eig$t car dealers in t$e town1 'ow t$ere
are only two1
YWe would $a!e been selling "our times as many motor !e$icles t$en as
we are now1V $e says1
1110$e central western 'SW town is among t$ose most reliant on
employment in agriculture and pastoralism1 Suc$ towns $a!e $ig$
unemployment+ low income and static populations1
YI t$in8 itVs <ust t$at t$e man on t$e land is not ma8ing t$e money $e
used to ma8e+ and t$ereVs less employment in t$e town+V $e says1 Y0$e
"armers arenVt getting t$e prices "or t$eir w$eat and wool t$at t$ey used
to1V
In t$e /.,)s+ 9ersbac$Vs 9arage would sell about (: used and /*
new cars a mont$+ compared wit$ per$aps /) used and six new cars
now1 Mr Max"ield says1
6cross t$e road "rom 9ersbac$Vs 9arage is 4ryantVs 4utc$er+ w$ic$
$as a
similar story to tell1 Col 4ryant says business $as $al!ed since $e too8
o!er t$e s$op "rom $is "at$er in /.*.1
eople buy more ta8e%away "ood now and $e suspects "armers
are 8illing t$eir own meat to sa!e money1
9ordon 0indall+ executi!e o""icer o" t$e Wellington%Erana
4usiness Enterprise Centre+ says many locals dri!e $al" an $our to
Dubbo to s$op+ "urt$er depri!ing t$e town o" income1
Source: (*e Australian, 2 November 1999
Ke.
De!ine
)ro$th
7. &a!u!ate the +erentage hange in +o+u!ation for eah to$n in
the Dubbo distrit. 6rite .our ans$ers ne0t to eah
2. &o!our ode the 7II6 o!umn sho$ing de!ine and gro$th in
+o+u!ation
Using #nformation from t*e *andouts and your te0tboo/ -ages 2364256 com-lete t*e
follo,ing.
7; Dra$ a diagram that ategorises metropolitan areasE regional centresE and hinterlands using the
fo!!o$ing urban +!aes
*.dne.E DubboE 6e!!ingtonE 6arrenE "endooranE #e$ast!eE *hort!andE Beresfie!dE 6a!!send
2; 6h. ha'e 4egiona! &entres hanged their ro!esJ
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
3; 10+!ain $h. Dubbo has gro$n ra+id!.J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
4; 6h. ha'e the sma!! to$ns around Dubbo de!inedJ
5; 6hat is the +erentage hange in +o+u!ation of 6e!!ington from 7II7to 7II6J
6; 6hat fators ha'e !ed to this hange in 6e!!ingtonJ
B; Desribe ho$ this de!ine has affeted t$o businesses in the to$n.
Use t*e (o-ogra-*ic ma- and aerial ma- on -ages 2574256 of your te0t boo/ to com-lete t*e
follo,ing.
@; 6hat t.+e of agriu!tura! !and use takes +!ae in this areaJ )i'e e'idene from the ma+ and
+hotogra+h to su++ort .our ans$er.
I; Ho$ $ou!d ha'e the "a>uarie and Be!! 4i'ers inf!uened the !oation and de'e!o+ment of
6e!!ingtonJ
78;&a!u!ate the sa!e of the aeria! +hotogra+h. %ou must sho$ .our $orking out +roess.
77;Dra$ a rossAsetion from )4BI@I54 to )4@4@IB3 $ith a 'ertia! sa!e of 795888. Fi!! in the
transet abo'e the rossAsetion $ith the most signifiant features from the bui!t en'ironment.
Bui!t
1n'.
'%8
WO&LD C#(#%$
2. W*at is a ,orld city9
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
7. !ame t*e -rocess t*at *as been res-onsible for t*e de+elo-ment of World Cities.
6. riefly e0-lain ,*at t*is -rocess is and *o, it *as influenced t*e de+elo-ment of
World Cities.
:. Com-lete t*e table to s*o, t*e c*aracteristics of a World City
C*aracteristics of a World City
C*aracteristic rief %0-lanation %0am-le from a World City
;. W*at regions of t*e ,orld are World Cities found in9
6. W*ere are World Cities !O( found9
<. W*y do you t*in/ t*is is t*e case9
@. W*y are World Cities considered centres of economic authority of t*e ,orld9 Gi+e
e0am-les from a s-ecific World City.
5. W*y are World Cities considered centres of cultural authority of t*e ,orld9 Gi+e
e0am-les from a s-ecific World City.
2=. World cities are connected to eac* ot*er by a number of net,or/s. #dentify and
briefly e0-lain t*ree s-ecific net,or/s t*at connect World Cities.
22. $ome World Cities are more -o,erful t*an ot*ers. (,o systems of classifying World
Cities *a+e identified t*ree World Cities as being t*e most influential. W*ic* t*ree are
t*ey9
27. W*at does t*e term $PA(#AL A&(#CULA(#O! mean9
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
26. W*at are t*e functions of large metro-olitan areas suc* as $ydney, London, !e, >or/
etc9
2:. W*at are &egional Centres9
2;. W*at *a+e &egional Centres e0-erienced in recent times9
26. W*at term is used to describe t*e areas around a regional centre9
2<. W*at im-acts are &egional Centres *a+ing on small to,ns9 Gi+e an e0am-le from an
Australian &egional Centre and (o,n.
MEGACITIES
1.
T!e N"ture# C!"r"cter# "nd S$"ti"% Distri&ution o'
Me)"cities in t!e DeCe%o$in) (or%d
6 Nuic8 de"inition o" t$e De!eloping World#
DeCe%o$1ent is t$e impro!ement o" a country7s economy+
social well being+ political structure + and en!ironment
0$ere"ore+ t$e TdeCe%o$in) (or%d/ is t$ose places w$ere
de!elopment is still occurring1
The term URBAN AGG+,-#RAT.,N is another way of saying large urban areas&
1.1 T!e N"ture o' Me)"cities in t!e DeCe%o$in) Wor%d
6 ME+ACITY is an urban place wit$ a population o" o!er TEN
MILLION $eo$%e /United Nations01 ;owe!er+ t$e 4oard o"
Studies also accepts t$at Megacities are cities wit$
populations o!er - million 2Eld U' de"inition31
E" t$e (* urban agglomerations t$at $a!e o!er - million or
more people+ () 2,,J3 are in t$e de!eloping world or /* o" t$e
() t$at are o!er /) million 2-)J3 are in t$e de!eloping world1
0$ere"ore+ Megacities are seen as an urban p$enomenon
t$at occurs mainly in t$e de!eloping world1
Megacities de!eloped in t$e later $al" o" t$e ()
t$
century "or
a number o" reasons#
Birstly+ world population growt$ $as doubled numerous
times wit$in t$e twentiet$ century1 Muc$ o" t$is population
growt$ occurred in t$e de!eloping world1
Secondly+ urbanisation $as increased1 0$e main cause o" t$is
in de!eloping nations $as been rural to urban migration1
6s a conseNuence o" increased population growt$ and $ig$
urbanisation rates+ large cities $a!e "ormed in t$e de!eloping
world1 0$ese large cities are 8nown as Megacities1
0$e problem in many de!eloping nations is t$at t$e rapid
rate o" growt$ in t$e cities could not be catered "or as /3 t$ere
was no in"rastructure to begin wit$ and (3 t$e country was too
poor to build new in"rastructure1
0$ese "actors are t$e underlying reasons be$ind t$e distinct
c$aracteristics t$at Megacities in t$e de!eloping world $a!e1
1.5 0$e C$aracter o" Megacities in t$e de!eloping world
6s well as "ul"illing t$e basic "unctions o" ot$er ma<or cities
suc$ as "inancial and commercial $ubs and lin8s to ot$er cities
around t$e world+ 6LL Megacities in t$e De!eloping world
$a!e t$e "ollowing c$aracteristics#
;ousing problems
0ra""ic problems
Water and power supply problems
Employment problems
;ealt$ problems
Large social di!isions
0$e abo!e are 8nown as c$allenges and t$ese will be co!ered
in some more detail in t$e next c$apter1
Megacities in t$e de!eloping world also $a!e
Large in"ormal economies 2non%taxed or unregulated
businesses3
Large manu"acturing base 2"actory based3
1.< T!e S$"ti"% Distri&ution o' Me)"cities
Megacities are mainly "ound in t$e de!eloping regions o" t$e
world1
I" using t$e /) million population criteria () cities were
considered Megacities1 /* o" t$ese were located in t$e
de!eloping world1
I" using t$e - million criteria+ (* cities are considered
Megacities and () o" t$em are located in t$e de!eloping world1
(as/
3n the $or!d ma+ mark the !oation of the "egaities based on the tab!e be!o$. ?se different
o!ours for ones !oated in the de'e!o+ed $or!d and the de'e!o+ing $or!d.
Table 1: Rank and estimated population of largest urban agglomerations (millions) in 2005.
Rank City Country
Population
(millions)
1 Tokyo Japan 35.327
2 Mexico City Mexico 19.013
3 New York-Newark USA 18.498
4 Mumbai (Bombay) India 18.336
5 So Paulo Brazil 18.333
6 Delhi India 15.334
7 Calcutta India 14.299
8 Buenos Aires Argentina 13.349
9 Jakarta Indonesia 13.194
10 Shanghai China 12.665
11 Dhaka Bangladesh 12.560
12 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana USA 12.146
13 Karachi Pakistan 11.819
14 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 11.469
15 Osaka-Kobe Japan 11.286
16 Cairo Egypt 11.146
17 Lagos Nigeria 11.135
18 Beijing China 10.849
19 Metro Manila Philippines 10.677
20 Moscow Russian Federation 10.672
21 Paris France 9.854
22 Istanbul Turkey 9.760
23 Seoul Republic of Korea 9.592
24 Tianjin China 9.346
25 Chicago USA 8.711
26 Lima Peru 8.180
$ource9 ?nited #ations :2883; World Urbanization Prospects: 2003 evision
5.
T!e C!"%%en)es o' LiCin) in Me)"cities in t!e
DeCe%o$in) (or%d
6s outlined pre!iously t$e rapid population growt$ and urbanisation
rates $a!e led to some serious c$allenges t$at are
c$aracteristically Megacity problems in t$e de!eloping world.
5.1 8ousin) C!"%%en)es
6ll Megacities in t$e de!eloping world experience problems
wit$ $ousing1
In many Megacities t$ere is not enoug$ suitable $ousing so+
ma8es$i"t $ousing is de!eloped usually on marginal 2poor Nuality3
land1 0$ese ma8e s$i"t $ousing communities $a!e a number o"
di""erent names# slums+ flaella+ shanties+ villas mierias!
bidonvilles!"
6not$er aspect o" $ousing is t$at apartment style li!ing is t$e
only option in Megacities1 Bor example+ in S$ang$ai+ C$ina many
people are "orced to li!e in cramped apartments wit$ little to no "ree
space wit$ an a!erage o" :1, persons per room+
5.5 C!"%%en)es o' tr"''ic
6ll Megacities in t$e de!eloping world
$a!e problems associated wit$ tra""ic
in"rastructure1
Many Megacities still $a!e t$e road
structure "rom t$e beginning o" t$e
/.))s1
4ecause t$e tra""ic in"rastructure is o"
a poor Nuality many Megacities su""er se!ere tra""ic
congestion1 Bor example+ tra""ic congestion in 4ang8o8 is so
bad t$at t$e a!erage commute in /..* too8 t$ree $ours1
0$e problem is t$at t$e existing in"rastructure does not meet
present needs1
Bor instance t$e car usage in S$ang$ai C$ina increased
A*)J in a () year period but t$e corresponding in"rastructure
did not impro!e1
Burt$ermore+ public transport is !ery limited or non%existent t$us+
adding to t$e tra""ic problems1
5.< C!"%%en)es o' W"ter "nd Po(er Su$$%, 3Uti%ities4
Water Supply
6lmost all o" t$e Megacities "ace ma<or "res$ water c$allenges1
6ccess to clean "res$ drin8ing water is becoming di""icult
because t$e rapid increase o" population and $ousing $as
grown "aster t$an t$e aut$orities can pro!ide t$e in"rastructure1
Bor example+ $al" o" Mumbai7s metropolis7 population lac8s
running water1
Burt$ermore+ Megacity residents+ crowded into unsanitary
slums+ are also sub<ect to serious disease outbrea8s because
o" t$e poor access to water1 0$e Megacity o" Lima in eru
su""ered a c$olera outbrea8 in t$e late /..)s partly because+
Rural people 1who migrated to +ima23lie in houses without
running water and use the outhouses that dot the hillsides
aboe& Consumption o" unsa"e "ood and water sub<ects t$ese
people to li"e%t$reatening diarr$oea and de$ydration1
ower Supply
0$e ma<or problem wit$ power supply is t$at most o" t$e illegal
$ousing t$at $as de!eloped does not $a!e access to t$e power
grid as no in"rastructure $as been built1
6not$er problem is t$at t$ere are o"ten power s$ortages due to
t$e large strain on t$e 9rid1 Wit$ Wgrey outs being common
place1 Bor example in S$ang$ai+ t$e increase in ower
consuming industries and population expansion $as created a
s$ortage o" approximately /1). million 8ilowatts o" electricity1
5.> C!"%%en)es o' S"nit"tion
Sanitation ser!ices ensure t$at a city remains clean and
reduces t$e onset o" disease t$roug$ remo!al o" rubbis$
and $uman waste t$roug$ sewerage systems1
0$e disposal o" solid waste 2rubbis$3 is an issue "or many
Megacities1 0$e large populations $a!e created large
amounts o" waste+ w$ic$ are di""icult to dispose o"1
Bor example in Mexico City o""icials estimate t$at+ o" t$e
/)+))) tons o" waste generated eac$ day+ at least one Nuarter
is dumped illegally1
Most Megacities o"ten do not $a!e e""ecti!e sewerage
systems1
Bor example+ t$ree million o" Mexico City7s residents at t$e
edge o" t$e city do not $a!e access to sewers1 Untreated
waste "rom t$ese locations is disc$arged directly into water
bodies or into t$e ground+ w$ere it can contaminate ground
water1 Enly :) percent o" residents in sNuatter settlements
$a!e access to plumbing+ and t$ese residents are more li8ely
to su""er "rom $ealt$ e""ects lin8ed to inadeNuate sanitation
suc$ as dysentery 2c$ronic diarr$oea31
5.? T!e C!"%%en)es o' E1$%o,1ent
;ig$ unemployment rates are
anot$er c$allenge t$at most
Megacities in t$e de!eloping world
"ace1
Many rural%urban migrants see
Megacities as a potential source o"
employment because
manu"acturing is t$e predominant industry1 ;owe!er+ t$ere are
not enoug$ !acancies in t$e "actories to cater "or t$e rapid
increase in migrants and nati!e born1 Bor example t$e
unemployment rate in Istanbul was -J in /...1
6not$er aspect is t$at since t$ere is an o!ersupply o" wor8ers+
t$e people w$o are employed are paid poorly1
Burt$ermore+ since most o" t$e population in Megacities tend
to $a!e low education le!els and little s8ills t$ey are
!ulnerable to "luctuations in t$e demand "or t$e manu"actured
goods produced in t$at city1
Bor example+ in S$ang$ai+ 9o!ernment owned enterprises
laid o"" a total o" /1: million redundant personnel between
/../%/..-1 Many o" t$ese people $ad low education and no
s8ills beyond t$eir industry+ and no idea o" $ow to apply "or
anot$er <ob1 0$is caused many to reduce t$eir standard o"
li!ing in order to sur!i!e and support t$eir "amilies1
0$e current 9lobal Economic Crisis 29EC3 is $a!ing ad!erse
e""ects on employment in many mega cities around t$e world1
5.J 8e"%t! C!"%%en)es.
Since Megacities c$aracteristically $a!e $ad rapid population
increases+ all o" t$em experience a substantial strain on t$e
$ealt$ care system1 ;ospitals are under sourced and t$e
spread o" disease is common1
Respiratory disorders are common in many Megacities
because o" poor air Nuality1 In 'ew Del$i (A $ospitals
between /.,,%/.-) were set up to cater "or respiratory
disorders alone1
Due to poor sanitation ot$er diseases w$ic$ are rare in
de!eloped countries run ri"e in Megacities1 Bor instance in
'ew Del$i people su""er intestinal diseases suc$ as
gastrointestinal in"ections 2diarr$oeas and dysentery31
Burt$ermore+ many $ospitals t$at are set up are "rom "oreign
countries t$at o""er $ig$er Nuality care1 ;owe!er+ t$ese are
commonly reser!ed "or tourists and t$ose w$o pay $ig$
prices1
5.D Soci"% "nd ot!er issues
Soci"% DiCisions
Megacities o"ten $a!e large
social di!isions1
0$ere is a clear distinction
between ric$ and poor in
Megacities1 Middle%class
and well%o"" people en<oy a
li"estyle similar to t$at o"
people li!ing in de!eloped
countries1 0$is is o"ten <uxtaposed wit$ extremely poor
communities1
Air Po%%ution
Megacities in t$e de!eloping world experience $ig$ le!els
o" 6ir ollution1
one "actor is t$at Manu"acturing is
predominant in t$ese cities1 0$ey
produce $ig$ le!els o" CE( emissions
and ot$er dangerous particulate matter1
articulate matter is t$e ma<or cause o"
respiratory disease1
Combine t$e CE( emissions "rom manu"acturing wit$ tra""ic

congestions and t$e air Nuality $as dwindled1
0$e $ig$ le!els o" air pollution are directly lin8ed to t$e $ig$
le!els o" respiratory aliments reported by many in
Megacities1
htt+9DD$$$.nae.eduD(ub!iationsD-heBridgeDArhi'esD52IA4?rbani=ation1ngineeringD"egaitiesandtheDe'e!o+ing6or!d.as+0
Megacities and t*e De+elo-ing World
)eorge Bug!iare!!o
5o!ume 2IE #umber 4 A 6inter 7III
The large urban agglomerates we call megacities are increasingly a deeloping world phenomenon that will
affect the future prosperity and stability of the entire world
$e concentration o" t$e world7s population in
urban areas is growing at an enormously
rapid rate+ and wit$in t$at p$enomenon+
pro<ections call "or e!en more rapid growt$ o"
megacities+ currently de"ined by t$e United 'ations
2U'3 as cities o" o!er /) million people1/ Brom /.,:
to ()/:+ t$e number o" megacities will $a!e grown
"rom "i!e %% t$ree o" t$em in t$e de!eloping world %%
to (* %% all but "our in t$e de!eloping world 2U'+
/..-31
0$e de"inition o" w$at is a megacity is clearly
arbitrary+ as t$e population concentration t$at
di""erentiates megacities "rom ot$er urban areas
c$anges wit$ time and context1 In t$e ancient world+
Rome+ wit$ its o!er / million in$abitants+ was a
megacity+ and today+ London or C$icago could be
considered megacities+ e!en i" t$ey "all below t$e
/) million U' t$res$old1
6lt$oug$ t$ere are numerous examples in t$e
de!eloped world+ megacities are primarily a
p$enomenon o" t$e de!eloping world1 I" one
considers population pro<ections "or t$e // largest
urban agglomerates in ()/: 2Bigure /3+ in /: years
most o" t$e largest cities o" t$e world will be in t$e
de!eloping world+ a signi"icant c$ange "rom t$e
largest city populations in /.-) and /..@1 6lt$oug$
0o8yo will remain t$e largest city in t$e world+ 'ew
>or8+ at second place in /.-) and /..@+ is
pro<ected to be at t$e bottom o" t$e list by ()/:+
w$ile Mumbai will $a!e climbed "rom sixt$ to
second place+ and Ia8arta "rom last to "i"t$ place1
4ot$ 0o8yo and 'ew >or8 are experiencing
relati!ely modest population increases+ and a
number o" ot$er large cities in t$e de!eloped world
are experiencing population declines1 In contrast+
t$e populations o" de!eloping world megacities are
typically growing "rom one to "i!e percent per year+
alt$oug$ t$ese rates are expected to abate
somew$at in t$e next /: years 2U'+ /..-31
;owe!er+ i" all t$e megacities o" t$e world %%
de!eloped and de!eloping ali8e %% $a!e one "actor
in common+ it is t$e great di!ersity in many o" t$eir
salient indices+ "rom cost o" li!ing to mobility+ t$at
o"ten re"lects di""ering approac$es to public policies
2ar8er+ /..:31
Despite t$e "act t$at megacities are increasingly a
p$enomenon o" t$e de!eloping world+ t$ere are
0
t$ree ma<or reasons w$y t$e de!eloped world
needs to pay attention to t$em1 Birst+ what happens
in the megacities of the deeloping world affects the
rest of the world1 0$e combination o" $ig$
population density+ po!erty+ and limited resources
ma8es t$e de!eloping world megacity an
en!ironment w$ic$ "a!ors t$e incubation o" disease+
"rom c$olera to tuberculosis to sexually transmitted
in"ections+ t$at in an age o" rapid communication
can almost instantaneously be propagated to t$e
rest o" t$e world1 Vulnerability to terrorism+ natural
$a5ards+ ecological disasters+ war conditions+ and
"ood scarcity are also exacerbated in t$e megacities
o" t$e de!eloping world1 6s recent episodes $a!e
s$own+ attac8s against embassies+ businesses+ and
tra!elers directly a""ect t$e de!eloped world+
particularly t$e United States1
Megacities+ bot$ in t$e de!eloped and t$e
de!eloping world+ are places w$ere social unrest
o"ten originates+ as demonstrated currently in
Ia8arta+ and $istorically in aris and St1 etersburg+
t$e megacities o" t$eir time t$at spar8ed t$e Brenc$
and Russian Re!olutions1 Suc$ unrest a""ects t$e
rest o" t$e world+ as do ot$er p$enomena o"
megacities+ including t$e rate at w$ic$ t$eir
residents emigrate to ot$er areas+ and t$e
competiti!e c$allenge presented by t$eir c$eap
labor "orces1 Last but not least+ t$e ecological
impacts o" sprawling megacities extend to ot$er
regions o" t$e world+ as seen wit$ t$e air pollution
generated by millions o" $ouse$olds burning so"t
coal+ or wit$ t$e disposal o" waste+ a uni!ersal
problem epitomi5ed by t$e odyssey o" 'ew >or8
City7s waste%laden barges1
0$e second ma<or reason to pay attention to
megacities is t$at they are key instruments of social
and economic deelopment1 In a world concerned
wit$ t$e growt$ o" t$e global population+ megacities
are strong indicators o" bot$ present and "uture
conditions# t$ey $a!e become instruments "or
dramatic birt$rate reductions in comparison to ot$er
regions o" t$e countries in w$ic$ t$ey are situated=
t$ey are instruments to promote $uman genome
di!ersity because t$ey attract di!erse populations=
t$ey are t$e site o" cultural and educational
institutions t$at promote social de!elopment= t$ey
o"ten set t$e tone "or a nation7s social !alues= and
t$ey are power"ul instruments o" economic
concentration 2"or example+ today Darac$i
generates () percent o" a8istan7s gross domestic
product and pro!ides :) percent o" go!ernment
re!enues31
6 t$ird reason to pay attention to megacities is t$at
they offer new market opportunities to both the
deeloping and deeloped world alike+ as discussed
"urt$er below1
Me)"cit, D,n"1ics
0o understand t$e role o" t$e megacities in our
world today+ we need to understand t$eir dynamics1
6 megacity is a complex organism and its
de!elopment is largely a spontaneous process1 It is
not an entity t$at can be totally designed+ as $as
been learned "rom a number o" planning "ailures+
exempli"ied by 4rasilia+ or+ in 'ew >or8 and se!eral
ot$er U1S1 cities+ by t$e so%called pro<ects "or low%
income tenants1 ;owe!er+ i" it cannot be totally
designed+ t$e megacity can be guided in its
e!olution t$roug$ realistic planning1
0$e "irst Nuestion+ in terms o" dynamics+ is# W$y do
megacities attractP W$y do suc$ large populations
"low to t$em and want to li!e in t$emP In t$e
de!eloping world+ megacities attract t$ose w$o are
see8ing a better li"e %% a $ig$er standard o" li!ing+
better <obs+ "ewer $ards$ips+ and better education1
0$e second Nuestion is# W$y+ i" t$ey $a!e suc$
"orce o" attraction+ do megacities $a!e w$at
appears to be a "ormidable set o" increasingly
intractable problemsP 0$e problems o" megacities
include#
10+!osi'e +o+u!ation gro$th.
A!arming inreases in +o'ert. that ontradit
the reasons $h. a megait. attrats :6or!d
BankE 7II7;. A onentration of the +oor and
job!ess ours both in the de'e!o+ing $or!d andE
on a sma!!er sa!eE in the de'e!o+ed $or!dE as
e'idened b. the number of unem+!o.ed in
#e$ %ork &it..
"assi'e infrastruture defiits in the de!i'er. of
te!eommuniations ser'iesE the a'ai!abi!it. of
trans+ortationE and the +resene of ongestion.
For e0am+!eE traffi ongestion in Bangkok is so
bad that the a'erage ommute no$ takes three
hours :6or!d 4esoures 2nstituteE 7II6;.
(ressures on !and and housing. &hina
onentrates 5.B +ersons +er roomE as om+ared
to 8.5 +ersons in the ?nited *tates.
1n'ironmenta! onernsE suh as ontaminated
$aterE air +o!!utionE unheked $eed gro$th
due to the destrution of origina! 'egetationE and
o'erdra$n a>uifers. For instaneE "e0io &it.Ls
a>uifer is being o'erdra$n and is sinking b.
about 7 meter +er .ear :6or!d 4esoures
2nstituteE 7II6;.
DiseaseE high death ratesE drugAresistant strains
of infetionE and !etha! en'ironmenta!
onditions. For e0am+!eE 72.6 +erent of the
deaths in ,akarta are re!ated to air +o!!ution
auses :6or!d 4esoures 2nstituteE 7II6;.
1onomi de+endene on federa! or state
go'ernments that onstrains the inde+endene
of megait. administrations.
&a+ita! sarit.E the fator that sha+es the
eonom. of the megait. and aggra'ates its
other +rob!emsE from infrastruture to
en'ironmenta! deterioration.
-hese +rob!ems are inreasing!. intratab!e beause
megaities are e0+eriening 'er. ra+id gro$th $ith
$hih the. annot o+e. &oinident $ith ra+id gro$thE
these +rob!ems are ourring in en'ironments $here the
+o+u!ationsE ha'ing f!oked to the megaities in ho+es of
a better !ifeE ha'e e'er higher e0+etations $hih are
genera!!. greater than the abi!it. of a megait. to
res+ond to them.
"egait. +rob!ems are e0aerbated b. $hat are usua!!.
serious defiits in the rea!m of kno$!edge. -hese are
defiits in the generation of kno$!edgeE suh as the
researh neessar. to address the +rob!ems of the
megait.E and in the dissemination of kno$!edgeE e.g.E in
the eduationa! s.stems. 1>ua!!. serious are defiits in
the uti!i=ation of kno$!edge b. the re!ati'e!. +oor and
uneduated +o+u!ations of the megaities. *ine
megaities are !arger than man. a nationE the. need to
address these ruia! defiits in kno$!edge $ith the same
seriousness $ith $hih nations address themE through
researhE eduationE and other instruments for the
generationE diffusionE and uti!i=ation of kno$!edge.
3f a!! the ha!!enges onfronting the megaitiesE one of
the most diffiu!t and urgent for their stabi!it.E and for
that of the rest of the $or!dE is em+!o.ment. -oda. there
are 7.5 bi!!ion job!ess +eo+!e in the $or!d. 3ne bi!!ion
more jobs $i!! ha'e to be +ro'ided in the ne0t 25 .earsE a
substantia! +ortion of them in the megaities. -his $i!! be
an enormous ha!!engeE as it a!!s for a drasti
transformation of the $ork +iture in the megaities of
the de'e!o+ing $or!d. -oda. those megaities are
harateri=ed b. substantia! unem+!o.mentE !o$
+roduti'it. among those $ho are em+!o.edE a !arge
ser'ie setorE a sma!! manufaturing setorE and a !arge
and genera!!. ineffiient go'ernment setor. -here is a!so
a !arge informa! setor of em+!o.ment in fami!.
enter+rises and sma!! enter+risesE from +edd!ers to sma!!
retai! storesE $hih is >uite different from the forma!
setor of !arge om+anies and the go'ernment.
-he em+!o.ment diffiu!ties are om+ounded b. !imited
job mobi!it.E inade>uate trans+ortation to jobs for +oorer
iti=ensE and the !ak of !ega! +rotetion for $orkersE
+artiu!ar!. in the informa! setor. -his !ak of jobsE
ou+!ed $ith the !ak of housing and the onditions of
!ife at the margins of the megait.E +h.sia!!. s+eaking
in the barrios and fa'e!asE and figurati'e!. s+eaking in
the !ak of suffiient attention to needsE has !ed to the
gro$th of a fundamenta!ismE the roots of $hih are
main!. eonomi rather than re!igious.
-o understand the d.namis of the megaities is a!so to
understand their di!emmas. Di!emmas onfront a!! !arge
itiesE but the. are muh more dramati in the megaities
of the de'e!o+ing $or!d. -he first set of di!emmas ou!d
be a!!ed Mma.orLs di!emmasM AA ho$ to ba!ane gro$th
and stabi!it. and ho$ to a'oid 'iious ir!es in
de'e!o+ment. Ba!aning gro$th and stabi!it. entai!s
>uestions of e>uit. 'ersus effiien.E effiien. 'ersus
jobsE and e>uit. 'ersus g!oba! om+etition. A megait.
e0ists in a g!oba! market $hihE if the it. is to get its
shareE onstrains the abi!it. to ontinue to offer
eonomia!!. ineffiient jobs to the +o+u!ation AA the
'er. jobs that are needed to maintain interna! stabi!it..
De+elo-ment C*allenges
A 'iious ir!e in the de'e!o+ment of a megait. is that
of attrationE gro$thE and disattrationE as e0em+!ified b.
Banga!oreE a it. that offers a good base for gro$th in
terms of a fa'orab!e !imateE a ski!!ed +o+u!ationE and a
good trans+ortation s.stem :#iathE 7II6;. -hat base has
!ed to a strong migration into Banga!oreE $hihE in turnE
has !ed to high rea! estate ostsE the reation of s!umsE
hea!th are +rob!emsE en'ironmenta! +rob!emsE and
shortages of $ater and energ.. -his is not e0!usi'e!. a
+rob!em of a de'e!o+ing $or!d megait.. 2t is often
enounteredE in different $a.sE in de'e!o+ed $or!d
en'ironments suh as the 4esearh -riang!e (ark in
#orth &aro!ina. 2t isE ho$e'erE far more serious in the
de'e!o+ing $or!dE if the ho+es that major urban
ong!omerates be ke. instruments of soia! and
eonomi de'e!o+mentE rather than of des+airE are not to
be dashed.
-he ma.orLs di!emmas are often e0aerbated b. an
e0essi'e de+endene of the megait. AA t.+ia! in the
de'e!o+ing $or!d AA on entra! federa! or state
go'ernments :6or!d BankE 7II5;. Ho$ to !essen that
de+endene is a ha!!enge both for the megait. and for
the nation in $hih it is embedded. A fundamenta!
rethinking of the it.Anation re!ationshi+ is re>uiredE if
the nation is to dra$ the ma0imum benefit from the
megait. and the megait. is to attem+t to so!'e
suessfu!!. its ke. +rob!ems.
Another faet of this +rob!em is the nationa! di!emma of
the ba!ane of fous bet$een a megait. and the rest of
the ountr.< that isE the e0tent to $hih megaities shou!d
reei'e the !ionLs share of attentionE as often ha++ens to
the detriment of other urban areas and the rest of the
ountr.. A oro!!ar. >uestion is ho$ to s!o$ do$n the
gro$th of megaities in order to gi'e them the breathing
s+ae neessar. to +ro'ide ade>uate jobs and
infrastruture to their e0isting +o+u!ations. (art of the
nationa! di!emma is ho$ to find a!ternati'es to
megaities b. reating or strengthening sma!!er ities that
$ou!d offer most of the ad'antages of a megait. but
fe$er +rob!emsE or b. finding other $a.s of anhoring to
the ountr.side the +o+u!ation that $ou!d !ike to migrate
to the megaities. "an. e0+eriments to def!et gro$th
from the megaities ha'e fai!edE ho$e'erE so the gro$th
ontinues irre+ressib!. $ith serious soia! onse>uenes
AA a!ienated +o+u!ations that an find neither jobs nor
ade>uate she!ter. A reent e0am+!e that does not seem to
ha'e $orked as intended is the attem+t b. -urke. to
reate a number of ne$ uni'ersities a$a. from the major
ities !ike 2stanbu!E AnkaraE and 2=mirE as instruments for
ata!.=ing gro$th and anhoring +o+u!ation there
:3rganisation for 1onomi &oAo+eration and
De'e!o+ment N31&DOE 7II5;.
"eys to $olutions
-he so!utions to the +rob!ems and di!emmas of
de'e!o+ing $or!d megaities are om+!e0. Ho$e'erE
some a++roahes are essentia!E suh as ado+ting
Meffiien.M +o!iiesE fousing on a++ro+riate eduationE
de'e!o+ing redit and a+ita!E enouraging ommunit.
+artii+ationE and fousing on tehno!og..
(o!iies aimed at using more effiient!. the resoures of
the megaities and at de'e!o+ing more effiient s.stems
in!ude the ob'ious fisa! disi+!ine< the neessit. to
reate finania! reforms and to fai!itate se!fAhe!+
ati'ities and the $ork of entre+reneurs< the remo'a! of
institutiona! barriers suh as those to home o$nershi+<
and the de'e!o+ment of more effiient +ub!iA+ri'ate
interfaes. -he. a!so in!ude the im+!ementation of
munii+a! ser'ie subsidies on!. for +ersons in needE
instead of for ser'ies as a $ho!e :usua!!. a rei+e for
infrastruture deterioration;< the deregu!ationE $ithin
!imits that do not destro. soia! stabi!it.E of a high!.
regimented !abor market< and essentia! rossAsetora!
integrationsE suh as those of jobs and trans+ortation and
of !and use and housing.
-he im+ortane of eduationE as $e!! as of de'e!o+ing
ade>uate redit and a+ita!E is se!fAe'ident. -he
im+ortane of inte!!igent!. designed ommunit.
+artii+ation in deisions about the !e'e!E >ua!it.E and
ost of ser'ies annot be suffiient!. stressed.
(artii+ator. +!anning does not mean that the ommunit.
as a $ho!e +!ansE but that it gets heard and in'o!'ed in
the +!anning +roess. -his is a +o$erfu!E if often
inade>uate!. usedE mehanism for a'oiding ost!.
so!utions or so!utions that fai! to satisf. the needs of the
+o+u!ationE for making the ro!e of the megait.
go'ernment more effiientE andE abo'e a!!E for enab!ing
the users of the megait. infrastrutureE from
trans+ortation to shoo!s to housingE to a>uire a sense of
o$nershi+.
2n so!'ing the +rob!ems of the megaitiesE tehno!og. is
ke. to +ro'iding more hoiesE to making a'ai!ab!e better
too!s to address the ha!!engesE and to generating ne$
markets and thus ne$ o++ortunities for eonomi
de'e!o+ment and em+!o.ment :Bug!iare!!oE 7II4<
31&DE 7II2;. 2n order to arr. out this ro!eE a set of
issues needs to be addressed in a different onte0t from
that of the de'e!o+ed $or!d. 3ne suh issue is the
ado+tion of a++ro+riate standards that +ro'ide for the
suffiient safet. and +rotetion of the users and
onsumersE but that do not undu!. inhibit eonomi
de'e!o+ment b. foring the ado+tion of a++roahes that
are too ost!.. A seond set of +o!i. issues in!udes the
e0tent to $hih ne$ tehno!ogies are neededE as o++osed
to tehno!ogies that ma. be a!read. in e0istene
e!se$here but are !oa!!. ne$. -hat isE e0isting
tehno!ogies an be +ro'ided in ne$ +akages to better
res+ond to the needs of megaitiesE and !oa!!. +rodued
tehno!ogies an be used instead of im+orted ones.
(o!iies are a!so needed to +reser'e the oe0istene of
ne$ and o!der tehno!ogies :for instaneE motori=ed
trans+ortationE bi.!esE and anima! trans+ortation;< to
de'e!o+ joint efforts $ith other ities to so!'e ommon
+rob!ems that are be.ond the a+abi!ities of a sing!e
megait.< and to determine the a++ro+riate ba!anes
bet$een $hat an be done at a househo!d !e'e! and $hat
an be bui!t at the it. !e'e! :for instaneE the e0tent to
$hih housing an be bui!t $ith se!fAhe!+E rather than
$ith !arge it. inter'entionE or the e0tent to $hih energ.
an be generatedE or $aste an be +roessed at the
househo!d !e'e!E rather than through it. net$orks;.
(o!iies must a!so deide on the ba!anes bet$een soft
and hard so!utionsE for e0am+!eE the e0tent to $hih
human !abor an be used instead of mahinesE or $hether
traffi instrumentation and ontro!s an !essen the need
for road onstrution. 3ther needed ba!anes are bet$een
!oa! and regiona! fousE suh as suburban 'ersus entra!
it. de'e!o+mentE as $e!! as bet$een the needs of the
residents and those of ommutersE $hih often re+resent
a substantia! e!ement of the dai!. +o+u!ation of the
megait. :in &airoE for e0am+!eE there are 2 mi!!ion
ommuters 'ersus 77 mi!!ion inhabitants N4odenbekE
7IIIO;. Fina!!.E +o!iies need to estab!ish an a++ro+riate
ba!ane bet$een free market ati'ities and inter'entionsE
a ba!ane diffiu!t to attain beause of its im+ats on
soia! stabi!it..
An im+ortant as+et of the >uest for a +ro+er ba!ane
bet$een effiien. and stabi!it. is the issue of subsidies.
10+eriene in de'e!o+ing ountries sho$s that
subsidi=ation of an entire ser'ie often !eads to its
deterioration $hen it o'erburdens a it. budget and the
it. annot maintain the ser'ie at an ade>uate !e'e!.
-husE both effiien. and sound tehno!ogia!
de'e!o+ment demand that users shou!d +a. for the
ser'ies the. reei'eE and on!. those users $ho annot
+a. shou!d be subsidi=ed.
2n terms of tehno!ogia! needsE de'e!o+ing $or!d
megaities demand a +hi!oso+h. for standards and
s+eifiations that is different from that of the de'e!o+ed
$or!d. 2n de'e!o+ing $or!d megaitiesE standards and
s+eifiations shou!d fa'or !o$Aost tehno!ogies that
re>uire !itt!e maintenane and are eas. to re+airE instead
of more ad'anedE highA+erformane tehno!ogies. -oo
oftenE im+orts from the de'e!o+ed $or!d fa!! ra+id!. into
disre+air beause the. tend to re>uire high maintenane
and ma. be hard to re+air. -here is !itt!e +ointE for
instaneE to re>uire air onditioning in transit 'ehi!es if
after a $hi!e the inabi!it. to ade>uate!. maintain it !eads
the +assengers to o+en or e'en break the $indo$s of the
'ehi!es. M)ood enoughM tehno!ogies are a!!ed forE that
isE tehno!ogia! so!utions that are ade>uate for the needs
of the megaitiesE but not so refined as to entai! high
engineeringE onstrutionE or o+erationa! osts.
A Different %?uation
-ehno!ogies must a!so aount for a different !aborA
mahine e>uation than $ou!d be found in a high!.
de'e!o+ed eonom.. For instaneE the sorting of materia!
from urban $aste is a signifiant and traditiona! soure of
em+!o.ment in the +oorer ities< it shou!d be re+!aed b.
mahines on!. $hen a!ternate and more fa'orab!e job
o++ortunities are reated. ?nti! that oursE mehani=ing
the +roess ma. be tehnia!!. e!egant and aesthetia!!.
+!easingE but ou!d be soia!!. destabi!i=ingE e'en if it
goes against the grain of a de'e!o+ed $or!d engineering
and soia! 'ie$. 2n briefE differenes in soia! and
+h.sia! en'ironments and ustoms make it im+erati'e to
fous in a++ro+riate $a.s on the soia! and
en'ironmenta! ae+tabi!it. of a tehno!og.. Last!.E the
e0+ort +otentia! of a gi'en tehno!og. introdued or
de'e!o+ed in a megait. has to be onsidered< if there is
a +otentia! market for the tehno!og.E it ou!d enhane
the eonomi 'iabi!it. of the megait..
10am+!es of needed tehno!ogies range from sim+!er
'ehi!es $ith high !oa! ontent to !oa! energ.
transformersE hea+ +eo+!eAmo'ersE and f!e0ib!e
mu!timoda! s.stems for trans+ortationE $ater su++!.E and
$aste remo'a!. 2n eah of these asesE the trunk s.stems
AA $hether streetarsE gas +i+e!inesE $ater mainsE or
se$ers AA need to be e0tended b. f!e0ib!e s.stems that
+ro'ide ser'ies to those +oorer segments of the
+o+u!ation that are often onentrated at the margin of
the megait.E as in the barrios or fa'e!as. -hose margins
tend to e0+and more ra+id!. than the abi!it. of the it. to
e0+and its trunk infrastruture AA +artiu!ar!. $ater
su++!. and se$age s.stemsE as $e!! as e0+ress$a.s and
rai! s.stems AA to reah the +eri+her.. 2n due timeE some
+oor regions of a megait. im+ro'e eonomia!!. and
the trunk s.stems an be e0tended to them< but ne$
margina! areas $i!! arise that again $i!! re>uire f!e0ib!e
s.stems.
)i'en the im+ortane of se!fAhe!+ initiati'esE megaities
need materia!sE su++!iesE methodsE and organi=ation to
enab!e their iti=ens to he!+ themse!'es. Fina!!.E M+er
useM s.stems are needed to make it +ossib!e to harge
those $ho are a+ab!e of +a.ing for the use of
e0+ress$a.sE $ater s.stemsE and other ser'iesE $hi!e
subsidies are +ro'ided on!. for those $ho annot afford
to +a. the fu!! rate.
-ehno!ogies and +roduts to res+ond to the needs of the
de'e!o+ing $or!d megaities re+resent major market
o++ortunities for both the megaities themse!'es and for
the rest of the $or!d. -hose markets an be satisfied b.
+roduts from inside the megaities or b. +roduts
oming from an.$here e!se. Ho$e'erE for +roduts
oming from more ad'aned industria! eonomiesE the
market re+resented b. de'e!o+ing $or!d megaities
annot be 'ie$ed just as an e0tension of domesti
marketsE as seems often to be the ase toda.. A megait.
is a ne$ kind of market that has ne$ re>uirementsE but
a!soE gi'en its !arge si=eE offers substantia! o++ortunities
to $home'erE in either the de'e!o+ing or the de'e!o+ed
$or!dE reogni=es it and has the ski!!s and +atiene to
+ursue it. -he market o++ortunities an be enhaned b.
aggregating the markets of se'era! megaitiesE and b.
de'ising ne$ a++ro+riate tehno!ogies.
Global Mar/et $trategies
*trategies that the de'e!o+ing $or!d megaities need to
onsider in order to enourage these o++ortunities
in!ude reating effeti'e interfaes bet$een +ub!i and
+ri'ate setorsE +ro'iding inubators for ne$ or !oa!!.
ne$ a++ro+riate tehno!ogiesE and de'e!o+ing joint
efforts $ith other megaities to reate a onso!idated
marketE starting $ith a +rogram of researh and
de'e!o+ment to su++ort the tehno!og. needs the. ha'e
in ommon :6or!dLs *ientifi AademiesE 7II6;. An
idea of the si=e and gro$th of the megaities market is
on'e.ed b. the si=e of the +o+u!ation of the 77 !argest
agg!omerates in Figure 7E $hih is +rojeted to go from
762 mi!!ion in 7II4 to 248 mi!!ion in 2876 AA an inrease
of @8 mi!!ion +eo+!e in just those 77 ities.
An im+ortant e!ement of a g!oba! market strateg. for a
megait. is the de'e!o+ment of eduationa! thrusts
oriented to$ard that market. &om+uter eduation is
a!read. making man. de'e!o+ing $or!d megaities into
soures of soft$are for the de'e!o+ed $or!d. Lo$ !abor
osts gi'e de'e!o+ing $or!d megaities an ad'antage
$hen it omes to +eo+!eAintensi'e ser'ies suh as
tourismE maintenaneE or e'enE +ossib!.E some as+ets of
hea!th are. -here is no reasonE for instaneE $h.
megaities ou!d not beome +!aes for doing the !aborA
intensi'e tasks re>uired to maintain tehno!ogies of the
de'e!o+ed $or!dE or for +ro'iding !o$AostE +ersonne!A
intensi'e hea!th are assistane for ertain hroni
diseases.
2n on!usionE the !arge urban agg!omerates $e a!!
megaities are inreasing!. a de'e!o+ing $or!d
+henomenon that $i!! affet the future +ros+erit. and
stabi!it. of the entire $or!d. 2t is im+ortant for both the
de'e!o+ing $or!d and the de'e!o+ed $or!d to understand
megaitiesL d.namisE their immense +rob!ems and
needsE and the eonomi and market de'e!o+ment
o++ortunities the. ma. offer. -he e'o!ution of
megaities in the de'e!o+ing $or!d $i!! sha+e +atterns of
nationa! and g!oba! eonomiesE $i!! ontinue to affet the
sett!ement of 'ast +o+u!ationsE and $i!! inf!uene the
soia! and +o!itia! d.namis of the $or!d. A!though the
megaities are not different in man. res+ets from other
urban onentrationsE the. +!a. a ke. ro!e on the g!oba!
stage b. 'irtue of their 'er. si=e. -he megaities of the
de'e!o+ing $or!dE onfronted b. near!. intratab!e
+rob!emsE ha'e a +er'asi'e and ruia! need for +o!iies
and soioAtehno!ogia! and soioAeonomi a++roahes
that must be de'ised in a different onte0t than that of the
de'e!o+ed $or!d AA a onte0t $ith different settingsE
different needsE different ha!!engesE and different
o++ortunities.
&eferences
Bug!iare!!oE ). 7II4. -ehno!og. and the it.. (+. 737A
746 in "egaAit. )ro$th and the FutureE 4. ,. FuhsE 1.
BrennanE ,. &hamieE F. LoE ,. 2. ?ittoE eds. -ok.o9 ?nited
#ations ?ni'ersit. (ress.
#iathE 2. 7II6. ?rbani=ation in 2ndiaAha!!enges and
some so!utions. (a+er +resented at 2nterAAadem. Forum
"eetingE ?nited #ations Habitat 22 &onfereneE 2stanbu!E
,une.
3rganisation for 1onomi &oAo+eration and
De'e!o+ment :31&D;. 7II2. &ities and #e$
-ehno!ogies. (aris9 31&D.
31&D. 7II5. 4e'ie$s of #ationa! *iene and
-ehno!og. (o!i.A-urke.. (aris9 31&D.
(arkerE ,. 7II5. A sur'e. of ities9 -urn u+ the !ightsA
man.As+!endoured things. -he 1onomist 336:BI25;.
4odenbekE ". 7III. &airoE the &it. 5itorious. #e$
%ork9 Kno+f.
?nited #ations. 7II@. -rends in urbani=ation and the
om+onents of urban gro$th. 2n (roeedings of the
*.m+osium on 2nterna! "igration and ?rbani=ation in
De'e!o+ing &ountriesE 22A24 ,anuar. 7II6. #e$ %ork9
?nited #ations (o+u!ation Fund.
6or!d Bank. 7II7. ?rban (o!i. and 1onomi
De'e!o+ment9 An Agenda for the 7II8s. 6ashingtonE
D.&.9 6or!d Bank.
6or!d Bank. 7II5. Better ?rban *er'ies9 Finding the
4ight 2nenti'es. 6ashingtonE D.&.9 6or!d Bank.
6or!d 4esoures 2nstitute. 7II6. 6or!d 4esouresE
7II6AIB. #e$ %ork9 30ford ?ni'ersit. (ress.
6or!dLs *ientifi Aademies. 7II6. *iene and
tehno!og. and the future of ities. *tatement to ?nited
#ations Habitat 22 &onfereneE 2stanbu!E ,une 7. 3n!ine9
htt+9DDsiene.org.auD+o!i.DstatemenDhabitat2.htm.
#otes
7. -he !iterature on megait. issues is 'er. !arge. -he
?nited #ationsE -he 6or!d BankE and the 3rganisation
for 1onomi &oAo+eration and De'e!o+ment are among
the major soures of information on the subjet. -his
+a+er has a!so dra$n from an un+ub!ished #ationa!
4esearh &ouni! stud. of megaitiesE for $hih 2
haired the *.nthesis &ommittee and ,udith Ba!e $as the
+rojet diretor.
About t*e Aut*or
)eorge Bug!iare!!o is hane!!orE (o!.tehni
?ni'ersit.E and interim editorAinAhief of -he
Bridge. -his arti!e is a re'ised 'ersion of his
+resentation gi'en 5 3tober 7III at the #A1
Annua! "eeting -ehnia! *.m+osium.
&elated Articles
"ore arti!es on 1ngineeringE the 1onom.E
and *oiet.
<. T!e res$onses to t!ese c!"%%en)es
<.1 Se%' 8e%$ Pro6ects
6 sel"%$elp pro<ect is w$ere local in$abitants $elp
t$emsel!es to o!ercome t$e c$allenges o" li!ing in a
Megacity1
Bor example+ a sel"%$elp pro<ect occurring in Ia8arta
is t$e communal purc$ase o" land by poor people1 In t$is
sel"%$elp pro<ect+ poor people pool t$eir "unds and purc$ase
land t$at can be used to grow crops on+ w$ic$ can t$en
eit$er be sold or consumed by t$e local community1 0$is not
only pro!ides residents wit$ a source o" income+ but also
allows t$em to become sel"%su""icient1
<.5 Co11unit, Se%' O+oCern1ent
Community sel"%9o!ernment is associated wit$ communities
managing t$eir own interests wit$ support "rom t$e 9o!ernment1
Since Megacities are con"ronted wit$ many
c$allenges+ many o" t$eir go!ernments are opting "or a
ground%up management approac$1 It is belie!ed since t$e
locals see t$eir immediate problems t$ey can allocate
resources more e""ecti!ely t$an a bureaucrat o""icial in
parliament1
Bor example+ S$ang$ai establis$ed sel"%
go!erning laws called t$e ,rganic +aw of 4illage "ommittees&
t$e city is di!ided into little !illages w$ere eac$
elects representati!es1 0$ese representati!es determine w$at
t$e needs are "or t$e area and consult wit$ t$e larger
go!ernment1
<.< Coo$er"tion 'ro1 N+Os
!" stands "or 'on 9o!ernment
Erganisation1
A N+O is usu"%%, " non%pro"it group t$at
acts outside o" go!ernment and pursues matters o" interest
to its members by lobbying go!ernments or t$roug$ direct
action1
0$ere are a number o" '9E7s t$at respond
to t$e c$allenges o" li!ing in Megacities in t$e de!eloping
world1 0$ey do t$is usually "or $umanitarian reasons1 Some
well 8nown '9E7s are t$e United 'ations+ World 4an8+
Caritas+ World Vision+ International Red Cross+ 6mnesty
International1
Ene example o" a '9E addressing t$e
c$allenge o" sanitation in Megacities is t$e World 4an8
pro!iding "inance "or its impro!ement in Ia8arta1 4etween
/.-A to /../ t$e World ban8 pro!ided 2US3 ((1@ million
dollars in de!eloping a sewerage system in Ia8arta under its
Urban De!elopment ro<ect1 0$e pro<ect co!ered sewerage
and sanitation impro!ements including# 2a3 a basic water%
borne sewerage system= 2b3 drainage impro!ements= 2c3
sanitation impro!ements1
2source# World 4an8 $ttp#LLweb1worldban81orgLexternalLpro<ectsLmainPpageDQ*@(-A*(,RpiDQ,A(A)Rt$eSiteDQ@).@/RmenuDQ((-@(@Rro<ectidQ))A-(,
<.> Ur&"n Protest
Urban protest is w$ere citi5ens o"
Megacities publicly display t$eir disappro!al o" t$e
c$allenges t$ey "ace1 4y doing t$is t$ey $ope to ma8e
policy ma8ers aware o" t$eir situation in order to c$ange it1
Bor example+ in May ())* Sao
aulo 4ra5il experienced ci!il
unrest w$ereby criminal gangs ran
riot t$roug$out t$e city1
0$e conditions "or t$is to occur
were said to be t$e large social
di!ide between t$e ric$ and t$e poor and t$e corruption
associated wit$ t$is di!ide1
6s result o" t$is e!ent 4etween /+:)) and (+))) protesters
s$owed up "or a marc$ in Sao aulo called W'ational Day o"
DignityX+ to protest about politicians "ailure to alle!iate po!erty
and crac8 down on corruption and organi5ed crime1
<.? O$er"tion o' t!e In'or1"% Econo1,
In most o" t$e cities in t$e de!eloping
world t$e urban poor sur!i!e t$roug$ wor8 in t$e in"ormal
economy1
In"ormal economies are unregulated and
unregistered industries t$at operate in a city1 Common
Win"ormal economyX acti!ities include street !ending+
garbage pic8ing+ and in"ormal $ousing 2slums31
0$e role o" t$e in"ormal economy to $elp
t$e urban poor can not be underestimated1 Since many
Megacities experience $ig$ unemployment and po!erty+
people do t$ings to sur!i!e1 Bor instance t$e "ollowing
table s$ows t$e !alue o" t$e in"ormal economy in some
de!eloping countries1
Countr,
H o' in'or1"%
econo1, "s source o'
e1$%o,1ent
H o' +DP 'ro1
in'or1"% econo1,
India .*1@J .)1)J
Indonesia .A1)J ,,1(J
$ilippines ,A1/J :(1AJ
Source# C$armes+ IacNues1 /...1 in WIE9E 2())(3 +re"t Cities# +re"t M"r0ets Con'erence NYC# USA P"ne% on Street =endin): M"r0ets or M",!e1*
3!tt$:MM(((.(ie)o.or)M$"$ersM$$tMCendorsMstreetPCend.!t1% do(n%o"ded <MDM5J4
0$e in"ormal economy plays a !ital role
o!ercoming many c$allenges experienced by Megacities1
9arbage pic8ers $elp in recycling waste and 8eep t$e city
clean1 Street !endors supply c$eap and a""ordable goods
t$at are consumed by t$e poor and slums $elp in pro!iding
c$eap $ousing to t$e wor8ing poor1 Low priced goods and
c$eap $ousing $elp in reducing labour costs1
Bor example+ in Mexico City it was estimated t$at t$ere were a
total o" /(/+,A- street !ending stalls in t$e Mid .)s w$ic$
employed at least /-:+*)) indi!iduals in "ull time employment1
6dd anot$er :)J to t$is "igure w$ic$ will t$en include
temporary !endors w$o occasionally sell in t$e street or w$o
add to t$e numbers during pea8 commercial seasons1
2source# ILE WEME' 6'D ME' I' 0;E I'BERM6L ECE'EM>#6 statistical picture+ ())( 2$ttp#LLwww1wiego1orgLpublicationsLwomenJ()andJ()menJ()inJ()t$e
J()in"ormalJ()economy1pd"3
0$e stresses o" slum li"e mani"est t$emsel!es in myriad waysZdrugs+ crime+ "amily !iolence+ disease+ "ires+ and
$opelessnessZt$at can "rustrate and e!en de"eat grandiose municipal sc$emes1 4ut in most big cities in t$e world+
scores o" pri!ate organi5ations+ some "oreign+ many $omegrown+ are wor8ing at street le!el to pro!ide w$at t$e
go!ernment isnVt able to1
I !isited many suc$ pro<ects# In SHo aulo t$e nuns at Monte 0abor run a sc$ool and a "arm+ w$ere growing corn
and nurturing t$e baby goats $elps t$e tense c$ildren become more gentle t$emsel!es= or t$e 6s$o8a Boundation
2www1as$o8a1orgL$omeLindex1c"m3+ w$ere Leonardo essina $as spent A) years $elping t$e "ormerly $omeless
build t$eir own $ouses and+ at t$e same time+ build a sense o" community1 0$ese nonpro"it+ multi"aceted
organi5ations "ill in t$e gaps in city li"e t$at "ast de!elopment and une!en distribution o" bene"its $a!e torn open1
4ang8o8Vs Duang rateep Boundation 2web1s"c18eio1ac1<pL[t$iesmeyLduangprateep1$tml3 is an excellent example+
wit$ t$e added bene"it t$at its "ounder+ rateep Ungsongt$am ;ata+ was born and grew up in 4ang8o8Vs oldest and
largest slum+ D$long 0oei1 'ow a national senator+ rateep met me in t$e national parliament building1 \W$en I was
"i!e my mot$er too8 me to play on t$e swings at Lumpini ar8+\ s$e recalled+ re"erring to a par8 in an upscale section
o" 4ang8o81 \I wondered w$y I couldnVt $a!e t$at e!ery day1 4ut I only did t$at one time w$en I was a c$ild1\
Certain "acilities in D$long 0oei are better nowZpa!ed streets+ coin laundries+ e!en an Internet ca"]Zbut t$e Nuality
o" t$e ser!ices is still a problem+ especially lac8 o" sc$ools in t$e poor areas1 rateep+ a "ormer teac$er+ is
concerned wit$ $ow education s$apes t$e "uture1 \;ow to $elp t$e young c$ildren is to s$ow t$em $ow to $a!e a
!ision "or t$eir own "uture+\ s$e said1 \0$ey donVt $a!e t$at1 4ecause i" we are poor we need to de!elop oursel!es to
get a better "uture+ not <ust gi!e up and get some money easily1\ I deduced t$at s$e was re"erring to crime and drug
tra""ic8ing+ muc$ worse now t$an w$en s$e was a c$ild1 0o $elp nurture t$at !ision o" t$e "uture+ t$e Duang rateep
Boundation $as establis$ed numerous pro<ects+ ranging "rom 8indergartens+ sc$ool lunc$ programs+ and a credit
union+ to !ocational training+ care "or t$e elderly and disabled+ and $ealt$ education+ including an 6IDS pro<ect to
raise awareness about pre!ention as well as training !olunteers to $elp care "or t$e ill at $ome1 uppet s$ows+ art
camps+ and o""ering $elp wit$ legal and ot$er problems combine to "ul"ill t$e "oundationVs name# \beacon o" $ope1\
Z Erla Gwingle
M%GAC#(#%$
2. W*at is a Megacity9
7. Describe ,*ere most Megacities are found in t*e ,orld9
6. #dentify and e0-lain t*e t,o -rocesses t*at *a+e been res-onsible for t*e de+elo-ment
of Megacities in t*e 7=
t*
century9
:. List t*e common c*aracteristics of a Megacity in t*e de+elo-ing ,orld.
;. Com-lete t*e table belo, on t*e C*allenges of li+ing in a Megacity.
C*allenges of li+ing in a Megacity in t*e De+elo-ing World
C*allenge %0-lanation %0am-le@s
6. Com-lete t*e table belo, on t*e res-onses to c*allenges in li+ing in Megacities
&es-onses to C*allenges in Megacities in t*e De+elo-ing World
&es-onse %0-lanation %0am-le@s
$elf4*el- -roAect
Community self4go+ernment
!GO *el-
Urban Protest
O-eration of #nformal
economies
Urban Dynamics
1.
T!e Ur&"n D,n"1ics o' C!"n)e
W$en geograp$ers in!estigate $ow large cities are
spatially organised t$ey ta8e particular notice o" t$e
processes responsible "or t$e c$anges ta8ing place1
0$ese processes are 8nown as URBAN DYNAMICS1
0$is section o" t$e unit "ocuses on some o" t$e Urban
Dynamics t$at s$ape t$e MORP8OLO+Y 2t$e
"unctional "orm and c$aracter o" an urban place3 o"
large cities in t$e de!eloped world 2ric$ countries31
0$ere are nine di""erent Urban Dynamics t$at will be
co!ered.
Ur&"n L"nd Use
0$ere are t$ree models o" Urban Land Use t$at $a!e been used to describe
$ow land is used in urban areas1
"4 Concentric None Mode%
3Bur)ess Mode%4:
0$e concentric 5one model
was among t$e early
descriptions o" urban "orm1
Eriginated by Earnest
4urgess in t$e /.()s+ t$e
concentric 5one model
depicts t$e use o" urban land
as a set o" concentric rings
wit$ eac$ ring de!oted to a
di""erent land use1 4urgess
identi"ied "i!e rings o" land
use t$at would "orm around
t$e C4D1 0$ese rings were
originally de"ined as t$e 2/3
Central business district+ 2(3
Gone o" transition+ 2A3 Gone o"
independent wor8ers7 $omes+
2@3 Gone o" better residences
and 2:3 Gone o" commuters1
6n important "eature o" t$is
model is t$e relations$ip
between socio%economic
status o" $ouse$olds wit$
distance "rom t$e C4D %%
more a""luent $ouse$olds
were obser!ed to li!e at
greater distances "rom t$e
central city1 4urgess
described t$e c$anging
spatial patterns o" residential
areas as a process o"
\in!asion\ and
\succession\ 16s t$e city grew
and de!eloped o!er time+ t$e
C4D would exert pressure on
t$e 5one immediately
surrounding it 2t$e 5one o"
transition31 Eutward
expansion o" t$e C4D would
in!ade nearby residential
neig$bour$oods causing t$em
to expand outward1 0$e
process was t$oug$t to
continue wit$ eac$
successi!e neig$bour$ood
mo!ing "urt$er "rom t$e C4D1
;e suggested t$at inner%city
$ousing was largely occupied
by immigrants and
$ouse$olds wit$ low socio%
economic status1 6s t$e city
grew and t$e C4D expanded
outward+ lower status
residents mo!ed to ad<acent
neig$bour$oods+ and more
a""luent residents mo!ed
"urt$er "rom t$e C4D1
&4 Sector Mode%
Soon a"ter 4urgess
generalised about t$e
concentric 5one "orm o" t$e
city+ ;omer ;oyt modi"ied t$e
concentric ring model1 W$ile
recogni5ing t$e !alue o" t$e
concentric ring model+ ;oyt
also obser!ed some
consistent patterns in many
6merican cities1 ;e obser!ed+
"or example+ t$at it was
common "or low%income
$ouse$olds to be "ound close
to railroad lines+ and
commercial establis$ments to
be "ound along business
t$oroug$"ares1 In /.A.+ ;oyt
modi"ied t$e concentric 5one
model to account "or ma<or
transportation routes1
;istorically most ma<or cities
e!ol!ed around t$e nexus o"
se!eral important transport
"acilities suc$ as railroads+
sea ports+ and tram lines t$at
emanated "rom t$e cityVs
centre1 Recognising t$at
t$ese routes 2and later
$ig$ways3 represented lines
o" greater access+ ;oyt
t$eorised t$at cities would
tend to grow in wedge%s$aped
patterns+ or sectors+
emanating "rom t$e C4D and
ran along ma<or transportation
routes1 ;ig$er le!els o"
access translate to $ig$er
land !alues1 0$us+ many
commercial "unctions would
remain in t$e C4D+ but
manu"acturing acti!ity would
de!elop in a wedge
surrounding transport routes1
Residential land use patterns
also would grow in wedge%
s$aped patterns wit$ a sector
o" lower%income $ouse$olds
bordering t$e manu"acturingL
ware$ousing sector 2tra""ic+
noise and pollution ma8ing
t$ese less desirable locations
to li!e3 and sectors o" middle%
and $ig$er%income
$ouse$olds located away
"rom industrial sites1 In many
respects+ ;oytVs sector model
is simply a concentric 5one
model modi"ied to account "or
t$e impact o" transportation
systems on accessibility1
c4 Mu%ti$%e Nuc%ei Mode%:
4y /.@:+ it was clear to two
geograp$ers "hauncy 5arris and
#dward Ullman t$at many cities
did not "it t$e traditional
concentric 5one or sector model1
Cities o" greater si5e were
de!eloping substantial suburban
areas and some suburbs+ $a!ing
reac$ed signi"icant si5e+ were
"unctioning li8e smaller business
districts1 0$ese smaller business
districts acted as satellite nodes+
or nuclei+ o" acti!ity around w$ic$
land use patterns "ormed1 W$ile
;arris and Ullman still saw t$e
C4D as t$e ma<or centre o"
commerce+ t$ey suggested t$at
speciali5ed cells o" acti!ity would
de!elop according to speci"ic
reNuirements o" certain acti!ities+
di""erent rent%paying abilities+ and
t$e tendency "or some 8inds o"
economic acti!ity to cluster
toget$er1 6t t$e centre o" t$eir
model is t$e C4D+ wit$ lig$t
manu"acturing and w$olesaling
located along transport routes1
;ea!y industry was t$oug$t to
locate near t$e outer edge o"
city+ per$aps surrounded by
lower%income $ouse$olds+ and
suburbs o" commuters and
smaller ser!ice centres would
occupy t$e urban perip$ery1
1.1 T!e Ur&"n D,n"1ic o' SUBURBANISATION
3Ur&"n S$r"(%4
SUBURBANISATION is t$e mo!ement o" people+ employment and
"acilities away "rom t$e inner city towards outer urban areas1
Bor a long time cities remained !ery compact1 Many people could wal8 to
any part o" it in a reasonable amount o" time1 2WALKIN+ CITIES3
0$e period a"ter WWII saw a boom time in many Western De!eloped
regions o" t$e world especially in 6ustralia and t$e US61
0$e income le!els o" people increased and as a result many people were
able to become $omeowners1
Burt$ermore+ people started to belie!e t$e ideal place "or raising c$ildren
was in a $ouse wit$ a good play area and a garden1
;owe!er+ a problem was t$at cities could not pro!ide t$e land "or t$e
necessary population explosion and t$e new ideal o" $ousing1 4ut t$e <obs
remained in t$e city1
0$e 8ey "actor in SU4UR46'IS60IE' was t$e de!elopment o" transport
tec$nologies1 0ransport modes could bring people bac8 and "ort$ into t$e
city "rom t$e perip$eries1
Birst railways could bring people in "rom out t$e perip$eries1 So+
many $ousing de!elopments were based along railway routes1
0$en t$e introduction o" trams and buses started "illing in t$e areas
0rains did not ser!ice1
4ut it was t$e ability o" $ouse$olds to a""ord cars a"ter WWII t$at
made t$e biggest c$ange to t$e urban landscape and t$at
suburbanisation really too8 a""ect1
6 simple Star Model can s$ow t$e de!elopment o" Suburbanisation
and its lin8 to transport tec$nologies1
'owadays+ suburbanisation is occurring on +reen'ie%d %"nd+
a term used to describe a piece o" pre!iously unde!eloped
land on t$e "ringes o" a city or rural area+ eit$er currently used
"or agriculture+ landscape design+ or <ust le"t to nature1 6 good
example o" t$is is all t$e land being suburbanised out on
9reen"ield land at Loc$in!arU
2.2.6 McMansions t*e Bne, suburbansiationC
Cro(ded %"nd o' )i"nts 3McM"nsions4
August 26E 2883
This article was first published
in Good !eekend in August
T!e &i))est !ouse on t!e
s1"%%est &%oc0 'or t!e %o(est
$rice... T!"tQs t!e r"tion"%e
&e!ind t!e ne( su&ur&i"#
co1$%ete (it! tri$%e )"r")es#
'"u@ '"c"des "nd tin,
&"c0,"rds. So is it !e"Cen or
"n "rc!itectur"% !orror*
:"net 8"(%e, Cisits t!e
cro(ded %"nd o' t!e )i"nts.
Welcome to McMansion
Land 111 gasp+ gasp+ 96SU En
bot$ sides o" "reeways leading
west outside o" Sydney and
Melbourne+ t$e unde!eloped
land o" old is disappearing
under bric8%and%tile seas o"
$uge+ coo8ie%cutter+ double%
storey pro<ect $ouses wit$
triple garages+ pac8ed onto
small bloc8s o" land+ wit$
barely a tree in sig$t1
Bor years weV!e watc$ed t$e
middle%class gentri"ication o"
t$e inner city1 'ow itVs t$e turn
o" t$e once straggly outer%
urban "ringes to be gentri"ied1
Ioin in t$e mad race to buy a
bulldo5ed%bare+ $and8erc$ie"%
si5ed lot+ lay a concrete slab+
build a ca!ernous trop$y $ome
in () wee8s+ and settle into t$e
new $eartland o" t$e
aspirational !oter1
Bor many people+ t$eir initial
reaction on "irst !iewing t$is
recent e!olution o" t$e great
6ustralian dream is one o"
$orror1 Veer o"" t$e "reeway
and dri!e around t$e ma5e o"
new de!elopments crammed
wit$ McMansions 2a term
coined in t$e US to describe
t$e outsi5e mansions
burgeoning t$ere3 and+ at "irst+
all o" t$is raw+ o!ersi5ed new
$ousing "eels o!erw$elming
and bi5arre1
Streetscapes are !irtual walls
o" neat+ loo8%ali8e+ "ridge%
magnet+ big%$air $ouses
dominated by wow "actors# big
garage doors+ big "ront doors
wit$ !aulted entries+ "eature
porticos and columns+ big
windows wit$ stic8%on yellow
"a8e windowpane strips+ stic8%
on s$utters+ stic8%on c$imneys+
glassy towers+ ga5ebos and
gable ornamentation galore1
;ouses loom as i" on steroids
and seem weirdly out o"
proportion+ waists suc8ed in to
sNuee5e inside t$e boundaries1
0$ereVs a "ew metres o" bac8
courtyard+ and t$e narrow
"enceless "ront garden is
dominated by t$e stencilled
concrete dri!eway+ wit$ a
manicured lawn+ row o" small
matc$ing plants+ and "eature
letterbox1
Curious pitc$ed roo"s $a!e no
ea!es+ and "it on top o" $ouses
li8e caps+ rat$er t$an s$ady
$ats+ allowing walls to be
<ammed closer to t$e
boundaries1
ause in a Nuiet cul%de%sac o"
McMansions in Delly!ille+
4aul8$am ;ills or Castle ;ill to
SydneyVs nort$%west+ or
Camden+ 'arellan or
MacNuarie Bields in t$e sout$%
west+ and it "eels li8e a studio
lot "or an 6merican sitcom# you
almost expect $appy "amilies to
bound out t$e "ront door+
t$eme music and credits
rolling1
So w$o are t$e masses
"loc8ing to McMansion Land to
build t$eir "our%bedroom+ spiral
staircase+ open%plan 8itc$en%
"amily%dining%lounge+ multiple
bat$room+ study+ games room+
rumpus room+ big%screen
media room+ barbecue+ spa+
multi%garage bigger%is%
beauti"ul%is%better $ousesP
Sociologist 9abrielle 9wyt$er+
now in $er t$ird year o"
researc$ on t$is topic+
obser!es# \0$ey go t$ere
because t$ey want to li!e
amongst Vpeople li8e usV1 0$ey
are all upwardly mobile+
middle%to%$ig$%income earners+
tremendously $ouseproud+
raising t$eir nice c$ildren to
s$are t$eir $ig$ aspirations+ get
good educations and good
careers+ and not get into
trouble wit$ teenage gangs1
0$ey lo!e cocooning inside
t$eir McMansions+ w$ic$ are
li8e castles+ "un "actories and
mini resorts in one1\
4ob
;amilton+ managing director o"
property de!eloper Mir!ac+
says# \ItVs all about pride+
personal pride % to say t$ey
$a!e arri!ed1\
Eb!iously t$ey do not consider
t$eir $omes !ulgar or bloated+
and are "iercely de"ensi!e
w$en \elitist\ arc$itecture critics
write wit$ering pieces about
t$eir concept o" a patc$ o"
paradise1 W$en 0$e Sydney
Morning ;eraldVs Eli5abet$
Barrelly described Delly!illeVs
aest$etics in terms t$at
included \$eartbrea8ingly+
wrist%slittingly 111 ugliness 111
obesity 111 leaden t$e soul\+
locals struc8 bac81
Delly!ille resident Ioe ereira
s$ot o"" a letter to t$e editor+
telling Barrelly# \My wi"e and I
8now per"ectly well $ow to brie"
an arc$itect+ but at t$e moment
weVd rat$er put our resources
elsew$ere1 In t$e end we must
do w$at is best "or our 8ids+
and t$atVs w$ere Delly!ille
s$ines 111 Sneer t$roug$ t$e
steaming $a5e o" your deca"
soyaccino i" you wis$+ but
$omogeneity brings a certain
com"ort+ security+ and a sense
o" true community t$at ot$er
Sydneysiders can only dream
about1 Dare to be similar1\
0$e McMansion trend began in
t$e late /.-)s in t$e US+ w$ere
t$ereVs also a trend to $erding
toget$er in partially sel"%
go!erning gated communities+
dubbed pri!atopias1
9ated communities and
master%planned communities
w$ic$ are !irtual pri!atopias
are gaining popularity $ere+
too1
Leading arc$itect 6ndrew
6ndersons muses#
\Super"icially+ you t$in8+ my
9od+ t$is is a w$ole lot o"
8itsc$y+ "a8e%bourgeois crap1
6nd itVs astoundingly
contradictory to go all t$e way
out to t$is new outer suburbia
but $a!e no more land or
pri!acy t$an i" youVre li!ing in
inner%urban $ouses in
addington or Leic$$ardt1 lus
t$e place appears totally
en!ironmentally unsustainable+
wit$ no s$ady trees+ clipped
ea!es+
$ouses coo8ing in t$e
a"ternoon western sun+
e!eryoneVs air%conditioners and
dryers c$urning away1
\4ut t$is is not suburban
wasteland# t$e planners are
putting genuine e""ort into
ma8ing it a sustainable
community1 Some o" t$e best
planning t$atVs e!er $appened
in suburbia is occurring rig$t
now % w$ic$ isnVt w$at youVd
t$in8 as you dri!e past it1\
Indeed+ mixed in wit$ t$e ras$
o" woe"ul new de!elopments
are islands o" ot$er well%
considered+ master%planned
neig$bour$oods+ wit$
inno!ati!e $ouse designs+
albeit on small bloc8s+ and
excellent li"estyle "acilities
s$ared under a community title1
Eb!iously it costs more to buy
into one o" t$ese sanctuaries1
6ndersons continues# \0$e
problem+ particularly in Sydney+
is t$at muc$ o" t$e $ousing $as
been built be"ore t$e
in"rastructure o" amenities+
ser!ices+ new public sc$ools
and particularly public transport
supply+ so e!eryone dri!es
t$emsel!es and t$eir c$ildren
e!eryw$ere+ and inadeNuate
roads are o"ten c$o8ed1 E!en
t$e limited amount o" trees and
greenery $asnVt $ad a c$ance
to grow yet and so"ten t$e
impact o" all t$ose bric8s and
tiles1\
0$e iconic Nuarter%acre
suburban bloc8 2/))) sNuare
metres3+ apparently deemed a
t$ing o" t$e past+ now exists in
Sydney only in t$e well%
establis$ed middle%suburban
ring1 4ecause o" t$e s$ortage
o" a!ailable land around t$e
city+ w$en outer land is
released and re5oned "rom
rural to urban+ lanning 'SW
reNuires de!elopers to create
/: $ome sites per $ectare+
including roads+ par8s and
amenities1
0$ese new urban "ringe bloc8s
are $al"+ or e!en less+ t$e si5e
o" t$e traditional bloc8 % only
:))+ @))+ e!en A)) sNuare
metres1 'ew bloc8s in
Melbourne+ w$ic$ $as more
land+ are larger+ about *))
sNuare metres1 So we $a!e
t$is in!erse doug$nut e""ect o"
dense inner city+ spacious
middle suburbia+ and
increasingly dense outer
suburbia1
\;ig$er density sa!es on t$e
cost o" in"rastructure li8e roads+
power+ water+ and tig$tens
sprawl+\ says 6ndersons1 \4ut
t$e negating e""ect "rom t$is
not%properly%assessed good
intention is t$at t$ese
o!ersi5ed $ouses consume
$uge amounts o" energy and
create $uge green$ouse
emissions1 6lso+ t$ereVs t$e
anomalous situation o" creating
suburbia wit$out t$e bene"its o"
suburbia1
\4ig $ouses on small bloc8s+
wit$ narrow "ootpat$s and
narrow roads+ allow little space
to plant trees+ as branc$es will
$it $ouses+ roots get into
drains+ and lea!es drop on
manicured lawns1 ;ouses are
so close t$at you must 8eep
windows s$ut+ $a!e tinted
glass+ or blinds and curtains
drawn+ and t$e air%conditioning
on+ to get !isual and acoustic
pri!acy1\
0$e traditional bac8yard $as
gone+ along wit$ its trees+
garden+ !egie patc$+ o"ten
pool+ was$ing line and s$ed+
w$ere c$ildren could let t$eir
bodies and imaginations run
"ree and build tree $ouses+
cubby$ouses+ billycarts+ dig in
t$e dirt and in!ent games1 'ow
itVs indoor computer games+
and+ gi!en t$ereVs no room "or
a decent run%up in most
McMansion courtyards+
c$ildren are dri!en to sport and
"ormally organised acti!ities
most days o" t$e wee81
Se!eral ma<or c$anges $a!e
occurred in t$e $ouse and land
eNuation in t$e past /: years1
6 $ouse used to cost twice as
muc$ as t$e land1 'ow t$at
land prices $a!e s8yroc8eted+
land costs twice t$e price o" t$e
$ouse1
6!erage $ouse si5es $a!e
increased *) per cent since
/..)+ "rom /*. sNuare metres
to (,) sNuare metres1 4ut in
4aul8$am ;ills S$ire in
SydneyVs nort$%west+ t$e
a!erage new $ome si5e last
year was @/-1: sNuare metres1
McMansion owners now li!e in
a two%storey $ouse more t$an
twice t$e si5e o" t$e modest
single%storey $ouse most grew
up in wit$ t$eir parents1 >et
a!erage $ouse$old si5es are
s$rin8ing % "rom A1, people in
/.-/ to (1, in ())/1
Mo!ing into McMansion Land
is not as c$eap as it used to
be+ especially in 'SW1
Establis$ed Delly!ille $ouses
sell at auction "or ^,:)+))) to
^-))+)))+ and in Castle ;ill+
more t$an ^/ million is
common1
6 @:) sNuare metre bloc8 o"
land sells in Delly!ille "or
^A.)+)))1 Last mont$ in Castle
;ill+ () unusually large bloc8s+
"rom ,)) to .(- sNuare metres+
wit$ some mature trees+ sold
on t$e "irst day o" release "or
^:A)+))) to ^*A:+)))1
6n \absolute glamour\ mega
McMansion in Castle ;ill+ wit$
"i!e bedrooms+ pri!ate t$eatre+
gymnasium+ "our garages+
large pool+ "loodlit tennis court
and Gen%inspired gardens+ on
$al" a $ectare+ also sold last
mont$ % "or ^(1/ million1
0$e prices "or building t$ese
$uge o""%t$e%peg $ouses+
$owe!er+ seem surprisingly
low1
\0$e pro<ect $ome industry is
so competiti!e t$at mass%
produced $ouses are really dirt
c$eap per sNuare metre+\ says
6ndersons1 \>ou pay ^())) a
sNuare metre "or an indi!idual
arc$itect%designed $ouse or+
because o" di""erent
construction costs+ "or an inner%
city $ig$%rise apartment1
ro<ect $omes cost ^:)) to
^::) per sNuare metre1 So you
get a $uge amount o" $ouse "or
your money+ more bang "or
your buc81
\eople w$o care about
arc$itecture and design arenVt
going to li!e $ere1 4ut ot$ers
will rationalise# w$y would I
want to li!e in an art"ul city
s$oebox w$en "or t$e same
price I can buy somet$ing "our
times as big and "antasticP 'o
amount o" ideological debate
will c$ange t$is w$ile t$e price
di""erential is so gigantic1\
9ra$am Ia$n+ past president
o" t$e Royal 6ustralian Institute
o" 6rc$itects+ concurs# \0$e
6mericanisation o" global
$ouse design $as become so
ingrained t$at builders will tell
you t$e $ouse mar8et
demands Vt$e biggest $ouse on
t$e smallest site at t$e lowest
priceV1 0$ese buildings owe
not$ing to li"estyle but
e!eryt$ing to image1 Image $as
become more important t$an
Nuality1\
0o understand t$e
McMansions mentality+ t$e
best place to start is t$e newly
opened ;omeWorld @+ w$ic$
claims it is t$e worldVs largest
display $ome !illage1
;omeWorlds /+ (+ A and now @
are in Delly!ille+ in SydneyVs
nort$%west growt$ area1 Ence
a sleepy%$ollow semi%rural belt
wit$ orc$ards+ cow paddoc8s+
scattered older $ouses and
establis$ed gardens+ it was
re5oned in t$e mid%to%late
/..)s and its population $as
been growing at /@+))) a year1
E!eryone builds McMansions1
ItVs bot$ aspirational !oter
$eartland and 4ible belt1 6t
;illsong C$urc$Vs A:))%seat
auditorium at 4aul8$am ;ills+ a
p$enomenal /(+))) people
attend t$e c$arismatic
\prosperity preac$ing\ ser!ices
eac$ wee8end1 6cross t$e
boule!ard is t$e s$owplace
'orwest 4usiness ar8+ now
t$e si5e o" a suburb1 'ewly
opened c$urc$%run pri!ate
sc$ools+ !ast new s$opping
centres and sports complexes
are booming1
Says sociologist 9abrielle
9wyt$er# \'o longer do t$e
outer metropolitan areas act as
mere dormitory suburbs
supplying t$e city core and
inner suburbs wit$ wor8ers1
0$e Vmoney%go%roundV o" t$e
local economy creates its own
networ8 o" local <obs1\
ro"essor 4ill Randolp$+ $ead
o" t$e Urban Brontiers rogram
at t$e Uni!ersity o" Western
Sydney+ says# \0$e old idea
t$at t$e western urban "ringe is
"illed wit$ battlers "rom di!erse+
less a""luent groups and
struggling "irst%$ome buyers is
now totally wrong1 ItVs been
replaced by an undi!erse
monoculture o" middle%to%
$ig$er%income "amilies1 0$ese
new residents are not t$e
Vw$ite "lig$tV lea!ing t$e inner
city+ but rat$er are t$e wa!e o"
upgrading aspirational locals+
leap"rogging sideways "rom old
"ibro cottages and modest
$ome areas into t$e new
"rontier o" mega%mansions1\
Most are second% or t$ird%$ome
buyers+ many are couples wit$
noug$t to t$ree young c$ildren1
0$ere are some empty%nesters
and retirees+ some single
parents+ but almost no singles1
6 $ig$ proportion are
managers+ administrators and
pro"essionals= one%"i"t$ o"
$ouse$olds earn more t$an
^())) a wee81 Ene%"i"t$ o"
$ouse$olds own t$ree or more
cars= t$e area $as t$e $ig$est
car usage in 6ustralia and t$e
t$ird%$ig$est computer and
internet usage1
Mar8 Lat$am+ Labor s$adow
treasurer and "ederal member
"or Werriwa in SydneyVs sout$%
west+ $as been beating t$e
drum on $is point t$at t$e new
a""luence in t$e west $as
redrawn t$e political map+ and
t$at t$e west no longer
automatically !otes Labor1
\W$en I grew up in 9reen
Valley in t$e /.,)s+ our !alues
were based on t$e politics o" us
!ersus t$em % t$e wor8ing class
!ersus t$e old money+\ $e
recently wrote1 \'ow w$en a
person grows up in my
electorate+ t$ey can see
prosperity in t$e
neig$bour$ood next door1
Social mobility $as become
more tangible and ac$ie!able1
0$e politics o" en!y $as been
replaced by t$e politics o"
aspiration1\
6nd so to ;omeWorld @+ wit$
its /() display dream $omes+
by () di""erent builders+ priced
"rom ^-)+))) to ^*))+)))1
In "i!e yearsV time it will be sold
o""+ and ;omeWorld : built1
More t$an /)+))) people !isit
t$e !illage e!ery wee8+ and
gi!en t$at more t$an -) per
cent o" new $omes built in
Sydney are pro<ect $omes+ t$e
designs t$at sell at ;omeWorld
will s$ape t$e "uture loo8 o" t$e
city1
Bran8 Deat$+ c$ie" executi!e o"
;omeWorld+ explains# \W$at
usually $appens is t$at a
couple will !isit up to /: times
be"ore t$ey decide w$ic$ $ome
t$ey lo!e best+ and itVs mostly
t$e woman w$o decides1
4uyers are better in"ormed and
more sop$isticated today+ t$ey
as8 a lot more Nuestions1 0$en
t$ey go and buy a bloc8 to
build it on1 Due to t$e s$ortage
o" land+ only /) to () per cent
o" new $omes are built on
green"ield _unde!eloped` sites=
up to .) per cent o" business is
8noc8%down and rebuild1
\eople are recognising t$at
t$e cost o" reno!ating is so
$ig$1 W$y pay ^/()+))) to get
two new bedrooms+ a new
bat$room and 8itc$en+ and still
$a!e an old $ouse wit$ old
plaster+ old plumbing and
wiring+ w$en "or t$e same price
you can get a beauti"ul "our%
bedroom brand%new $ouseP\
Understated+ streamlined+
minimalist are not t$e go at
;omeWorld= o!erstated it is1
Most o" t$e popular builders
o""er six or more "acades t$at
can be "itted to t$e same
interior1 >ou can w$ac8 on "aux
Brenc$ ro!incial+ 0uscan+
9eorgian+ Bederation+
Victoriana+ Colonial+ 6merican
Colonial+ 6ustralian traditional
or modern1
\In ;omeWorld A+ t$e ;eritage
and Bederation t$eme was
most "a!oured1 ;ere+ itVs more
0uscan+ 9eorgian+ less "ace
bric8+ and more ad!enturous
painted "inis$es on bagged
bric8 and cement render+\ says
Deat$1
\In pre!ious days t$e double
and triple garage was t$e
dominant "eature+ but builders
$a!e responded to t$e criticism
and now garages are recessed
or relie!ed and t$e external
entry is t$e dominant "eature+
wit$ porticos+ columns+ e!en
!erandas abo!e 2li8e Iuliet
balconies31 WeVre also
encouraging people to become
more aware o" t$eir bloc8
orientation w$en selecting a
$ouse+ and builders will mirror%
re!erse and adapt $ouse plans
to ac$ie!e t$e best solar
orientation1\
Ence youVre inside t$e double%
$eig$t entry+ many o" t$e new
display $omes "eel t$e same %
t$at is+ $ardly any walls or
doors+ <ust "lowing open space
all t$e way t$roug$ to t$e rear
glass doors and courtyard
patio1 Cosiness is out1 6 lot o" it
"eels li8e dead space t$at
would ne!er be used and
would be di""icult to "urnis$+
t$oug$ interior designers $a!e
done a lot wit$ "eature
ornaments on pedestals1 >ou
wonVt need too many pictures+
as t$ere are no walls to $ang
t$em on1
6 !oid abo!e t$e "ront entry
and t$e grand staircase li"t your
ga5e to t$e upper le!el1
Downstairs+ "ormal dining and
li!ing rooms $a!e gi!en way to
more in"ormal li!ing spaces1
0$e big open%plan
8itc$enL"amily roomLrumpus
room is t$e command post o"
t$e $ouse1
ractical concerns+ suc$ as
w$et$er t$e $ouse is going to
cost a "ortune to $eat as t$ereVs
now$ere to close o""+ and $ow
to control noise "low "rom one
section o" t$e building to
anot$er+ appear not to rate1 6ll
$ouses come wit$ a list o"
optional extra upgrades+ suc$
as state%o"%t$e%art stainless%
steel 8itc$en "ixtures+ granite
benc$es+ gold powerpoints and
bat$room taps+ more
insulation+ $ig$er%grade tiles
andLor bric8s1
\0$ereVs a $ouse in $ere to suit
e!ery taste+\ promises Deat$+
and "inally I spot one+ a
streamlined $ouse wit$ lots o"
!erandas and no ungainly
8itsc$+ one t$at puts Nuality
a$ead o" Nuantity1 4ut+ ouc$+ it
costs ^:@)+))) on your land1
In t$e 4eec$wood ;omes
display+ design consultant
;oward Dew$urst says
c$eerily# \>ouVd be ama5ed
$ow many people come in+ say
t$eyV!e spent t$e last year
wor8ing and arguing wit$ t$eir
arc$itect+ and $a!e already put
in a new 8itc$en and bat$room+
but are prepared to write o"" t$e
lot+ 8noc8 down and rebuild+ as
t$eyVll still be a$ead1
\6nd "orget about empty
nesters downsi5ing % itVs a
myt$1 E!ery day we see
parents w$ose 8ids $a!e all
le"t+ w$o want to 8noc8 down
t$eir old small $ouse and build
a big new model+ all "res$ and
clean and low%maintenance1\
4ut not e!eryone spea8s in
glowing terms about t$e !alue
o" McMansions+ w$ic$ are
o"ten scorned as \slums o" t$e
"uture\1
ro"essor Iim McDnig$t+ @.+
$ead o" t$e sc$ool o"
psyc$ology at t$e Uni!ersity o"
Western Sydney+ w$oVs also
been a licensed builder since
$is ()s+ says+ \I t$in8 some o"
t$em are complete rubbis$1
Loo8+ pro<ect $ome builders
are geniuses at w$at t$ey do1
0$ey get a big+ smart%loo8ing
$ouse to stand up+ by using t$e
minimum possible materials1
\0$ereVs no way a Nuality
pri!ate builder can compete
wit$ t$ese guys1
0$eyVre geniuses at managing
t$e cost o" materials and
labour1 E!eryt$ing is pre%cut+
and a builder and $is gang will
go in and lay a slab in two
days+ and "rame up t$e $ouse
in t$e next two days1
\0$is absurd "ad o" roo"s wit$
no ea!es cost%cuts on many
metres o" roo" tiles and batons1
Most now use plastic pipes
glued toget$er instead o"
copper pipes+ and polystyrene
"rames "or t$e slabs1
\0$eyVre totally legal+ but I still
rec8on some o" t$ese $ouses
are "limsy and will age !ery
Nuic8ly1 I gi!e t$em a (:%year
use%by date= t$en t$e owners
will want to 8noc8 t$em down
and build a new one1 WeV!e
seen built%in obsolescence in
e!eryt$ing else+ so w$y not in
pro<ect $ousesP\
Dri!ing t$roug$ McMansion
Land wit$ McDnig$t+ $e bra8es
to point out crac8ing walls+
s$oddy croo8ed bric8wor8+
s$ort cuts in materials+ design
and "inis$1
Wal8ing into a display $ome+
$e remar8s# \Windows are
c$eaper t$an bric8s+ so some
o" t$ese $omes are almost all
windows1
eople "orget t$eyVll need to
spend a "ortune on blinds and
curtains1\ ;e disappro!es o"
t$e rattly $ollow%core doors+
easily "inds less%t$an%per"ect
carpentry+ plasterwor8+
plumbing+ and grunts# \6nd
t$ese are t$eir display $omes %
you t$in8 t$eyVd try better1\
6 tall man+ McDnig$t indicates
!isual tric8s t$at interior
designers use to ma8e t$e low
ceilings loo8 $ig$er+ and big
interiors loo8 bigger1 ;e sits on
a dining room c$air and says+
\See+ t$ey cut t$e legs o"" t$e
c$airs and t$e table1 6nd note
all t$e tall+ s8inny !ertical !ases
and candles+ to lead t$e eye
upwards1\ Upstairs $e lies on
t$e low beds+ $is "eet $anging
o!er t$e end1 \0$ey e!en use
s$ort beds1\
McDnig$t disli8es t$e
o!ercrowding o" mega%
mansions+ and "eels t$at
instead o" encouraging
neig$bourliness+ it does t$e
re!erse1 \ut "our guys in a
prison cell toget$er and you
o"ten "ind t$ey ne!er tal8 to
eac$ ot$er1 ItVs t$e only way to
maintain some pri!ate space1\
4ut $e praises t$e more
t$oug$t"ul master%planned
communities+ li8e ;arrington
ar8+ w$ic$ $as tree%laden
streets and par8s+ and
excellent neig$bour$ood and
li"estyle "acilities1
'ewbury+ a /:,%$ectare new
estate between Delly!ille and
ar8lea+ master%planned by
Landcom and de!eloped by
Mir!ac+ is also recei!ing praise1
2Landcom is a 'SW state%
owned corporation w$ic$ dri!es
go!ernment policy on urban
de!elopment and urban
consolidation+ and enters into
<oint !entures wit$ de!elopers13
Stuart McCowan+ LandcomVs
de!elopment director+ urban
de!elopment+ explains#
\'ewbury will $a!e /-))
residential $omes+ di!ided into
eig$t neig$bour$oods1 Eac$ o"
t$ese $as its own pri!ate
club$ouse+ swimming pool and
tennis court+ $eld under a
community title+ and residents
pay a le!y o" ^*)) a year "or
up8eep1 0$e in"rastructure will
all be pro!ided up"ront+ along
wit$ par8s+ wal8ing trac8s+ bi8e
trac8s and tree planting on
"ootpat$s1
\0o get a success"ul
community+ you need
communication $appening+ and
'ewbury $as been designed to
ma8e it easy "or people to meet
eac$ ot$er in an attracti!e and
sa"e en!ironment1\
Er t$atVs t$e t$eory+ anyway1
Li8e ;arrington ar8+ 'ewbury
$as a community welcome
program+ wit$ an o""icer w$o
$elps neig$bours meet+
arranges "unctions+ and $elps
to get a community association
"louris$ing1
Well aware o" criticism o"
McMansions+ 'ewbury is trying
to "ind better design solutions
"or "itting a si5eable $ouse and
garage on a small bloc8 in an
aest$etically pleasing manner+
and w$ic$ also ta8e into
account solar access+
o!ers$adowing+ pri!acy and
noise1
Says sociologist 9abrielle
9wyt$er# \Master%planned
communities mar8et a set o"
!alues wit$in a bounded site+ a
di""erent sort o" aest$etic to a
normal land de!elopment+
w$ic$ is <ust bloc8s and streets1
eople will $appily pay more to
buy into one+ as itVs a greater
sa"eguard o" t$eir social and
economic status1
\Residents at ;arrington ar8
lo!e t$e place+ t$eyVre rapt in
t$e neig$bourly stu""+ li8e
e!eryone going "or a wal8 at
dus8+ ta8ing t$e bottle o"
c$ardonnay down to sit at t$e
edge o" t$e la8e1 E!ery day
t$ere is li8e a celebration o" t$e
"act t$at t$eyV!e wor8ed t$eir
way up "rom t$eir wor8ing%
class roots+ and made it1 0$ey
say t$ey ne!er $a!e to go out1
4etween t$eir big $ouses and
w$at t$e estate pro!ides+ itVs all
t$ey need1\ 4ut ot$ers w$o li!e
not in estates but in t$e normal
Delly!ille%type streets o"
McMansions s$oe%$orned onto
small bloc8s seem to lo!e it+
too1
Ioe ereira+ AA+ w$o wrote t$e
soyaccino letter+ is a
community relations manager
wit$ t$e Roads and 0ra""ic
6ut$ority= $is wi"e+ Dris+ (-+ is a
teac$er+ on maternity lea!e
a"ter t$e birt$ o" t$eir t$ird
c$ild1 0$ey leap"rogged
sideways "rom t$eir older+
modest "irst $ome in ()))1
In t$e airy open%plan "amily
room o" t$eir "our%bedroom
$ome on a @:) sNuare metre
bloc8+ 8ids tumbling on t$e
"loor+ Ioe explains# \We saw it
as a great c$ance to build a
brand%new $ome to raise our
"amily1 We 8new t$e area was
going to boom+ and we "elt we
were mo!ing into a place t$at
s$ared similar !alues and
aspirations+ e!en spiritual
belie"s+ to ours1 >es+ itVs t$e
4ible belt= we go to t$e
Cat$olic c$urc$1
\We met all our neig$bours
w$en we were all building our
new $omes at t$e same time+
and we all really li8e eac$
ot$er1 Most $a!e 8ids+ and
weVre always $elping eac$
ot$er out1\
Dris adds# \It would be lo!ely to
$a!e more greenery around+
but weVre planting trees+ and it
will come in time1 WeVre in t$e
beginning stages o" a !ery
exciting suburb1\
Ioe admits# \>es+ you can bag
t$e arc$itecture+ t$e $ouses do
$a!e a con"ormity+ but it
doesnVt bot$er us in t$e
slig$test as we $a!e so muc$
room inside1 I" we are
supposed to be so miserable
li!ing in t$ese aw"ul
McMansions+ t$en I wonder
w$at itVs li8e to be $appy1
\We sometimes <o8e t$at t$e
only t$ing missing "rom our
$ouse is t$e w$ite pic8et "ence1
We $a!e t$e nuclear "amily %
mum at $ome wit$ t$ree 8ids+
dad going to wor8+ t$e station
wagon in t$e garage1 We lo!e
it all+ and w$y notP WeVre $ere
to stay1\
6 "ew bloc8s away li!es 6nne
Dirman+ in $er mid%@)s+ a
dietician now studying "or a
bac$elor o" education degree
at MacNuarie Uni!ersity1 ;er
$usband+ Da!id+ wor8s in I01
0$e couple mo!ed sideways
into Delly!ille six years ago+
buying an existing "our%
bedroom display $ome on an
unusually large -)) sNuare
metre battleaxe bloc8 "or
^A@)+)))1
6s $er two daug$ters w$i5
around on in%line s8ates+ s$e
explains# \WeVre so glad we
did+ because you canVt e!en
buy t$e land alone "or t$at now1
Coming $ere allowed us to buy
a big+ com"ortable $ouse
wit$out going into $oc8 "or a
^:))+))) mortgage1 IV!e got
my own study "ull o" boo8s+ t$e
8ids $a!e $eaps o" space "or
t$eir <un8+ weV!e planted lots o"
trees and a !egie patc$ in t$e
bac8yard1
\Eur $ouse isnVt per"ect by any
means1 We "ace west+ and t$e
upper storey was a $otbox until
we installed awnings and extra
insulation1
\0$ere are lots o" $omes
around $ere I donVt li8e+ but IV!e
seen <ust as many bad ones in
9lebe and addington1 Sure+
weVd lo!e to li!e in an arc$itect%
designed $ouse % i" we could
get it "or t$e same price as a
pro<ect $ouse1 4ut w$at t$e
$ec8+ weVd rat$er li!e in a
McMansion t$an a terrace
$ouse1 0$ereVs a great "ocus
on "amily and education in t$is
district+ and $eaps o" acti!ities
"or 8ids+ and to us+ t$atVs w$at
itVs all about1 My sister li!es in
C$errybroo8+ one o" t$e "irst
McMansion suburbs+ and I
remember w$en it was "irst
built+ it loo8ed g$astly+ all
scorc$ed brown eart$ and
bare1 'ow C$errybroo8Vs "illed
wit$ trees and it loo8s no
di""erent to Wa$roonga1\
I admit to Dirman t$at a"ter
!isiting McMansion Land
umpteen times o!er t$e
pre!ious wee8s+ IVm becoming
brainwas$ed to regard
ostentatious+ "aux%loo8+ o!er%
decorated $ouses as normal %
ditto t$e no%tree loo81 In "act+
w$en you suddenly spot a
more restrained+ streamlined
$ouse+ or one li8e $ers+ wit$
trees+ it loo8s almost out o"
place1
\>es+\ s$e laug$s+ \I do 8now
w$at you mean1 4ut IVd li8e to
educate t$e de!elopers to
lea!e e!ery tree standing+ and
design some better%loo8ing
McMansions1\
6"ter almost "our years
studying master%planned
communities in McMansion
Land+ 9abrielle 9wyt$er $as
become !ery "ond o" t$e
people+ but re"lects on t$ose
little pieces o" paradise# \I still
"eel t$eyVre selling t$e si55le+
rat$er t$an t$e stea81 4ut t$ese
people are so $appy wit$ it %
and w$o $as t$e answers in
li"e+ anywayP\
#his stor$ %as &ound at:
http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2
003/08/26/106166377673.html
9uestions
Ans(er in ,our (or0&oo0s.
1. W$at is t$e ratoinale
be$ind t$e TNew
$uburbia7P
5. Describe a McMansion1
<. W$ere are Mc Mansions
"ound in SydneyP W$at
about in t$e ;unter
ValleyP
>. 6ccording to 9abrielle
9wyt$er+ w$o are mo!ing
to McMansionsP
?. W$en and w$ere did
McMansion style $ousing
beginP
J. 6ccording to 6nderson+
w$at is t$e particular
problem wit$ McMansion
suburbs in SydneyP
D. W$at si5e bloc8 o" land
was t$e norm "or a
suburban bloc8 and w$at
is t$e si5e nowP
G. Explain t$e term doug$nut
e""ectP Draw a digaram to
$elp your explanation1
I. 6ccording to 6nderson+
w$at is t$e e""ect o"
o!ersi5ed $ousingP
1. Ene reason "or t$e
original de!olpoment o"
suburbanaistion was
people wanted to mo!e
out o" t$e city to $a!e
bigger yards to raise a
"amily1 ;ow $a!e
McMansions contradicted
t$isP
11. Describe w$at $as
$appened to t$e a!erage
house si6e and household
si6e7
15. According to Graham
Ia$n+ w$at $as been t$e
result o" t$e
8Amercianisation of global
house design97
1<. Describe t$e demograp$y
o" McMansion suburbs in
Sydney1
1>. W$y do McMansions $a!e
large windowsP;ow can
t$is impact on energyP
1?. W$y does McDnig$t
disli8e t$e o!ercrowding
style o" McMansionsP
1.5 T!e Ur&"n D,n"1ic o' ELURBANISATION
3co11uter to(ns4
Exurbanisation is a process w$ere people+ usually well o""+
mo!e "rom t$e city to rural areas but continue to maintain an
urban way o" li"e eit$er t$roug$ long%distance commuting or
tec$nology1
0$e expression \exurb\ 2"or \extra%urban\3 was coined in t$e
/.:)s+ to describe t$e ring o" prosperous rur"% co11unities
beyond t$e su&ur&s t$at are commuter towns "or an urban
area1 0$ese residents want t$e rural ideal but still want t$e
contact wit$ large metropolitan li"e mainly t$roug$ wor81 0$us+
t$ey are o"ten willing to commute1
0$e "ollowing $a!e $elped Exurbanisation occur#
0$e expansion o" rapid transport systems suc$ as electric
trains and "reeways to "ringe areas1 0$e "ast electric trains
between Sydney and Melbourne and t$e opening o" t$e
Mooney Mooney 4ridge on t$e BA between t$e Central
Coast and Sydney $as $elped open t$e Central Coast up
to exurbanites1
0$e mo!e "rom $a!ing manu"acturing+ o""ice+ pro"essional
ser!ices+ and retailing acti!ities "rom t$e centre o" t$e city
2C4D3 to outer areas in a process called
DECE'0R6LIS60IE'+ meant t$at many wor8ers did not
$a!e to commute all t$e way to t$e C4D or ad<acent areas
to conduct business1 0$us+ people w$o wanted to li!e in
semi%rural residential en!ironment but still desired to wor8
in or interact wit$ a ma<or city can li!e "urt$er out because
o" reduced tra!elling time1
1.< T!e Ur&"n D,n"1ic o' COUNTERURBANISATION
3Se" C!"n)e or Ur&"n to Rur"% 1i)r"tion4
0$is is w$ere people mo!e out o" a large metropolitan area into
a non%metropolitan area 2urban to rural migration3 and $a!e little
to no contact wit$ large metro areas1
0$is dynamic became e!ident slowly in t$e *)s and in t$e mid
-)s but slowed in t$e .)s in t$e US6+ UD and 6ustralia1
0$ere were se!eral "actors t$at made Counterurbanisation
possible especially in 6ustralia#
7irst%,# people became more a""luent in t$is period and
$ad t$e disposable income to in!est in $oliday $omes or
retirement $omes1 2Sea C$ange3
Second%,# peoples retirement "unds became $ig$er t$us
t$ey were not attac$ed to cities "or employment 2i1e1 t$ey
$ad good regular income a"ter t$ey stopped wor8ing3
T!ird%,# many people are li!ing longer and t$us are
loo8ing a"ter t$emsel!es more in retirement1 0$ey are
also retiring earlier because t$ey are more a""luent1 0$us
retirees tended to migrate to coastal areas1
7ourt!%,# wit$ many older people mo!ing to new areas
wit$ money+ t$ey stimulated a demand "or persons
employed in community ser!ices to ser!ice t$e retirees1
0$ese people in turn created local demand "or business+
retailing+ entertainment and ot$er ser!ices1 0$ese people
were o"ten younger and broug$t t$eir "amilies t$at in turn
stimulated demand "or ot$er community ser!ices
especially educational "acilities1 In 'ew Sout$ Wales
between /.,/ and /../+ coastal towns retirees
accounted "or ()J o" t$e population growt$ but people
aged between /*%*) 2labour "orce3 accounted "or ,)J
and c$ildren and adolescents about /)J o" growt$1
1.>
0$e Urban Dynamic o" DECENTRALISATION
DECENTRALISATION is t$e scattering o" acti!ities and people
"rom a centralised large urban area and mo!ing t$em to smaller
urban areas or rural communities1
0$e "ollowing are "actors w$y DECE'0R6LIS60IE' occurred#
PUS8 7ACTORS: 0$e centre o" cities $a!e $ad problems
wit$ tra""ic congestion+ lac8 o" space and rising land
!alues1 0$ese t$en pus$ed many manu"acturing and ot$er
acti!ities out o" t$e C4D1 4id Rent 0$eory s$ows t$e cost
associated wit$ land in relation to t$e C4D1
0$e bid rent t$eory is a geograp$ical economic t$eory t$at re"ers to $ow t$e price and
demand "or real estate c$anges as t$e distance towards t$e Central 4usiness District
2C4D3 increases1 It states t$at di""erent land users will compete wit$ one anot$er "or
land close to t$e city centre1 0$is is based upon t$e idea t$at retail establis$ments wis$
to maximise t$eir pro"itability+ so t$ey are muc$ more willing to pay more money "or
land close to t$e C4D and less "or land "urt$er away "rom t$is area1 0$is t$eory is
based upon t$e reasoning t$at t$e more accessible an area 2i1e1+ t$e greater t$e
concentration o" customers3+ t$e more pro"itable1
PULL 7ACTORS# Many businesses $a!e been attracted
2pulled3 to t$e outer areas by c$eap and abundant land+
low land taxes associated wit$ t$e c$eap land 2or
incenti!es by local go!ernments3+ and good $ig$way and
railway access% t$ese last "ew "actors $a!e attracted
manu"acturing and ware$ousing especially1
DECE'0R6LIS60IE' was encouraged by many western
go!ernments to relie!e t$e pressure o"" cities1
In 6ustralia it was encouraged to mo!e people out into sparsely
populated areas1
We can see t$e e""ects o" DECE'0R6LIS60IE' by t$e many
industrial par8s "ound on t$e edge or end o" "reeways and
suburbs1
Wit$ decentralisation we saw t$e dynamic o" exurbanisation
increase and to some degree counterurbanisation as people
were able to mo!e to t$e "ringes and only $a!e s$ort distances
to tra!el to wor8 rat$er t$an tra!el long distances to t$e C4D
6not$er good example o" DECE'0R6LIS60IE' is t$e
mo!ement o" go!ernment o""ices "rom ma<or city7s C4D to
regional and rural areas1 0$e mo!e o" t$e .nfringement
*rocessing Bureau 2t$e "ines o""ice3 to Maitland is an example
o" t$is1
1.? 0$e Urban Dynamic o" URBAN DECAY
0$is is t$e deterioration o" t$e built en!ironment o!er a period o"
time+ o"ten residential and industrial buildings and sites become
neglected and DILAPIDATED 2run down31
Urban decay also includes t$e disused "actories+ railway yards
and doc8yard areas1
Wor8ing class people $oused many inner%city residential areas1
0$us+ $ousing was small and c$eap1 0$ey li!ed t$ere because it
was close to t$eir wor8 2wal8ing city31
0$e main types o" industry in t$e inner cities "or uns8illed
wor8ers were manu"acturing and ware$ousing1
Many o" t$e ware$ouses stored commodities and goods "or t$e
s$ipping industry1
0$ree signi"icant "actors can be identi"ied "or t$e cause o" Urban
Decay o" inner city areas suc$ as w$at $appened in Sydney1
DECENTRALISATION# 0$e "actories and ware$ouses
mo!ed "rom t$e inner city to t$e outer areas1 0$us
employment ceased1 eople mo!ed to w$ere t$e <obs
were1
CONTAINERISATION# In t$e /.*)s t$e in!ention o"
s$ipping containers made it possible to mo!e
ware$ouses "rom t$e inner city to outer areas+ and also
reduced t$e need "or large ware$ouses1 Bor instance
many wools$eds in Sydney and 'ewcastle became
obsolete1
SUBURBANISATION: 0$e mo!e out o" t$e city to t$e
"ringe areas was desirable as t$e notion o" li!ing in a
city was Tdirty7 started to ta8e $old1
0$ese t$ree "actors saw inner city areas slowly deteriorate wit$
empty ware$ouses and old "actories "alling into disrepair+ and
poor people began ta8ing o!er t$e old residential $ousing 2t$ey
were unable to a""ord to repair t$eir old existing $ousing31
Sometimes t$e residential $ousing become so bad t$at t$ey
were abandoned1
1.J T!e Ur&"n D,n"1ic o' URBAN RENEWAL
0$is is t$e rede!elopment o" an area t$at experienced
Urban Decay and is initiated by a go!ernment policy
0$e decay $as been re!ersed by#
9E'0RIBIC60IE'+ t$e reno!ation and occupation o" old
residential areas especially inner city terrace style and
cottage style $ousing1 6 8ey c$aracteristic o"
gentri"ication is t$at young+ $ig$%income wor8ers wit$ no
c$ildren are t$e main people w$o mo!e in1 0$e reason
t$ey mo!e in is t$at t$ey are o"ten $ig$ly educated and
s8illed wor8ers w$ose <obs are usually "ound in t$e city1
0$us+ t$ey li8e t$e li"e and !ibrancy o" t$e city and are
close to wor81
6D60IVE REUSE# con!erting an old industrial site into
$ousing or a commercial precinct1 Eld Wools$eds are
con!erted into large apartment bloc8s+
CE'VER0I'9 ELD I'DUS0RI6L SI0ES ER
DECDL6'DS I'0E CEMMERCI6L RECI'C0S suc$
as ;oneysuc8le in 'ewcastle+ Darling ;arbour in
Sydney+ Sout$ban8 in 4risbane etc1
U4LIC S6CEL 9REE'I'9% 6n important "actor in
urban renewal is "or many areas to be accessible to t$e
public1
Urban Renewal is usually instigated by go!ernments to
re!italise t$e inner city areas1
0$ere are a number o" reasons "or encouraging Urban
Renewal#
6s mentioned abo!e gentri"ication occurs because o" t$e
demand by young urban pro"essionals wanting to li!e
near a city because o" wor8 and li"estyle1 0$ey seem to
li8e t$e old c$arm o" t$e old wor8ers cottages
Urban sprawl $as become a concern as many cities suc$
as Sydney are reac$ing t$eir p$ysical limits1 0$us+ t$e
need to utilise existing $ousing and in"rastructure seemed
to be a sensible option
6est$etic reasons # 0$e old dilapidated areas were an
eyesore and wit$ cities competing "or tourist dollars and
world city status t$ey pursued urban renewal strategies to
clean t$e areas up and add !ibrancy to t$em1 Darling
;arbour and ;oney Suc8le in 'ewcastle are examples1
1.D
0$e Urban Dynamic o" URBAN CONSOLIDATION
0$is is t$e encouragement o" $ig$er population densities in
establis$ed urban areas+ usually t$roug$ go!ernment policies
and planning regulations allowing more dwelling units on a
gi!en area o" land by subdi!iding existing land 2splitting it up3 or
granting strata title to smaller lots and apartments1
0$e 8ey "eatures o" UR46' CE'SELID60IE' are medium to
$ig$%density style li!ing1 Examples include town$ouses+
duplexes+ and tall apartment buildings 2!ery tall apartments are
sometimes re"erred to as =ERTICAL =ILLA+ES4
0$e reasons "or t$e encouragement o"
Urban Consolidation are#
URBAN SPRAWL $as caused
many serious problems suc$ as
t$e reac$ing t$e p$ysical limits o" a
city1
POOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT
IN7RASTRUCTURE $as made
cities car dependant t$us contributing signi"icantly to
green$ouse gas emissions and global warming1
POOR URBAN IN7RASTRUCTURE in t$e suburbs1 0$e
in"rastructure needed to ser!ice t$e "ringes is stretc$ed
t$in and is o"ten expensi!e to maintain1 E1g1 Sc$ools+
$ospitals+ essential ser!ices 2water+ electricity+ sewerage+
sanitation3
SUBURBAN +8ETTOS: Many outer suburbs are so
isolated t$at t$ey $a!e created problems especially "or
t$e young w$o $a!e no means o" transport1
DEMAND 7OR INNER CITY 8OUSIN+ by young
pro"essionals wor8ing and wanting to en<oy t$e li"estyle o"
t$e city1
Establis$ed areas o"ten $a!e t$e in"rastructure suc$ as public
transport+ $ealt$ care+ sc$ools+ essential ser!ices to sustain an
increase in population1
E"ten it is c$eaper to upgrade t$e existing in"rastructure to
maintain t$e demand t$an to construct new in"rastructure1
1.G 0$e Urban Dynamic o" UR46' VILL69ES
6n urban !illage is a distincti!e residential or commercial district
w$ose "unction and c$aracter is closely identi"ied wit$ its local
community1
Urban Villages "orm because people li!ing in t$em see
t$emsel!es as a community in w$ic$ t$ey s$are#
Common identi"ication wit$ space and location1 eople
s$are a community space by getting in!ol!ed in and
participate in t$e local area1
Common social identi"ication1 4asically+ t$ere is a s$ared
social organisation and interest1
Combining t$ese two aspects $as seen many Urban Villages
pop up around Sydney some examples include#
Ding Street+ 'ewtown a mix o" Uni!ersity Students and
>oung pro"essionals
'orton Street+ Leic$$ardt a distinctly Italian culture mixed
wit$ s$aring public space t$roug$ a ca"] culture1
Ex"ord Street+ Darling$urst+ 6 distinctly 9ay and Lesbian
community
Many 9eograp$ers belie!e Urban Villages are becoming
popular again wit$in cities because many people are trying to
roll bac8 time to create a situation t$at existed in traditional
European Villages be"ore mass urbanisation occurred1
6 !illage is traditionally a small place w$ere e!eryone 8nows
one anot$er1
Many people belie!e t$at modern urban li!ing $as lost t$e
$uman "actor in interacting+ and are t$ey are desperate to get
t$at bac81 0$us many Urban Villages are de!eloping in t$e
western world1
1.I 0$e Urban Dynamic o" S60I6L EFCLUSIE'
S60I6L EFCLUSIE' is t$e protection o" luxury li"estyles+ w$ic$ $as
resulted in applying restrictions on t$e access and mo!ement o" urban
dwellers in a particular location eit$er t$roug$ s$utting people out or
pressuring t$em to lea!e1
Ene "orm o" S60I6L EFCLUSIE' is t$roug$ gated suburbs to s$ut
people out and to 8eep only desired people in1 0$ese are o"ten
de!eloped "or a particular social and cultural class w$o $a!e similar
$ousing reNuirements1
0$ese gated suburbs 2T960ED
CEMMU'I0IES7 or W6LLED
CEMMU'I0IES7 or RIV60EI6S3
$a!e a number o" "eatures#
0$ey are o"ten enclosed wit$in
walls and can only be entered by
"ancy entrance gates t$at in some instances reNuire security%
swipe cards1
0$ey o"ten use closed%circuit tele!ision cameras+ security guards
and alarm systems to protect t$em1
0$ey are o"ten de!eloped in a consistent $ousing style+ being
mastered planned and constructed by a single de!eloper1
0$ey $a!e community owned recreational "acilities suc$ as tennis
courts+ swimming pools and gol" courses1
0$ese type o" communities $a!e de!eloped out o" t$e United States1
0$ey de!eloped because many cities $a!e cultural di""erences+ larger
income gaps+ growing unemployment w$ic$ $as led to social unrest1 0$e
media o"ten "ocus on t$ese aspects and people belie!e t$at t$ey need
protection to maintain t$eir luxurious li"estyle1
9ated suburbs are o"ten mar8eted as o""ering protection "rom t$ese
"actors and o""er t$e status o" an exclusi!e social standing1
6not$er subtle "orm o" S60I6L EFCLUSIE'+ t$at is a little more
sinister+ is t$e pressuring o" undesirables out o" an area1
Bor example+ many newly re!italised areas $a!e $ad a""luent people
mo!e in1 0$ese areas $oused many $omeless people as t$ey were
pre!iously marginal areas1 Some councils in t$ese new areas $a!e
remo!ed par8 benc$es or placed arm rests in t$e middle so t$at
$omeless people can not sleep on t$em1 0$is slowly "orces t$em out1
Anot!er e@"1$%e o' t!is is
usin) Cideo surCei%%"nce
c"1er"s in $u&%ic
s$"ces# usu"%%,
t"r)etin) teen")ers.
Bris&"ne uses t!is
tec!niEue in its $u&%ic
1"%%s# "nd 'estiC"%
$recincts suc! "s Sout!
B"n0 in Bris&"ne
Ur&"n D,n"1ic De'inition C"uses E@"1$%e Ke, ter1s
Ur&"n D,n"1ic De'inition C"uses E@"1$%e Ke, ter1s
<.
A c"se stud, o' t!e resu%ts o' t!e ur&"n d,n"1ics in " %"r)e
cit, 'ro1 t!e deCe%o$ed (or%dB
SYDNEY METROPOLITAN RE+ION
LAR+E CITIES $a!e populations o!er / million people
0$e 9reater Sydney
Metropolitan Region 29SMR3
includes
o t$e Sydney Metropolitan
Region+
o Illawarra Region+
o Central Coast Region+
o and t$e Lower ;unter
Region
0$e 9SMR consists o" :@
State Local 6reas 2SL6s3
0$e 9SMR $as a population
o!er :1( million people 2est
())*3
Bor t$is topic we are only
interested in t$e S,dne,
Metro$o%it"n Re)ion 2SMR3
0$e SMR is a large city as it $as a population o!er A1. million people
and it is a city in t$e de!eloped world
Digure 2. Ma- of t*e Greater $ydney
Metro-olitan &egion
T!e S,dne, Metro$o%i"t"n Re)ion 3T!e Cit, o' Cities4
0$e SMR is situated wit$in t$e Sydney 4asin
w$ic$ co!ers an area o" /+:-) sN 8m+ "orming
a roug$ semicircle t$at includes numerous
suburban areas1 It extends (: 8m nort$ to
beyond ;ornsby+ :) 8m west to enrit$+ and
@( 8m sout$west to Campbelltown1 It $as @A
SL6s located wit$in its boundaries
0$e SMR can be best !iewed as t$e Cit, o'
Cities as t$ere are : 8ey cities t$at act as $ubs
in t$e SMR1 Sydney and 'ort$ Sydney are two
8ey areas t$at lin8 6ustralia to t$e global
economy1 0$ree ot$ers are t$e economic and
entertainment centres "or t$e suburbs+ eac$
lin8ed by Ri!ers= enrit$ 2'epean Ri!er3+
arramatta 2arramatta Ri!er3+ Li!erpool
29eorges Ri!er31 0$ese are collecti!ely 8nown
as Ri!er Cities1
0$e Sydney Metropolitan Region $as experienced t$e . urban
dynamics o" c$ange outlined pre!iously
1
Digure 2 $ydney Metro-olitan &egion4 (*e City of Cities
Source# 'SW Department o" lanning+ ())-1 "ity of "ities' A *lan for $ydney9s :uture& *&;
A!soE
Digure 7. Ma- of t*e Greater
$ydney Metro-olitan &egion
Su&ur&"nis"tion $as occurred in t$e west and sout$ west o" t$e metropolitan
region since WWII1
E@ur&"nis"tion is occurring on t$e "ringes especially around Datoomba+ Sout$ern
;ig$lands+ Central Coast+ and e!en in t$e Lower ;unter region1
Counterur&"nis"tion is also occurring as t$ere are people mo!ing out to ot$er
regions to escape t$e rat race t$at7s e!ident in Sydney.
Decentr"%is"tion $as been experienced in t$e centre o" Sydney wit$ t$e mo!ing
out o" many industries to t$e "ringes o" t$e metropolitan area or e!en out o" t$e
metropolitan area1 yrmont is one example
Ur&"n Dec", $as been signi"icant in t$e inner areas o" Sydney especially in old
industrial areas and Doc8land areas t$at $a!e been a""ected by decentralisation1
Ur&"n Rene("% and Ur&"n conso%id"tion are occurring in muc$ o" t$e inner city
areas and Doc8land 6reas o" Sydney ;arbour
Ur&"n =i%%")es are "ound in many inner city areas around Sydney1 0$ese are o"ten
as a result o" Urban renewal w$ere gentri"iers are trying to create country $amlets
wit$in t$e city1 yrmont+ Summer ;ill+ Leic$$ardt are good examples1
S$"ti"% e@c%usion is an e!ent occurring more and more especially in t$e inner%
west+ Eastern and 'ort$ern Suburbs o" Sydney w$ere t$e many o" t$e wealt$y
li!e
6s a result o" t$ese dynamics Sydney7s social structure+ economic c$aracter+
residential landscape+ commercial and industrial de!elopment+ and its culture o"
place $a!e produced distinct spatial patterns1
Burt$ermore+ some predications can be made about Sydney7s growt$+
de!elopment+ "uture trends and ecological sustainability because o" t$ese
dynamics1
Suburbanisation
Decentralisation
Urban Decay
Urban Renewal
Urban Consolidation
Urban Village
Spatial Exclusion
Exurbanisation
Counterurbanisation
0as8 /#
S$"ti"% P"tterns o' S,dne,
1. Identi"y and describe t$e 0WE Regions considered to be SydneyP
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
5. W$at region are we interested in "or t$e Urban laces Unit and describe its spatial
patternsP
<. W$y is t$e SMR called a City o" CitiesP
>. Describe w$ere#
a1 Suburbanisation occurred in t$e SMRP
b1 Exurbanisation $as occurred in t$e SMRP
c1 Counterurbanisation $as occurred in t$e SMRP
d1 Decentralisation $as occurred in t$e SMRP
e1 Urban Decay $as occurred in t$e SMRP
"1 Urban Renewal $as occurred in t$e SMRP
g1 Urban Consolidation $as occurred in t$e SMRP
$1 Urban Villages $as occurred in t$e SMRP
i1 Spatial Exclusion $as occurred in t$e SMRP
<.1
SYDNEY/S SOCIAL STRUCTURE "nd s$"ti"% $"tterns o'
"dC"nt")e "nd dis"dC"nt")e# (e"%t! "nd $oCert,# et!nicit,
An"%,se t$e map extracts "rom t$e 6ustralian 4ureau o" Statistics7 $ydney' A $ocial Atlas <==> "or t$e
e""ects o" urban dynamics on t$e social structure o" Sydney and complete t$e table below1
Soci"%
Structure
ABSB
Indic"tor
S$"ti"% Descri$tion
Do1in"nt Ur&"n
D,n"1ic in Are"
P"tterns o'
AdC"nt")e
"nd
Dis"dC"nt")
e
Occu$"tion
4lue Collar
W$ite Collar
Unemployed
Educ"tion
Vocational
Uni!ersity
'o%S8ill
8ousin)
Rented
%9o!ernment
Rented%
pri!ate
Soci"%
Structure
ABSB
Indic"tor
S$"ti"% Descri$tion
Do1in"nt Ur&"n
D,n"1ic in Are"
P"tterns o'
We"%t! "nd
PoCert,
Inco1e
;ig$
Income
Low Income
P"tterns o'
Et!nicit,
Et!nicit,
'ot Bluent
in Englis$
4orn in
Sout$ East
6sia
Spea8ing
6rabic
Spea8ing
C$inese
<.5
SYDNEY/S c!"n)in) econo1ic c!"r"cter# n"ture "nd
%oc"tion o' residenti"% %"nd# co11erci"% "nd industri"%
deCe%o$1ent.
T!is dot $oint is concerned (it! t!e 'o%%o(in):
Sydney#s economic character
Economic c$aracter re"ers to t$e industries t$at are dominant and t$e
employment structure1
Commercial and industrial de$elo%ment
'ature and location o" commercial operations and types and patterns o"
industry1
ature and location of residential land
W$at types o" $ousing are t$ere and w$ereP
<.5.1 S>D'E>7S c$anging economic c$aracter
9lobalisation is a process t$at $as a""ected Sydney7s
economic c$aracter1
9lobalisation $as $ad 0WE broad impacts on t$e economic
c$aracter o" Sydney Metropolitan Region#
14 Dec%ine in M"nu'"cturin)#
Sydney used to be a manu"acturing city wit$ many "actories
"ound in t$e inner%city area1
9lobalisation "orced t$e manu"acturing industries to become
!ery competitie in the global market+ but de!eloping
nations can run manu"acturing c$eaper t$an de!eloped
countries because o" c$eaper labour and less regulations1
ConseNuently#
I1 0$e proportion o" Sydney7s population employed
in manu"acturing $as signi"icantly reduced1
II1 Decentralisation and suburbanisation o"
manu"acturing and similar industries occurred+ as
it was too expensi!e to stay in t$e inner city areas
to e""ecti!ely compete in t$e global mar8et1
(3 +"te(", 'or intern"tion"% inCest1ents:
6 8ey aspect o" globalisation is t$e "low o" money t$roug$
in!estments between countries1 SubseNuently+ Sydney $as
become t$e 8gateway9 to t$ese "lows o" in!estments in
6ustralia and surrounding region1
6s a result o" being t$e 8gateway9 o" money and
in!estments+ Sydney7s employment structure $as c$anged
to suit t$is new role1 0$ere $as been an increase in#
KNOWLED+E WORKERS associated wit$ globalisation1
In particular t$e "ollowing obser!ations $a!e been made#
a3 TRetail7 and Troperty and 4usiness Ser!ices7 $ad t$e
$ig$est proportion o" employment and t$e $ig$est growt$
rate in1
b3 9rowt$ $as also been recorded in Construction7+
T6ccommodation sectors1
c3 TCa"es and Restaurants7+ TBinance and Insurance7 and
TCultural and Recreation Ser!ices7 $a!e also experienced
signi"icant growt$1
T!ere is " distinct $"ttern eCident 'ro1 t!e "&oCe
o&serC"tions. It is " %o)ic"% $ro)ression:
I1 8?nowledge workers7 earn more money and t$ey want to
spend it1 0$us+ creating a consumption li"estyle1
II1 0$is creates a demand "or Retail% "afes and
Restaurants% and "ultural and Recreational $erices type
<obs to cater "or t$e consumption li"estyle o" t$e
Tknowledge workers91 2t$ese wor8ers also participate in
t$e consumption li"estyle3
III1 6ll t$ese people need to be $oused near t$eir wor8 w$ic$
$appens to be t$e Sydney C4D and t$e surrounding
areas1
IV1 0$is creates a demand "or new buildings t$us
construction and property sector <obs are created1
V1 0$is creates a perpetual cycle as all t$e new <obs create
more money to be spent in t$e area1
ConseEuences o' +%o&"%is"tion on t!e S$"ti"% P"tterns o'
S,dne,/s Econo1ic C!"r"cter
4ecause o" t$ese 0WE broad impacts+ two clear Spatial
atterns can be obser!ed "rom Sydney7s c$anging
economic c$aracter#
Birstly+ as e!ident "rom t$e c$anging social structure
8knowledge workers9 can be "ound around t$e $arbour+
Eastern Suburbs+ Inner%Western Suburbs+ and t$e Durringai
Corridor1
Secondly+ t$ere is a SECE'D S>D'E> to t$e west w$ic$ is
c$aracterised by lower occupation classi"ications+ greater
li8eli$ood o" part%time employment and lower income le!els1
0$is $as been primarily caused by decentralisation and
suburbanisation as many manu"acturing and li8e industries
$a!e suburbanised by mo!ing to t$e western suburbs into
industrial par8s suc$ as Wet$eril ar8 etc1
<.5.5 S>D'E>7S Commercial and Industrial De!elopment
Sydney#s Commercial De$elo%ment
0$ose in!ol!ed in commerce sell goods1
6s a result o" globalisation and becoming t$e 8gateway9 "or t$e globalisation
process+ Sydney7s commercial c$aracter $as c$anged1 0$e "ollowing $a!e been
obser!ed#
1. INCREASE O7 RE+IONAL 8EAD9UARTERS O7 TNCs M MNCs
0'Cs and M'Cs are t$e ma<or players in globalisation and Sydney $as a number o"
regional $eadNuarters "or t$is global companies1 0$e Commonwealt$ and 'ew
Sout$ Wales go!ernments $a!e a regional $eadNuarters program to pro!ide
incenti!es "or 0'Cs to locate t$eir 6sia%aci"ic regional $eadNuarters in 'ew Sout$
Wales+ particularly Sydney1 W$ile most $a!e located in t$e central business district
and 'ort$ Sydney+ some $a!e located elsew$ere1
5. INCREASE O7 AD=ANCED PRODUCER SER=ICES
0$ese are t$e $ig$ly specialised ser!ice industries reNuired by 0'Cs and ad!anced
local organisations1 Suc$ ser!ices include accountancy+ ad!ertising and law "irms1
<. CENTRALISATION O7 7INANCIAL SER=ICES
0$e ;eadNuarters "or t$e ma<or ban8s and insurance agencies are located almost
exclusi!ely in Sydney7s C4D and 'ort$ Sydney1
>. +ROWT8 O7 COMERCIAL DISTRICTS
Wit$ t$e continued growt$ o" Sydney because o" its status as a World City+ ot$er
commercial districts $a!e grown1 Many commercial acti!ities $a!e mo!ed to t$e
suburbs1 0$e ma<or commercial centres in t$e Sydney Metropolitan Region include
'ort$ Sydney+ C$atswood+ arramatta+ and 4lac8town+
?. RETAIL EN=IRONMET 8AS SUBURBANISED
0$ere $as also been t$e widespread suburbanisation o" s$opping1 0$e large
commercial centres and new s$opping malls+ suc$ as West"ield7s S$opping Centres+
cater "or a suburban population w$o dri!e cars and do not $ea!ily rely on
commercial transport1 0$e Sydney C4D now $osts some o" t$e more $ig$ end
mar8et retail stores suc$ as 0i""any7s+ 9ucci etc1
A
A
A 1
Sydney#s &ndustrial de$elo%ment Edge Cities
'( Sydney#s &ndustrial de$elo%ment
'( Suburbanisation of &ndustry)Edge Cities
Immediately a"ter World War II 2/.@:%3 Sydney grew rapidly as
an industrial city1
0$is was due to t$e manu"acturing industries being protected by
$ig$ tari""s 2taxes on imports31
;owe!er+ Sydney7s industrial landscape $as c$anged since t$en
because o" decentralisation1 Decentralisation occurred because#
A Brom t$e mid%/.,)s t$roug$ to t$e /..)s+ 6ustralian manu"acturing was
exposed to greater global competition as tari""s and ot$er "orms o" trade
restriction were remo!ed1 Sydney lost muc$ o" its manu"acturing capacity in
cars+ clot$ing+ textiles and c$emicals 2Morris Minors used to be made t$ere31
A 0$e success o" producer and "inancial ser!ices+ wit$ t$eir well abo!e a!erage
income le!els+ made it !ery di""icult "or manu"acturing to compete "or labour and
land as t$ey could not pass on t$e increased costs to t$eir buyers1
A 0$ere is an increasing s$are o" import%export acti!ities in transport+ storage
and w$olesaling t$at $a!e stimulated air and road transport acti!ity in t$e
inner%city area+ resulting in t$e closing and relocating o" manu"acturing "rom
traditional inner%city areas out to t$e suburbs1
A 0$e demand "or better Nuality $ousing in t$e inner%city areas also put greater
pressure on traditional manu"acturing acti!ities by competing "or land= urban
renewal c$anging many old industrial suburbs1
6s a result o" t$ese "orces+ t$e location o" industries $as mo!ed to t$e western
suburbs1 W$at is being obser!ed is t$at t$ere $as been a process called 0;E
SU4UR46'IS60IE' EB I'DUS0R> w$ereby t$e de!elopment o" Industri"%
P"r0s in suburbs suc$ as Wet$erill ar8+ 4aul8$am ;ills+ 4lac8town and
Campbelltown are t$e norm1
*( De$elo%ment of High)Tech &ndustrial Suburbs
0$e $ig$%tec$ industry is also suburbanised1 0$e main $ig$%tec$ location is t$e area
"rom 'ort$ Ryde t$roug$ to 'ort$ Sydney1 0$is area is 8nown as $@AN#@B$ $.+.",N
",RR.A,R1 It is t$e location o" o!er :)) $ig$%tec$ companies+ including Microso"t+
I4M and CSIRE
researc$ laboratories1
6cti!ities include
Internet ser!ices+
computers+ electronics+
p$armaceuticals+
medical ser!ices+
publis$ing+
telecommunications+
"ilm+ tele!ision and
uni!ersities1
<.5.< N"ture "nd Loc"tion o' Residenti"% L"nd in SYDNEY

0$e nature and location o" residential land in Sydney $as been a""ected by
t$e "ollowing "actors#
0$e p$ysical geograp$y o" t$e Sydney Metropolitan 6rea1 It is
situated wit$in t$e Sydney 4asin w$ic$ is surrounded by t$e 9reat
Di!iding Range1 6lso+ t$e position o" t$e $arbour $as di!ided t$e city
into two broad areas1 0$ey are#
0$e $illy area to t$e nort$ o" t$e $arbour+ w$ic$ is most
attracti!e "or residential de!elopment
0$e area to t$e sout$ and west o" t$e $arbour+ w$ic$ is less
attracti!e "or residential de!elopment1
In ())(+ around DH o" new residences in Sydney were in t$e
suburbs+ w$ereas+ <H were in areas experiencing urban
consolidation
Su&ur&"nis"tion $as resulted in t$e sprawl o" residential areas
"rom t$e original settlement around t$e present%day central
business district out 'ort$ West and Sout$ West1 0$ese are
typically a acre bloc8 wit$ a medium density style li!ing1
;owe!er+ t$e type o" $ousing in t$e su&ur&"nis"tion process
$as c$anged1 Since t$e early /..)7s+ larger $ouses are built on
smaller bloc8s 2McM"nsions3 creating a $ig$er density style o"
li!ing in t$e suburbs 2creating an in!erse donut e""ect31
Ur&"n Dec", and Ur&"n Rene("% $as resulted in t$e
de!elopment o" new residential areas closer to t$e C4D t$roug$
t$e use o" Ur&"n Conso%id"tion ma8ing settlement in t$e inner
city area becoming more intense1
0$e ())/ census data s$owed t$at t$e rate o" gentri"ication in t$e
inner city suburbs was pus$ing renters into outer suburbs and
"urt$er nort$ towards 9os"ord and Wyong1
S,dne,/s Econo1ic C!"r"cter
rocess In"luencing
Economic C$aracter
Commercial
De!elopment
Industrial
De!elopment
'ature and Location o"
Residential Land
<.< SYDNEY/S cu%ture o' $%"ce 3sense o' $%"ce4
0$ere are 0;REE Sydney7s% Ene is in t$e 'ort$ern+ Eastern and inner city suburbs
t$e ot$er is t$e Western and Sout$ Western Suburbs1 Eac$ $a!e a distinct sense o"
place
As$ect
Definition
Inner
Rin)
Midd%e
Rin)
Outer
Rin)
Arc!itect
ure "nd
8erit")
e
0$e style o"
buildings and
structure
Streetsc"$e
0$e "eatures o" t$e street
eg1 lants+ street widt$+
bus stops+ mall+ rotundas+
ca"es
Noise 0$e noises you can $earP
Construction+ cups and plates
c$in8ing+ cars+ truc8s+ boats+
bus8ing
Co%our 0$e colours you can see and
are used1
Ener), "nd
=it"%it,
Is it busy or laid bac8
Street Li'e
W$at7s $appening on t$e
streetsP Wor8+ play+
bus8ing etc
Li'est,%es
0$e way people li!e in t$e
area1
residence+ income+
clot$ing+ leisure etc1
<.> SYDNEY/S )ro(t!# deCe%o$1ent# 'uture trends "nd
eco%o)ic"% sust"in"&i%it,
6.:.
2
$>D!%>C$ gro,t*, de+elo-ment, and future trends
Using t*e t,o satellite -ictures from 253: and 7==:.
&onstrut t$o +rPis ma+s sho$ing the hange in the urban de'e!o+ment of the
*.dne. "etro+o!itan 4egion. :%our ke. shou!d use t$o 'ariab!esA one for housing
the other for 'egetation;
3n .our +rPis ma+ !abe!9
*.dne. Harbour
Botan. Ba.
(ros+et 4eser'oir
#e+ean 4i'er
(arramatta
B!akto$n
Li'er+oo!
Write a -aragra-* describing and e0-laining t*e c*ange in t*e t,o -rEcis
ma-s.
&ead t*e t,o ne,s-a-er e0tracts
Using information from t*e -rEcis ma-s and t*e ne,s-a-er articles
com-lete t*e table.
F#$(O&> OD $>D!%>1$ G&OW(F *oure9
htt+9DD$$$.metrostrateg..ns$.go'.auDde'Du+!oadsD+a+erDintrodutionDinde0.htm! 38D78D288@
-he struture of *.dne. A its beahesE harbourE mountainsE trans+ort s.stem and distinti'e ommunitiesA
+resents s+eia! ha!!enges for +!anning. -here is a need to understand the histor. of the it. and ho$ it
has e'o!'ed to be ab!e to imagine ho$ it might and shou!d de'e!o+ in the future.
-he )reater "etro+o!itan 4egion ou+ies most of the &umber!and Basin bounded b. the (aifi 3eanE
and the e0tensi'e nationa! +arks of mountains and bush!and to the northE south and $est. -hese +h.sia!
e!ements +resent a natura! barrier to end!ess out$ard e0+ansion.
Aborigina! +eo+!e ha'e ontinuous!. ou+ied the *.dne. area for o'er 28E888 .ears :at !east 7E888
generations;. -he traditiona! o$ners of the $ider *.dne. region be!ong to se'era! major !anguage grou+s
in!uding DharugE Dhara$a!D-hara$a!E )undungurra and )urringgai. -he. de'e!o+ed the kno$!edge
and ski!!s to harness the resoures +ro'ided b. the ri'ers and surrounding !ands $hi!e maintaining the
natura! 'egetation and $i!d!ife. "iddens and am+sites $ere usua!!. !oated !ose to the man. ri'er
foreshoresE nearb. to food and !ean $ater. "an. of *.dne. &it.Qs main thoroughfaresE suh as )eorge
*treetE 30ford *treet and King *treet #e$to$n fo!!o$ed Aborigina! traks $hih ser'ed as trading
routes bet$een farmed grass!ands or bountifu! fishing areas.
2f the first f!eet had sett!ed at (arramatta rather than &iru!ar Rua.E *.dne. $ou!d be a more t.+ia!
g!oba! it.E suh as London and (arisE $ith the &BD in the midd!e of the urban area on re!ati'e!. f!at
ground ne0t to a ri'er that ou!d be bridged easi!.. -hese other g!oba! ities gre$ from trading hubs and
their trans+ort s.stems radiated out !ike s+okes on a $hee!E $ith high densit. residentia! areas forming
around train and tram !ines.
*.dne.E ho$e'erE gre$ from a to$n +erhed on the harbour at the eastern edge of the *.dne. basinE then
s+read >uik!. to the more ferti!e areas south and $est a!ong the ri'ersE aross the f!atter !ands to the
$estE and e'entua!!. north aross the harbour.
1ar!. in the 7Ith entur.E the +o+u!ation of the agriu!tura! sett!ements of (arramattaE 6indsorE
Li'er+oo!E 4ihmond and (itt -o$n e0eeded that of the main sett!ement around *.dne. &o'e.
De'e!o+ment ontinued on the f!atterE more ferti!e terrain on the south side of the harbour $hih a!so
a!!o$ed easier road onstrution.
B. the midd!e of the 7Ith entur.E Q*.dne.Q e0tended to the munii+a!ities of )!ebeE 4and$ikE
6a'er!e.E 6oo!!ahraE and "arrik'i!!eE #e$to$nE (addington and Ba!main and had a +o+u!ation of
788E888E $hih $as sti!! on!. a++ro0imate!. a >uarter of the *tate +o+u!ation. -hese suburbs $ere !inked
to the it. entre b. the emerging tram net$ork.
-he trans+ort of bu!k materia!s b. $ater meant !arge industria! areas $ere estab!ished on +eninsu!as to
the $est of the it.. -he e0tensi'e tram and rai! net$ork that $as de'e!o+ed enouraged the ra+id
e0+ansion of the it. in the !atter +art of the entur..
?+ unti! the 7I58sE the +attern of the it. ontinued to be dominated b. aess to the rai! and tram
net$ork. ?rban e0+ansion in !inear orridors a!ong major trans+ort routesE +rini+a!!. the rai! net$orkE
$as enouraged. #e'erthe!essE the 7IB8s brought an inreasing re!iane on the +ri'ate ar that hanged
*.dne.E $ith ne$ !o$er densit. suburbs distant from the fi0ed +ub!i trans+ort net$orks. Buses re+!aed
trams in the ear!. 7I68s and the it. gre$ to a!most B8km $ide east to $est and 68km north to south.
D#GU&% 22 *%D#1%Q* ?4BA# )436-H H2*-34%
-he areas north to the northern beahesE (itt$ater and the !o$er reahes of the Ha$kesbur. 4i'erE and
south to Botan. Ba.E the )eorges 4i'er and (ort Haking de'e!o+ed during the 28th entur. as the
suburban hinter!and in uni>ue en'ironmenta! settings.
-he 7I4I &umber!and (!an marked these areas out and identified a Qgreen be!tQ to moderate additiona!
urban e0+ansion to the $est. B. the end of the 28th entur. these easternE northern and southern areas
$ere matureE but subjet to rene$a! and rede'e!o+ment through infi!! and intensifiation.
2n the !ate 7I68sE (arramatta and &am+be!!to$n $ere nominated as other major it. entres for the
ra+id!. e0+anding 6estern *.dne. region. (arramatta has onso!idated its ro!e as *.dne.Qs seond &BD
in the geogra+hi heart of the it.E and is no$ a foa! +oint for businessE sho++ing and entertainment in
6estern *.dne. and a ke. trans+ort hub. &am+be!!to$n has beome a signifiant entre in the *outh
6est.
3'er the !ast 75 to 28 .earsE the g!oba! eonomi orridor A desribed as *.dne.Qs Qg!oba! arQ A the
onentration of !inked jobs and gate$a. infrastruture from "a>uarie (ark through &hats$oodE *t
LeonardsE #orth *.dne. and the &BD to *.dne. Air+ort and (ort Botan.A has emerged as a ritia!
feature of *.dne. and Austra!iaQs eonom..
-his orridor has been bui!t on the benefits that businesses in'o!'ed in suh areas as finaneE !ega!
ser'iesE information tehno!og.E engineering and marketing ha'e deri'ed from being near to eah other
and to trans+ort infrastruture suh as the air+ort.
2t has been reinfored b. the motor$a. s.stem foused on the 1astern Distributor !inking aross the
harbourE and b. the high amenit. and ser'ies a'ai!ab!e in and around the &BD.
6ithin the e0isting areas of the it.E ne$ medium densit. de'e!o+ment has inreased. "an. inner it.
areasE in!uding *urr. Hi!!sE ?!timoE )!ebeE 1rskine'i!!e and "arrik'i!!eE ha'e beome desirab!e
!oations and sho+s and 'i!!age entres ha'e been re'ita!ised.
3!d industria! sites ha'e been on'erted to residentia! de'e!o+ment. "uh of this de'e!o+ment has been
baked u+ $ith ne$ infrastruture suh as at Homebush Ba. for the 3!.m+isE the ne$ Air+ort !ink and
ne$ road onnetions.
-he it. has ontinued e0+anding $est$ardsE $ith areas bet$een the orridors fi!!ing in. 6ith the
addition of the #orth 6est and *outh 6est gro$th entresE ne$ subregions in 6estern *.dne. are
emerging.
-he areaE or subregionE around (arramattaE referred to as 6est &entra! in this *trateg.E urrent!. has a
residentia! densit. of a++ro0imate!. ha!f that of the eastern suburbs and the !o$er north shore. 2n the
medium termE this area is !ike!. to beome a fous for intensifiation and rene$a! in entres and
orridors around +ub!i tran+ort nodes as +eo+!e and jobs are attrated to the ser'ies and amenit. of
*.dne.Qs seond entre. 2n the !onger termE the regiona! ities of Li'er+oo! and (enrith are !ike!. to
reate a simi!ar +attern of inreased densities !ose to the im+ro'ed amenit. and ser'ies offered b. these
onso!idated ities.
-he inherited struture and form of the it. annot be ra+id!. hanged. -he ha!!enge is to !earn from
ho$ geogra+h.E en'ironmentE trans+ort and the eonom. ha'e sha+ed the it. and ho$E o'er timeE $e
an $ork $ith these e!ements of the it. to +ro'ide ma0imum benefits and o++ortunities for future
de'e!o+ment aross the *.dne. region .
S,dne,/s A1"Ain) +ro(t! $un)5erald <C Duly <==E page >>
*.dne. gro$s b. 54E888 +eo+!e a .ear.
-he it.Qs +o+u!ation of 4.2I mi!!ion s$e!!s to 4.I mi!!ion $hen
the &entra! &oastE Lo$er Hunter and 2!!a$arra are in!uded in
$hat +!anners a!! the )reater "etro+o!itan 4egion.
B. 2828 *.dne. $i!! ha'e 5 mi!!ion residents
B. 2858 *.dne. $i!! ha'e 695 mi!!ion residents.
B. 2837 *.dne. $i!! Qha'e 6496 +er ent of the #*6 +o+u!ationE
u+ from the urrent 62.@ +erent.
A it. the si=e of &anberra is added to *.dne. e'er. si0 .ears.
1ah *.dne. househo!d hasE on a'erageE 2.6 +eo+!e !i'ing in
it. -hirt. .ears ago the a'erage $as more than three +eo+!e
+er househo!d.
-hirt. +erent of ne$ housing o'er the ne0t 75 .ears $i!! ome
from 'aant )reenfie!dLs !and9 -he rest is onso!idation of e0isting
urban !and.
3'er the ne0t 75 .ears the fastest gro$ing househo!d t.+es $i!! be
ou+!eAon!. and !one +erson househo!ds. -he. are e0+eted to
inrease b. more than 488E888 in this +eriod.
#e$ suburbs of *.dne. sine 7I@49 (emu!$u.< Beaumont Hi!!s<
Lane &o'e #orth< Lane &o'e 6est< Huntie.s &o'e< 6o!!i &reek<
Ke!!.'i!!e 4idge< *un 5a!!e.< B!air Atho!< &!emton (ark< 1ng!orie
(ark< #e$ington< Bard$e!! 5a!!e.< Libert. )ro'e< Abbotsbur.<
Aaia )ardens< Agnes Banks< Arnde!! (ark< Barden 4idge< Bar
(oint< B!igh (ark< &anoe!ands< &ei! Hi!!s< &o!ebee< &urrans Hi!!<
Dean (ark< Denham &ourt< 1dmondson (ark< )rasmere< Hassa!!
)ro'e< Horningsea (ark< ,amisonto$n< Kirkham< "aianbar< "ount
Annan< "ount 5ernon< *ha!'e.< *meaton )range< *+ring Farm<
*tanho+e )ardens< 6errington &ount..
@/)(1) % 6ustralian Social 0rends+ ())*
8ousin) in S,dne, O Conso%id"tion "nd S$re"d
Bet(een 1II1 "nd 5?# t!e )eo)r"$!ic"% outer rin) o' S,dne, e@$erienced t!e
)re"test incre"se 351H4 in $o$u%"tion co1$"red to t!e 1idd%e 31H4 "nd inner
315H4 rin)s.
;ome owners$ip remains a "eature o" t$e 6ustralian identity and $as "or generations
underpinned prosperity and indi!idual wealt$ 2see Austr"%i"n Soci"% Trends 5J+
Components o" $ouse$old wealt$31 Demand "or $ousing is a""ected by a number o"
"actors including population growt$ and t$e ageing population1 0$ere $as been a mo!e
to "ewer people in eac$ $ouse$old wit$ t$e a!erage si5e o" (1* persons per 6ustralian
$ouse$old in ())/ pro<ected to decrease to between (1( and (1A persons per
$ouse$old by ()(*1 0$e decrease in $ouse$old si5e is partly dri!en by t$e ageing o"
t$e population w$ic$ tends to result in more single and two person $ouse$olds1
6ustralia is a $ig$ly urbanised country wit$ t$ree%Nuarters o" t$e population li!ing in
urban centres in ())@1 0$ere $as been debate o!er t$e balance between consolidating
$ousing wit$in a cityVs boundaries and new green"ield de!elopments on t$e "ringe o"
existing cities1 9reen"ield de!elopments are more li8ely to pro!ide separate $ouses
2rat$er t$an $ig$er density $ousing suc$ as apartments31 En t$e ot$er $and+
consolidation $as been promoted as $a!ing t$e potential to address some wider urban
problems including reducing t$e use o" cars and increasing access to employment1
In t$is article+ Sydney Statistical Di!ision is used as a case study1 C$anges in
population density and $ousing at t$e local go!ernment area 2L963 le!el are examined
as SydneyVs L96 boundaries $a!e remained "airly stable o!er time1 0$e sprawling
nature o" Sydney+ t$e costs associated wit$ t$is and t$e Nuestion o" $ow long t$is
expansion can continue in"luence t$e balance between consolidation o" $ousing and
green"ield de!elopment1 0$e 'SW 9o!ernmentVs metropolitan strategy pro!ides a
broad "ramewor8 to "acilitate and manage t$e growt$ and de!elopment o" Sydney o!er
t$e next (: years1 It contains a $ousing strategy w$ic$ includes ob<ecti!es aimed at
pro!iding *)b,)J o" new $ousing in existing urban areas+ wit$ t$e remaining A)b@)J
o" new $ousing to be in land release areas1
In t$is article+ L96s in SydneyVs Statistical Di!ision $a!e been di!ided among A rings#
inner+ middle and outer1
T!e inner rin) inc%udes: 6s$"ield+ 4otany+ Lane Co!e+ Leic$$ardt+ Marric8!ille+
Mosman+ 'ort$ Sydney+ Randwic8+ Sout$ Sydney+ Sydney City+ Wa!erley and
Woolla$ra1
T!e 1idd%e rin) inc%udes: 6uburn+ 4an8stown+ 4urwood+ Canterbury+ Concord and
Drummoyne 2now Canada 4ay3+ ;unters ;ill+ ;urst!ille+ Dogara$+ Du%ring%gai+ Manly+
arramatta+ Roc8dale+ Ryde+ Strat$"ield and Willoug$by1
T!e outer rin) inc%udes 4aul8$am ;ills+ 4lac8town+ 4lue Mountains+ Camden+
Campbelltown+ Bair"ield+ 9os"ord+ ;aw8esbury+ ;olroyd+ ;ornsby+ Li!erpool+ enrit$+
ittwater+ Sut$erland+ Warringa$+ Wollondilly and Wyong1
POPULATION DENSITY
In ()):+ SydneyVs population was estimated to be @1A million w$ic$ was *AJ o" t$e
'SW population and around one%"i"t$ 2(/J3 o" t$e 6ustralian population1 0o aid
analysis in t$is article+ SydneyVs L96s $a!e been di!ided into t$ree geograp$ical rings#
outer+ middle and inner1 In ()):+ it was estimated t$at t$e outer ring contained o!er (1A
million people 2::J3+ t$e middle ring o!er /1( million 2(-J3 and t$e inner ring o!er
,))+))) 2/,J31
6s would be expected+ on a!erage in bot$ /../ and ()): t$e L96s in t$e inner ring o"
Sydney $ad a $ig$er population density 2people per sNuare 8ilometre3 t$an L96s in t$e
outer ring1 0$is is consistent wit$ t$e greater proportion o" units and apartments in t$e
inner ring w$ic$ accommodate more people per sNuare 8ilometre1 In ()):+ Wa!erley
2inner ring3 $ad t$e $ig$est population density wit$ *+*@, people per sNuare 8ilometre
and Wollondilly 2outer ring3 $ad t$e lowest density 2/* people per sNuare 8ilometre3
compared wit$ all ot$er L96s1 0o put t$e population density o" Sydney in perspecti!e+
in ())( inner London $ad a population density o" -+.-) w$ile in outer London t$ere
were A+:-( people per sNuare 8ilometre1
4etween /../ and ()):+ SydneyVs population grew by o!er $al" a million 2:-(+)))31
0$e ma<ority 2*-J3 o" t$e growt$ occurred in t$e outer ring+ w$ic$ increased by (/J in
t$e "ourteen years to ()):1 E!er t$e same period+ growt$ in t$e denser middle and
inner rings was more modest wit$ increases o" /)J and /(J respecti!ely1
Wit$in t$e outer ring+ Camden and Li!erpool experienced t$e greatest proportional
growt$ in population between /../ and ()): 2//.J and *-J respecti!ely3+ w$ile
WyongVs population increased by o!er one%t$ird 2A,J31
6round $al" o" t$e L96s in t$e middle ring experienced a growt$ in population under
/)J and t$e ot$er $al" between //J and A)J in t$e /../b()): period1 Concord 2now
part o" Canada 4ay3 grew by one%t$ird 2AAJ31 In t$is same time period+ most o" t$e
L96s in t$e inner ring $ad increases in population o" /)J or less1 0$ree o" t$e L96s in
t$e inner ring increased by more t$an /)J# Sydney City by A*.J+ Sout$ Sydney by
@/J and 'ort$ Sydney by /-J1 0$e rapid growt$ in Sydney City was t$e result o" an
increase in t$e number o" $ig$er density dwellings in t$is L961
W8O LI=ES IN OUTER# MIDDLE AND INNER SYDNEY*
...A+E
In ())@+ a greater proportion o" t$e population in t$e outer 2((J3 and middle ring 2/.J3
were dependent c$ildren 2aged )b/@ years3 t$an in t$e inner ring 2/AJ31 4y
comparison+ t$e inner ring 2(AJ3 $ad a greater proportion o" people aged between (:b
A@ years compared wit$ t$e middle and outer rings 2/:J and /@J respecti!ely31
A+E PRO7ILE O7 SYDNEY R 5>
...8OUSE8OLD COMPOSITION
6round t$ree%Nuarters 2,,J3 o" $ouse$olds in t$e outer ring were "amily $ouse$olds
compared wit$ <ust o!er two%t$irds 2,)J3 in t$e middle ring and <ust o!er one $al"
2:(J3 in t$e inner ring1 0$ere was a similar proportion o" couple "amily $ouse$olds
wit$out c$ildren among t$e t$ree rings 2around ((J31 ;owe!er+ couple "amilies wit$
c$ildren were more common in t$e outer 2@/J3 and middle 2A:J3 rings t$an in t$e
inner ring 2/.J31
6 greater proportion o" $ouse$olds in t$e inner ring were lone person $ouse$olds
2A/J3 compared wit$ t$e middle 2((J3 and outer 2/-J3 rings1 6round one in ten
$ouse$olds 2.J3 in t$e inner ring were group $ouse$olds1
...DWELLIN+ TYPE
'ot surprisingly+ in ())/ t$e !ast ma<ority o" dwellings in t$e outer ring were separate
$ouses 2-)J3 compared wit$ t$e middle 2:.J3 and inner 2(AJ3 rings w$ere land was
at a premium1 Blats+ units and apartments were muc$ more common in t$e inner ring
2::J3 compared wit$ t$e middle 2A)J3 and outer 2//J3 rings1
...TENURE TYPE
In ())/+ almost t$ree%Nuarters 2,AJ3 o" dwellings in t$e outer ring were eit$er "ully
owned or being purc$ased+ compared wit$ almost two%t$irds 2*:J3 o" t$e dwellings in
t$e middle ring and $al" 2:)J3 o" t$e dwellings in t$e inner ring1 Renting was t$e most
common tenure type in SydneyVs inner ring1
...8OME AND WORK LOCATION
0$e ma<ority 2*/J3 o" people in Sydney in ())/ li!ed and wor8ed in t$e same
geograp$ical ring1 ;owe!er+ a greater proportion o" people bot$ li!ed and wor8ed in t$e
inner ring 2-AJ3 w$ere t$ere were concentrations o" employment+ t$an li!ed and
wor8ed in eit$er t$e middle 2:)J3 or outer ring 2:-J31 6 considerable number o"
people 2o!er A()+)))3 tra!elled "rom t$e outer and middle rings to t$e inner ring to
wor81
0$e ())A 'SW ;ouse$old 0ra!el Sur!ey "ound t$at t$e distance people tra!elled was
related to t$e tripVs purpose wit$ trips to wor8 being t$e longest on a!erage12End'ote -3
Source# 64S1 288BE '102"0 ( )ustralian Social #rends! 200*
htt+9DD$$$.abs.go'.auDA?**-A-*DabsS.nsfDbb@dbB3Be2af@4b@a25B7B@8875B87eD6aab2Bb8827d5IBa25B7b88876e4fdT3+enDoumentU
aessed 2BD85D288@
World
4** 1mai! (rint
S,dne, $o$u%"tion to re"c! J 1i%%ion &, 5<J
2922(" Monday Oct 7=, 7==3
S>D'E> % 0$e population o" 'SW will soar to o!er nine million people+ an increase o" AA per cent+ by t$e year
()A*+ w$ile Sydney will surge to nearly * million people+ up @) per cent1
'SW planning minister Dristina Deneally released t$e "igures today and said t$ey represent an increase o"
@@)+))) people on t$e ()): pro<ection o" t$e stateVs population1
Sydney will need an extra *A*+))) $ouses by ()A/+ s$e said+ and $as instructed $er department to determine
pro<ected population increases "or local go!ernment areas across t$e state1
\ItVs clear t$e increase in t$e 'SW population and decline o" our $ouse$old si5e will impact on e!eryt$ing "rom
t$e location o" "uture $ousing estates to t$e type o" buildings t$ey include+\ Ms Deneally said in a statement1
\Eur c$allenge is to 8eep wor8ing wit$ t$e "ederal go!ernment+ across t$e 'SW go!ernment+ wit$ t$e pri!ate
$ousing sector and+ in particular+ wit$ local councils to build t$e $omes and pro!ide t$e ser!ices "or our
growing population1\
% 66
Cit, (it! " 'uture Excerpt $-5 >CF=CF<==E pge GG
T8E BI+ J MILLION
As a g!oba! it.< *.dne.
risks beoming a 'itim
of its o$n suess.
*ine 7IIB it has
e0+eriened its strongest
gro$th sine the 7I68sE
$ith an a'erage of
4BEB88 +eo+!e a .ear
hoosing to a!! it home.
About B5 +er ent are
ne$!. arri'ed migrantsE
but there is a!so
signifiant interna!
migration. B. 2827
*.dne.Qs +o+u!ation $i!!
be at 5 mi!!ion and b.
mid$a. through the ne0t
entur. it $i!! be
nudging 6 mi!!ion.
*.dne. needs 25E588
ne$ d$e!!ings a .ear to
o+e $ith the gro$th.
&runh
FOM%$ C&U!CF
1'en if *.dne.Qs +o+u!ation
$as not gro$ingE $e $ou!d
need more homes.
Househo!d si=e is shrinking
Aits 2.B +eo+!e a househo!d A
beause of the ageing of the
+o+u!ationE +eo+!e de!a.ing
ha'ing hi!drenE and
fami!ies disso!'ing. For the
it. $hih embraed the
>uarterAare b!ok in the
7I58sE this means a rethink
on housing t.+es Amore
units and higher densities
near infrastruture suh as
hos+ita! and +ub!i
trans+ort. But $here and
ho$J -he aging +o+u!ation
$i!! a!so +ose ne$ soia!
+rob!ems.
L#!"#!G $>D!%>
*.dne.Qs trans+ort s.stem
$as designed as a radia!
net$ork. 2n 2887E 77 +er
ent of a!! $eekda. tri+s
$ere made b. +ub!i
trans+ortE higher than in
"e!bourne. As the it. has
s+readE ho$e'erE ne$ job
entresE suh as (arramatta
and #orth 4.deE ha'e
emerged. -he ha!!enge is
to ensure *.dne. does not
beome a Los Ange!esE $ith
high ar de+endene. -o
a'oid this means e0+anding
the +ub!i trans+ort net$ork.
-o a'oid !ong journe.s to
and from $orkE jobs need to
be nearer $here +eo+!e !i'e.
G&%%! A!D CL%A!
*.dne.Qs +rob!em $ith its
$ater su++!. is $e!!
kno$nE thanks to months
of $ater restritions. But
more sustainab!e +raties
are going to be ost!..
*.dne. returns I8 +er ent
of its $aste $ater to the
oean. A huge reA
engineering of the s.stem
is needed to a'oid
bui!ding a ne$ dam. Air
>ua!it. has im+ro'ed sine
the 7I@8sE thanks to better
emission tehno!og.E but
ar use ontinues to
inrease. Another issue is
+reser'ing green space in
the fae of +ressure for
more urban de'e!o+ment.
&#CF A!D POO&
Bet$een 7II6 and 2883
house +ries in *.dne. rose
b. 788 +er ent $hi!e
a'erage $eek!. earnings
gre$ b. just 3.6 +er ent a
.ear. B. 2887 76IE888
househo!ds $ere in housing
stressE s+ending more than
38 +er ent of their inome
on housing osts. *ome
areas are r.ing out for
urban rene$a! +rojetsE
+artiu!ar!. +ub!i housing.
3ther areas ha'e beome
rea!ms for the aff!uent.
)etting the soia! mi0 right
and making housing more
affordab!e $i!! be a big
ha!!enge.
DOO(#!G (F% #LL
-he big differene
bet$een this and other
+!anning e0erises is that
the )o'ernment $ants to
identif. funding for
infrastruture at the time
that it +!ans it. A big
+art of the metro+o!itan
strateg. is to !ook at ho$
!e'ies on !and re!eases
a!ong $ith debt and
+ri'ate setor funding
an be used to meet
future infrastruture
needs. For e0am+!eE an
su+erannuation funds be
entied into in'esting in
+rojets A !ike a re.!ed
$ater +!ant A if the. an
be assured of re'enue
from the +rojetJ
<.>.5
SYDNEY/S eco%o)ic"% sust"in"&i%it,
O-inion. $ydney1s ecological foot-rint 4 a siGe 22 -roblem9
6ednesda. August 2@th 2882 source: htt+9DD$$$.uts.edu.auDne$Dre!easesD2882DAugustD2@.htm! :2@D8@D2884;
A!bert DennisE s+okesman
for the )ustralian
Population +nstituteE argues
that Austra!ia shou!d ha'e a
Qthresho!dQ +o+u!ation of 38A
58 mi!!ion b. 2858. *ome
+o!itiians a++ear to agree.
-he on!. $a. $e an ensure
that ta0 $i!! +ro'ide mone.
for go'ernment and maintain
defeneE it has been arguedE
is to dramatia!!. inrease
the number of +eo+!e !i'ing
on thisE the driest ontinent
on earth. -he aging
+o+u!ationE the de!ining rate
of re+rodutionE the
s+arseness of our +o+u!ation
in our northern shores and
the need to e0+and our
eonom. ha'e a!! been
high!ighted as reasons
justif.ing a dramati inrease
in +o+u!ation numbers for
Austra!ia.
2n ontrastE man.
eo!ogists :-im F!anner. for
one; argue $e shou!d ha'e a
+o+u!ation muh sma!!er
than $e urrent!. ha'e A
+erha+s e'en as !o$ as @A72
mi!!ion.
But ho$ do $e think about
this +rob!em rationa!!. and
$ith referene to the fatsJ
2s there an o'erarhing
+hi!oso+h. that an he!+ us
make some informed
deisions about Austra!iaQs
sustainab!e +o+u!ation si=eJ
-he one+t of the
1o!ogia! Foot+rint :1F; is
the ans$er. 6hat is an 1FJ
1o!ogia! foot+rinting is a
$a. of understanding our
im+at on the 1arth A it gi'es
us a measure of ho$ man.
resoures $e use to maintain
our !ifest.!e. 2t re>uires
information readi!. a'ai!ab!e
to the +ub!i and to
go'ernments. Ho$ muh
energ. :a!! forms; is used b.
+eo+!e :and industr.;E ho$
muh food :and of $hat
t.+e; is onsumedE ho$
man. resoures are used in
infrastruture :shoo!sE roadsE
houses; and ho$ man.
resoures are being used to
dea! $ith a!! the $aste
+rodued :a!! formsE from the
eu+hemistia!!. named
bioso!idsE to +a+er and food
$aste;J -he beaut. of the
1F is that it an be a!u!ated
for indi'idua! housesE itiesE
*tates and entire ountries. 2t
is e0+ressed as the amount of
bio-roducti+e land re>uired
to +rodue the foodE $oodE
energ. and other materia!s
used in our dai!. !ife.
-here are about 2= billion
*ectares of bio-roducti+e
land in the $or!d. -here are
about 6 bi!!ion +eo+!e on this
earth. -hereforeE e'er.one is
entit!ed to about 2.< *ectares
of this bio+roduti'e !and to
su++ort them. 2f .ou need
muh moreE .ou are using
someone e!seQs resoures.
*ome ountries ha'e an
a'erage 1F of about ha!f of
one hetare. *ome ountries
ha'e an 1F of about 73
hetares. -he global
a+erage is almost 6
*ectares. 1nerg.
onsum+tion is a major
determinant of the 1F. #ot
sur+rising!.E the ?*A !eads
the $or!d in energ.
onsum+tion +er +erson in
the +o+u!ation. 6hat is
+erha+s not $e!! kno$n is
that Austra!ia is the third
!argest onsumer of energ.
:+er +erson;. &anada is
seond.
2t omes as no sur+rise
thereforeE that the to+ three
ountries in the foot+rint
stakes are A the ?*AE &anada
and .es A Austra!ia.
Austra!iaQs foot+rint is < 3
hetares A that is a!most 3
times the g!oba! a'erage.
6hat of *.dne. itse!fJ
*.dne.Qs foot+rint is about <
hetares. -herefore the
+o+u!ation of *.dne.
re>uires about 26 mi!!ion
hetares of !and to +ro'ide
the foodE $aterE energ. and
$aste dis+osa! for its
+o+u!ation.
Ho$ does this he!+ us
think about Austra!iaQs
sustainab!e +o+u!ation si=eJ
2t te!!s us that if $e ha!'e our
energ. onsum+tion $e $i!!
ha!'e our foot+rint. 2f $e
$ant to ha'e an 1F more in
!ine $ith the g!oba! a'erageE
$e ou!d ha!'e our
+o+u!ation si=e and do
nothing to our rate of energ.
onsum+tion :+er +erson;E or
maintain our urrent
+o+u!ation si=e and ha!'e our
rate of energ. use. 2f $e
$ant to doub!e our
+o+u!ation to about 48
mi!!ion $e $i!! ha'e to
onsume one >uarter of the
energ. $e urrent!. use :+er
+erson;. (ersona!!.E 2 rea!!.
anQt see Austra!ians
onsuming one >uarter of our
urrent energ. useE gi'en our
!ifest.!e +referenes for
maintaining househo!ds $ith
2 arsE 2 fridges and 3 -5s.
#o matter ho$ $e!! our
eonom. ma. gro$ $ith an
e0+anding +o+u!ationE our
su++!ies of $aterE
agriu!tura! soi! and fossi!
fue!s remain !imited. -ime
to think serious!. about
foot+rints and see if $e an
fit a si=e 6. 6eQ'e stom+ed
around for !ong enough in a
si=e 77.
%cological foot-rint analysis of !$W
Source: %PA *tt-.@@,,,.e-a.ns,.go+.au@soe@soe7==6@c*a-ter2@c*-H2.2.*tm I73@=3@7==:J
Q1o!ogia! foot+rintQ ana!.sis is a tehni>ue that attem+ts to gi'e hard numbers on the u!timate
im+at of eonomi ati'it. on the en'ironment. 2t $as first used for #*6 in the re+ort State o&
the ,nvironment 199-" -he tehni>ue estimates the area of !and re>uired to +ro'ide the range of
goods and ser'ies onsumed. Land area is used as a ommon unit of measure to a!!o$
om+arisons aross time and different +o+u!ations. 1stimates in!ude the !and re>uired for $ater
o!!etionE $aste dis+osa!E food and energ. +rodutionE trans+ortE residentia! ou+ation and the
!ike.
4efinements to the methodo!og. sine 7IIB ha'e a!!o$ed an u+date of the ear!ier foot+rint
estimates for #*6 and om+arisons $ith reent data. -hese sho$ that the #*6 ommunit.
inreased its tota! foot+rint b. 75H in the fi'e .ears bet$een 7II3VI4 and 7II@VII. During this
+eriod #*6Ls +o+u!ation gre$ b. BH and *.dne.Ls gre$ b. @ H. -ab!e 2.4.2.7 sho$s the
resu!ts e0+ressed on a +er a+ita basis. 4esidents of the greater metro+o!itan area are estimated
to generate a foot+rint that is 5H !arger than those !i'ing in rura! areas. 1o!ogia! foot+rint
ana!.sis is usefu! for ommuniating the re!ati'e en'ironmenta! im+at of indi'idua!s making u+
the +o+u!ation
(able 7.:.7.2. !$W and $ydney -er ca-ita %cological Doot-rint
2556K5: I*ectaresJ 2553K55 I*ectaresJ C*ange
#*6 6.78 B.82 ?+ 75H
*.dne. )reater
"etro+o!itan Area
6.36 B.48 ?+ 76H
.
$ydneyCs %cological Doot-rint
*oure9 3$ensE (aine C4eid :2883; .ac/uarie evision 0uides(1S2 0eograph$ +.744
$ydneyCs %cological $ustainability
Luestion Ans,er
6hat does the term 1&3L3)2&AL
*?*-A2BAB2L-% meanJ
6hat is an 1o!ogia! Foot+rint
Ho$ muh bio+roduti'e !and is a'ai!ab!e
$or!d$ideJ
6hat is the urrent +o+u!ation of the $or!dJ
Ho$ muh bio+roduti'e !and is a'ai!ab!e +er
+erson in the $or!dJ
Ho$ muh bio+roduti'e !and is atua!!. being
used +er +ersonJ
6hat three ountries are using the most
bio+roduti'e !and +er +ersonJ
6hat is Austra!iaLs 1o!ogia! Foot+rintJ
6hat $as #*6Ls 1o!ogia! Foot+rint in 7II4 and
7IIIJ
6hat $as *.dne.Ls 1o!ogia! Foot+rint in 7II4
and 7IIIJ
6hat $as #*6Ls +o+u!ation gro$th rate for that
+eriodJ
6hat $as *.dne.Ls +o+u!ation gro$th rateJ
Ho$ muh more bio+roduti'e !and $as used in
#*6J
Ho$ muh more bio+roduti'e !and $as used in
*.dne.
6hat on!usions an .ou ome u+ $ith from the
!ast four >uestionsJ
Do .ou fee! *.dne. is 1o!ogia!!. *ustainab!eJ
6h.J.
S,dne,/s
7uture Trends
DeCe%o$1ent +ro(t!
Sust"in"&i%it,
5. A c"se stud, s!o(in) ONE o' t!e ur&"n d,n"1ics
o$er"tin) in " countr, to(n or su&ur&.
Su&ur&: P,r1ont
Ur&"n D,n"1ic: UR46' RE'EW6L
Loc"tion: Absolute+ Latitude << ?1/S and Longitude
1?1 15/ E 2'SW 6ustralia3
Relati$e+ 0$e suburb o" yrmont is located
on t$e yrmont eninsula wit$in t$e
Sydney Metropolitan Region o"" t$e
Sydney ;arbour surrounded by
Darling ;arbour+ Io$nstons 4ay+ and
4lac8wattle 4ay1 It is approximately
/1:8m "rom t$e Sydney C4D1
Brie' !istor, o' t!e Su&ur&
yrmont was originally in$abited by t$e 96DI96L
64ERI9I'6L people1 0$ey named it Tirrama7 meaning
roc8ing stone1
6 young lady w$o t$oug$t t$e eninsula reminded $er o"
yrmont in 9ermany named it yrmont in /-)*1
0$e peninsula was subdi!ided in t$e /-*)s wit$ sandstone
cottages and terraces being t$e common residential style
$ousing1 Early industries included t$e 6tlas iron Wor8s and
Castlemaine 4rewery1
yrmont soon became a =ERY INDUSTRIAL SUBURB wit$
wool being s$ipped "rom its w$ar!es+ sugar re"ined+ "lour
milled+ bottled mil8 dispatc$ed and electricity generated to
lig$t up Sydney and run its trams1
4y t$e /.:)s t$e suburb "ell into decline wit$ industries
mo!ing out and residents lea!ing because o" decentralisation
and suburbanisation1 0$e area experienced UR46'
DEC6>1
It was to be a run down DIL6ID60ED area "or some time1
In /..@ t$e UR46' RE'EW6L process began
5.1 ECidence o' Ur&"n Rene("%
Bor Urban Renewal to occur t$e "ollowing are essential#
o 9o!ernment olicy
o Urban Decay
o Urban consolidation
o 9entri"ication
o 6dapti!e reuse
o ublic SpaceL gardensL par8s
+oCern1ent Po%ic,
0$e UR46' RE'EW6L process in yrmont began in /..@1
0$is occurred because t$e Bederal+ State and Local
go!ernments targeted t$e area "or urban renewal under t$e
Bui%din) Better Cities Pro)r"1.
This was a long)term program initiated by the
"ommonwealth Goernment in >HH>& .ts maIor
obIecties were to improe the economic
efficiency% social eJuity and enironmental
sustainability of AustraliaBs cities&
6t t$e time+ t$e Urban Renewal process in yrmont was t$e
biggest urban renewal program in t$e world1
0$e group responsible originally "or yrmont7s renewal was
called Cit, West DeCe%o$1ent Cor$or"tion
0$e new go!erning body o!erseeing t$e Urban Renewal
process in yrmont is t$e S,dne, 8"r&our 7ores!ore
Aut!orit,1 0$ese go!ernment bodies master plan t$e area to
ensure t$at e!eryone "ollows t$e reNuirements o" t$e planned
urban renewal process in yrmont1
ECidence o' ur&"n dec",
yrmont went "rom a prosperous industrial wor8ing class
suburb to one o" urban decay1
Residential de!elopment began in yrmont in /-:. w$en t$e
area was subdi!ided and it accelerated in t$e /--)s1
4y /-./ t$e population o" t$e yrmont%Ultimo area was
/.+/,,+ in A+.** dwellings 2calculate the population density01
0$e population pea8ed at around A)+))) in /.))1 ;owe!er+
t$e construction o" "actories+ Nuarries+ wool stores and a power
station in t$e early ()t$ century saw t$e demolition o"
$undreds o" $ouses+ w$ic$ saw a steady decline in residential
population but an increase in t$e wor8ing population1
It was a good site "or ware$ouses because o" its proximity to
Darling ;arbour1
;owe!er+ a steady decline occurred in t$e ost WWII era1 4y
/.:@+ t$e population o" yrmont and Ultimo was :+)))+ and by
/.,- it was <ust /+-)) and by /.-/ it reac$ed a low o" /+:.)1
Many industries began to mo!e to c$eaper land "urt$er "rom
t$e C4D+ and t$e decline o" t$e wool industry and
containerisation made t$e /: wool stores in bot$ yrmont and
Ultimo redundant1
ConseNuently+ as industry suburbanised so did t$e residential
population and t$e area became dilapidated wit$ empty
ware$ouses+ "actories and residents w$o could not a""ord to
up8eep t$eir $ouses1 It experienced urban decay1
ECidence o' Ur&"n Rene("%
$ttp#LLwww1censusdata1abs1go!1auL64S'a!igationLprena!LroductSelectP
newproducttypeQ?uic8StatsRbtnSelectroductQViewc?uic8Statsc
JAERcollectionQCensusRperiodQ())*RareacodeQSSC//-(ARgeograp$yQRmet$odQRproductlabelQRproducttypeQRtopicQRn
a!mapdisplayedQtrueR<a!ascriptQtrueRbreadcrumbQLRtop$olderQ)Rle"t$olderQ)RcurrentactionQ()/RactionQ@)/Rtext!ersio
nQ"alse
0$ere is plenty o" e!idence t$at s$ows yrmont $as
experienced Urban Renewal1
Po$u%"tion: yrmont7s population growt$ is e!idence o" Urban
Renewal#
In /.-/ yrmont7s opulation was /+:.)+
4y /..( its population increased to A+())1
In t$e ())* census t$ere were //+)-- residents
+entri'ic"tion: 0$is is t$e restoring o" old style $ousing into its
original "orm wit$ some minor modi"ications1 0$is mainly
occurs because young $ig$%income earning people mo!e in1
'umerous terrace $ousing $a!e been restored wit$in yrmont
Ad"$tiCe Reuse: Eld "actory buildings+ ware$ouses etc are
con!erted into somet$ing else rat$er t$an being pulled down1
0$ey are o"ten not torn down because o" $eritage listing1
0$ere are numerous examples o" adapti!e reuse in yrmont1
Bor example#
0$e old P,r1ont Pu&%ic Sc!oo% $as been con!erted
into a community centre
T"&%et 8ouse 2w$ere t$e sugar used to be bagged3
$as been con!erted into a modern o""ice building
0$e old Ru1 8ouse $as been con!erted into luxury
apartments
0$e old $ea!y industrial railway line $as been
con!erted into lig$t passenger rail
Pu&%ic S$"ce# P"r0s "nd +"rdens:
t$e greening o" an area is also anot$er indicator o" urban
renewal1 yrmont use to $a!e approximately ,1, $ectares o"
par8s and gardens1 0$roug$ t$e urban renewal process t$ere
is now o!er (:1- $ectares o" par8s and gardens wit$ a "urt$er
,1/ $ectares proposed1
5.5 T!e resu%ts o' Ur&"n Rene("% in P,r1ont
Soci"% Structure
In t$e late part o" t$e /.
t$
and "irst $al" o" t$e ()
t$
centuries
yrmont was a predominately wor8ing class industrial suburb1
Decentralisation and suburbanisation caused t$e industries to
lea!e and "or most o" t$e second $al" o" t$e ()
t$
century t$e
area was renowned "or its low socio economic status1
6s a result o" t$e Urban Renewal process+ yrmont7s Social
structure $as c$anged1
yrmont7s residents are predominantly young couples wit$ no
c$ildren w$o earn an a!erage ^*.A1A) a wee8 "rom a
pro"essional occupation1 It is an area o" relati!e ad!antage
and wealt$1
0$e suburb $as grown younger%@-J o" population were aged
between () and A@
0$e area $as also become multicultural w$ereas pre!iously it
was predominantly 6nglo%Saxon in orientation1 0$e ())/
census re!ealed t$at#
A:J o" residents were 6ustralian born 2in /../ @,J
o" residents were born in 6ustralia3
-J o" t$e population were born in C$ina
,J "rom t$e United Dingdom
:J were Indonesian 4orn
Et$er "reNuent birt$places are 'ew Gealand+ Sout$
Dorea and Malaysia1
Econo1ic C!"r"cter
yrmont7s industrial+ commercial and employment c$aracter
$as c$anged signi"icantly1
It $as trans"ormed "rom an industrial area into a $ig$ tec$
suburb1
9one are t$e old smo8ing stac8s1 0$e industries t$at
predominate are telecommunications and entertainment
companies1 Bor example#
0elecommunication companies suc$ as 'o8ia
Entertainment industries suc$ as#
'etwor8 /)
64C
Boxtel
6ustralis
9alaxy 0V
Star City Casino
Radio Stations 'o!a+ (SM+ and (941
Educational institutions are also pre!alent1 Bor example#
Uni!ersity o" 0ec$nology Sydney+ Sydney 06BE+ and
t$e ower ;ouse Museum
Many eople w$o li!e t$ere are employed in t$e abo!e
industries1
0$e retail en!ironment $as trans"ormed into a ca"] restaurant
precinct especially along ;arris St1
6not$er "amous commercial identity in yrmont is t$e Sydney
Bis$ Mar8ets
P,r1ont turns into &oo1in) 1edi" $recinct
Carolyn Cummins Commercial Pro-erty %ditor A+ri! 72E 288@
WI0; t$e arri!al later t$is year and into next year o" t$e
internet company 9oogle and global management
consulting company 6ccenture+ yrmont will $a!e one
o" t$e largest clusters o" media and related tenants in
t$e country1
Buelling t$e de!elopment is t$e "act t$at rents remain
relati!ely stable in t$e district "or groups t$at need more
space but do not wis$ to pay t$e spiralling le!els being
demanded in t$e core o" t$e C4D1
6 recent Dnig$t Bran8 report said t$at rents in t$e city
"ringe+ inner west and sout$%west rose by an a!erage @
per cent last year and in t$e remaining regions rose by
( to A per cent1
6ccenture $as agreed to lease space at 90Vs new
wor8place*+ an /-+)))%sNuare%metre water"ront o""ice
complex+ w$ile 9oogle $as ta8en le!els "our to six1 4ot$
are long%term leases+ and wit$ t$e new tenants will
come ca"es+ eateries and ot$er ser!ices1
Io$n Sears+ $ead o" "orecasting ser!ices "or t$e
researc$ and consulting arm o" Iones Lang LaSalle+
said demand conditions remain solid and+ w$ile supply
in most C4D o""ice mar8ets remains limited o!er t$e
next "ew years+ !acancy rates will be below long%term
a!erages1
0$ose conditions will lead to more demand "or space in
t$e "ringe areas1 \0$e relati!ely low !acancy rates will
continue to generate solid rental growt$+\ Mr Sears
said1 \Loo8ing at t$e "undamentals+ t$ere is e!ery
reason to belie!e t$at t$e current storm+ w$ile dramatic+
will soon pass and 6ustralian property mar8ets will
return to steady growt$ later in t$e year1\
6nalysts say yrmont $as become a strong per"ormer
in t$e city "ringe commercial property mar8et+ wit$ rents
growing strongly and expectations o" "urt$er growt$
o!er t$e next /( mont$s despite t$e tig$tening credit
mar8et1
Sales o" commercial strata o""ices t$ere $a!e ta8en o""
in t$e past six mont$s+ li"ting more t$an : per cent as
companies see8 to base t$eir operations closer to t$e
C4D and on main road transport routes+ suc$ as t$e
Cross City 0unnel+ t$e M: and 6n5ac 4ridge1
4arry 9oldman+ principal o" t$e city "ringe specialist
agency ort"olio Realty+ said yrmont is now
recognised as t$e media and ad!ertising $ub o" t$e city+
wit$ t$e tele!ision stations C$annel /)+ C$annel ,+ U4I
World 0V and Box Sports+ and t$e radio stations (94+
Vega and 'o!a all relocating to t$e suburb1
0$e ad!ertising agency 4MB and a range o" smaller
agencies are now t$ere+ and C$annel /)Vs digital
operations $a!e signed a long%term lease "or <ust under
:)) sNuare metres in Winten roperty 9roupVs
landmar8 :: Miller Street commercial building1
0$e suburb is also t$e new $ome "or Bair"ax Media+
publis$er o" t$e 5erald1
\yrmont is t$e per"ect location in t$e city "ringe "or t$e
media outlets+ wit$ great access to t$e C4D and inner
west and ma<or road transport routes to all parts o" t$e
city+\ Mr 9oldman said1
;e added t$at t$e lig$t rail line and impro!ed bus
ser!ices $a!e made t$e area more accessible+ and it is
a /(%minute wal8 across yrmont 4ridge to t$e city
centre1
Leading t$e surge in commercial property is :: Miller
Street+ w$ic$ $as sold about *) per cent o" t$e ///
strata o""ice suites in t$e .)))%sNuare%metre+ se!en%
storey building in /( mont$s1
Mr 9oldman said sales o" o""ice suites "rom @: to :))
sNuare metres $a!e pro!ed !ery popular+ wit$ c$artered
accountants+ arc$itects+ e!ent management companies
and design companies committed to t$e building1
Source# $ttp#LLwww1sm$1com1auLbusinessLpyrmont%turns%into%booming%media%precinct%())-)@//%(:lb1$tml
Cu%ture o' P%"ce
yrmont $as de!eloped a distinct Culture o" place since t$e urban renewal process
As$ect
De'inition
In P,r1ont
Arc!itecture "nd
8erit")e
0$e style o" buildings and
structure
Streetsc"$e 0$e "eatures o" t$e street eg1 lants+
street widt$+ bus stops+ mall+ rotundas+
ca"es
Noise 0$at noises you can $earP Construction+
cups and plates c$in8ing+ cars+ truc8s+
boats+ bus8ing
Co%our 0$e colours you can see and are used1
Ener), "nd =it"%it, Is it busy or laid bac8
Street Li'e W$at7s $appening on t$e streetsP Wor8+
play+ bus8ing etc
Li'est,%es 0$e way people li!e in t$e area1
residence+ income+ clot$ing+ leisure etc1
+ro(t! 3$"st4# deCe%o$1ent 3$resent4# 'uture trends 3'uture4
yrmont7s population $ad experienced rapid decline+ but wit$
t$e urban renewal process it $as seen a re!ersal o" t$is
trend#
In /.)/ t$e population was /.+)))
In /.-/ it reac$ed a low o" /+:.)
4ecause o" Urban Renewal#
In /..( t$e population increased to A+())
In t$e ())* census t$ere were //+)-- residents
Buture pro<ections estimate t$at by ()// t$e population will
li8ely increase to /,+))) and will eclipse t$e /.)/ record wit$
o!er ()+))) in t$e year ()(/1
Many residential constructions are nearly complete and t$e
Sydney ;arbour Bores$ore 6ut$ority is wor8ing towards t$e
amenity o" t$e suburb1
Suc$ amenity pro<ects are increase o" public green spaces
and a "ores$ore wal8 t$at will lin8 Sydney ;arbour 4ridge to
t$e 6'G6C 4ridge1
Et$er de!elopments include#
0$e building o" an 6Nuatic Centre "or t$e community
De!elopment o" t$e old Water olice Site 2ublic
Space3
6nd de!elopment o" t$e Darling Island site into a
commercial building
P,r1ont/s Eco%o)ic"% Sust"in"&i%it,
,enefit of -rban Consolidation
Muc$ o" t$e urban renewal program in yrmont $as seen urban
consolidation occur in t$e suburb1
4y its !ery nature urban consolidation is seen as an ecologically
sound urban strategy as t$e same piece o" land is used to $ouse
many people and it encourages close proximity to peoples
employment reducing t$e need "or transport1
Energy Consum%tion
t$e types o" industries mo!ing in are $ig$ tec$ and reNuire
massi!e amounts o" electricity1
Some buildings suc$ as t$e 'o8ia building $a!e integrated solar
energy panels so to minimise its en!ironmental impact1
Trans%ort
yrmont7s relati!e location to its residents7 employment+
encourage wal8ing and t$e use o" public transport1
ublic transport is extensi!ely used and reliable# Bor
example#
Berry Ser!ices run "rom yrmont wit$ (A ser!ices a day
A bus ser!ices run "rom yrmont to t$e city wit$ t$e S06
estimating t$at A(+))) people use t$em a wee8
Lig$t rail lin8s yrmont7s wor8ers directly to Central
Station wit$ ser!ices e!ery : minutes in pea8 periods1
Some Statistics on Trans%ort -se
A:J o" all types o" trips was t$roug$ wal8ing to wor8=
0$e proportion o" yrmont residents using pri!ate !e$icles
$ad declined "rom AAJ in /../ to A)J in ())/
A)J o" yrmont residents in t$e wor8"orce were employed in
Central Sydney+ w$ilst a "urt$er (@J were employed in t$e
area immediately surrounding central Sydney and @1/J were
wor8ing "rom $ome1
E" t$e people w$o wor8ed in central Sydney ::J wal8ed to
and "rom wor8+
:AJ o" t$ose w$o wor8ed in t$e surrounding areas c$oose to
wal8=
0ra!el to yrmont "or employment by car declined "rom
around *(J down to :(J between /../ and ())/
4us usage as a proportion o" all wor8 related trips declined+
possibly attributable to t$e introduction o" lig$t rail=
0ra!elling to wor8 by bicycle increased by @))J between
/../%())/
Enly /1.J o" yrmont residents w$o wor8ed in central
Sydney used t$e lig$t rail ser!ice in ())/ w$ile @1AJ o" t$ose
w$o wor8ed in t$e surrounding areas c$ose t$is mode1
Car owners$ip remains $ig$ wit$ **1@J o" people owning a
motor !e$icle1 0$is means t$at during t$e wee8+ resident cars
are li8ely to be garaged during t$e wee8 wit$ $ig$er usage on
wee8ends1
8i)!Brise residents &i) ener), )uAA%ers
B. *herri!! #i0on ?rban Affairs 1ditor
"a. 38E 2886
L60 dwellers are t$e cityVs biggest energy
gu55lers+ says an o""icial study t$at casts doubts
o!er w$et$er t$e State 9o!ernment s$ould re!iew its
policy to increase energy%sa!ing targets "or $ig$%rise
apartment bloc8s1
B
0$e Minister "or lanning+
Bran8 Sartor+ is expected to
announce wit$in a "ortnig$t
w$et$er t$e 9o!ernment will
$eed calls "rom t$e building
industry "or t$e target not to be
li"ted "rom Iuly /1
0$e 5erald re!ealed t$is
mont$ t$at t$e 9o!ernment
was re!iewing its plan to "orce
de!elopers o" new $ousing to
impro!e energy e""iciency % by
@) per cent+ instead o" t$e current target o" () per
cent "or "lats and (: per cent "or $ouses % as part o"
t$e 46SIF sc$eme1
W$ile t$e industry is $appy "or t$e $ouse target to be
increased+ it says li"ting t$e apartments target would
pus$ t$e price o" units too $ig$ because it costs more
to install energy%sa!ing measures in "lats1
4ut en!ironmental groups and urban planners say
units must be included in energy% and water%sa!ing
e""orts because t$ey will ma8e up two%t$irds o" t$e
cityVs new $ousing in t$e next (: years1
0$eir con!iction is strengt$ened by a Department o"
lanning and Energy 6ustralia study t$at s$ows $ig$%
rise buildings emit more green$ouse gases per
dwelling and per person t$an smaller bloc8s o" "lats+
town$ouses or detac$ed $omes1
;ig$%rise apartment bloc8s emit /)1@ tonnes o"
carbon dioxide a year+ compared wit$ nine tonnes "or
detac$ed $omes and :1/ tonnes "or town$ouses1
W$en di!ided by t$e a!erage number o" residents in
di""erent types o" $ousing+ "lat%dwellers came out t$e
$ig$est energy o""enders % :1@ tonnes o" green$ouse
gases a person+ compared wit$ (1. tonnes "or
residents o" detac$ed $omes1
0$e report+ publis$ed on t$e departmentVs website+
says electrically $eated swimming pools and
ine""icient lig$ting and !entilation systems in common
areas were "ound in many o" t$e apartment bloc8s
audited1
\Wit$ more t$oug$t"ul selection o" common area
tec$nologies+ many $ig$%rise buildings could en<oy
large energy and green$ouse sa!ings+\ it said1
0$e director o" t$e 0otal En!ironment Centre+ Ie""
6ngel+ said de!elopers s$ould spend less on
apartmentsV "it%outs rat$er t$an scrimp on energy%
sa!ing measures1
;e also encouraged t$e use o" cogeneration plants in
new apartment bloc8s+ w$ic$ wor8 by ta8ing t$e $eat
created by a power generator and using it "or extra
energy supply1
4ill Randolp$+ w$o $eads t$e Uni!ersity o" 'SW City
Butures Researc$ Centre+ said letting apartment
de!elopments \o"" t$e $oo8 sends all t$e wrong
messages\1
\Se!enty per cent o" t$e next generation o" SydneyVs
property is going to be medium% and $ig$%density+\
ro"essor Randolp$ said1 \We $a!e to ma8e sure
t$at w$ate!er is built is up to t$e $ig$est
en!ironmental standards1\
0$e roperty Council wants t$e 9o!ernment to
introduce incenti!es "or builders to meet $ig$er
energy targets+ suc$ as guaranteed assessment
times "or de!elopment applications1
Et$er incenti!es could include allowing $ig$er
density to generate additional pro"it to co!er t$e cost
o" t$e energy measures+ or rebates on water and
energy in"rastructure1
0$e councilVs state executi!e director+ Den Morrison+
said it already cost about ^/:+))) a unit to meet t$e
current target+ and li"ting it $ig$er would ma8e units
una""ordable1
\6partments are actually more complicated in terms
o" t$eir energy and water usage t$an w$at t$e
9o!ernment "irst en!isaged+\ $e said1 \I <ust donVt see
$ow t$e 9o!ernment can li"t t$e existing target "or
apartments1\
/3 Complete t$e table on t$e "eatures o" yrmont7s Sustainability1
(3 Discuss yrmont7s Ecological Sustainability1
7e"tures t!"t 1"0e P,r1ont Sust"in"&%e 7e"tures t!"t M"0e P,r1ont Unsust"in"&%e

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