Psychology - scientific study of human behavior and mental processes
Behavior something you see Mental Processes not necessarily observable Psychs ABCs a) Affect b) Behavior c) Cognition Kinds of motives/drives 1. Psychological motives i) Hunger, Thirst, Fatigue, etc. 2. Psychological and social drives ii) Parent-child motives, peer group relations Psychological Views 1) Psychodynamic perspective Emphasis unconscious thoughts Sigmund Freud with the psychoanalysis Increase libido and decrease thanatos Early life experiences Sexual and aggressive impulses Freuds theory is very controversial and difficult to validate No tangible evidence 2) Behavioral perspective Study of behavioral responses and their environment Ivan Pavlov and the Classical Conditioning Learning reflexes Dog and the bell John Watson and Little Albert B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning 3) Humanistic perspective You can be what you want to be Freewill We have ability to control our own life We can understand self 4) Cognitive perspective Emphasis mental processes The mind is in control of behavior 5) Sociocultural perspective Social and cultural environment influence human behavior Knowing a person requires knowing cultural context Comparison of behaviors across countries 6) Biological approach Brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior Thoughts and emotions have physical basis in the brain 7) Evolutionary perspective Relatively new Importance of adaptation and survival of the fittest in explaining behavior Evolution shapes out physical features AND influences our decisions Scientific Method Question -> Hypothesis -> Test -> Conclude -> Present data Methods 1) Descriptive Method Naturalistic Watching animals behave in their normal environment ADVANTAGES Realistic picture of behavior Participant observation DISADVANTAGES Behave differently from normal when being observed Observer bias Each naturalistic setting is unique and observations may not hold Laboratory observation Watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting Controlled environment Use of specialized equipment DISADVANTAGES Artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior Case Study Study of 1 individual in great detail ADVANTAGES Great amount of detail DISADVANTAGES Cant apply to others Surveys Series of questions of the topic under of study Given to a representative sample randomly selected By population of large scale 2) Correlation Measure of the relationship between 2 variables Variable Anything that can change Knowing the value one variable allows researchers to predict the value of the other value Coefficient (r) represents 2 things 1. Direction 2. Strength of relationship Correlation does not prove causation Positive and negative correlation
3) Experiment A deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result allowing the determination of cause and effect relationships Operational Definition Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured Independent and Dependent Variables Experimental and Control group Random Assignment Process of assigning subject to the experimental or control groups randomly so that each has an equal chance of being in either group Controls for confounding (extraneous , interfering variables) Placebo Effect Phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior Single blind study Subjects do now know if they are in the experimental or the control group Experimenter effect Tendency of the experimenters expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study Double blind study Neither the experimenter nor the subjects knows if the subjects are in the experimental or control group (reduces placebo or experimenter effect) Quasiexperimental designs Not considered true experiments because of the inability to randomly assign participants to the experimental or control groups Ethics committees Group of psychologists who judge ethical value of research and study Common ethical guidelines a) Rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the studys value to science b) Participants must be allowed to make an exception to make an informed decision about participation c) Deception must be justified d) Participants may withdraw from study at any time e) Participants may be protected from risks or told explicitly of risks f) Researchers must debrief participants, telling the true nature of the study and expectations of the results g) Data must always remain confidential h) If a study results in undesirable consequences, researcher should be responsible to correct these consequences 4) Critical Thinking 4 basic criteria 1. There are very few truths that do not need to be subjected to testing 2. All evidence is not equal in quantity 3. Just because someone is considered to be an authority or a lot of expertise does not make everything that person claims automatically true 4. Requires an open mind
Bio psych 1) Nervous system an extensive network of specialized cells that carry info to and from other parts of the body 2) Brain organ of consciousness; Seat of the nervous system 3) 3 main parts of the Brain 1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Brain Stem 5) Cerebellum responsible for the bodys balance posture and coordination of motion 6) Brain Stem continuous with the spinal cord; nerve connections of the motor and sensory systems from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass thru brain stem 7) Medulla Oblongata autonomic functions, breathing, heart rate and blood pressure 8) Cerebrum Grouped into 4 lobes; Nearly symmetrical L and R hemispheres; corpus callosum connects the 2 hemisphere *NOTE LOCATION OF THE 4 LOBES IN THE BRAIN 9) Frontal Lobe executive functions like reasoning self-control abstract thought memory and emotions 10) Parietal lobe integrates sensory info like number knowledge and relations 11) Temporal lobe auditory functions like speech and language 12) Occipital lobe visual processing center 13) Features of the brain Lateralization each hemisphere interacts with half of the body. Left hem controls right and right hem controls left Neurotransmitters chemicals that carry info from one neuron to the next Gyrus (sila yung mga ridges the nakaumbok ones) and sulcus (depression) Left brain math, symbols, logic and language Right brain arts, philo, religion and feelings 14) Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine muscles, learning and memory Gamma amonibutyric acid(GABA) anti-anxiety i. People take valium to ease anxiety Norepinephrine excites the heart, intestines i. People use cocaine, ampephetemines to be hyperactive Dopamine movement, sleep, mood and learning i. People with low dopamine get parkinsons disease and schizophrenia Serotonin sleep and wakefulness i. Prozac (anti-depression) makes you want sleep Endorphines shield body from pain; elevate pleasure i. Morphine 15) Structure of the Neuron Neurons basic cell that makes up the nervous system and which receives and sends messages within that system 16) 3 types of Neurons (The Reflex Arc) 1. Sensory Neuron carries info from the senses to the CNS, also called afferent neuron 2. Motor Neuron carries messages from the CNS to the muscles of the body, also called efferent neuron 3. Interneuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives info from the sensory neuron and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons 17) Neuroplasticity the ability to constantly change both the structure and function of cell involved in trauma; something like stem cell research parang nirerepear yung whatever was damaged 18) Peripheral Nervous System all nerves and neurons that are not containes in the brain and spinal cord; divided into the: somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous systems
19) Somatic Nervous System consists of nerves that carry info from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body Sensory pathways nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons Motor pathway nerves coming frpm the CNS to eh voluntary muscle, consisting of motor neurons 20) Automatic Nervous System consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs and whatever Sympathetic division (flight or fight system) responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal Parasympathetic division restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for day to day functioning of the organs and glands 21) Endocrine Glands secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream 22) Pituitary gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone- secreting glands (MASTER GLAND) 23) Pineal Gland secretes melatonin 24) Thyroid Gland found in the neck that regulates metabolism 25) Pancreas controls the levels of sugar in the blood releases insulin 26) Gonads sex glands; secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction 1. Ovaries for women 2. Testes for men 27) Adrenal Glands located on top of each kidney; secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress; regulate salt intake and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting sexual changes 28) Cortex outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input 29) Association Areas of Cortex areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation 30) Brocas aphasia condition resulting from damage to Brocas area. Causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently to mispronounce words and to speak haltingly 31) Wernickes aphasia from damage to Wernickes area causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language 32) Looking inside the living brain Computed tomography Scan (CT Scan) uses computer controlled x-rays to see the brain Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses radio waves and magnetic field of the body to produce detailed images of the brain Developmental Psychology 1) Developmental Psychology scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death 2) Longitudinal Design one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time 3) Cross-sectional design several different age groups of participants are studied at one point in time 4) Cross-sequential Design participants are first studied by means of a cross sectional design but also followed and assessed in the next years 5) Nature vs. Nurture 1. Nature the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality , physical and intellectual growth and social interactions 2. Nurture influence of the environment on personality and everything else 6) Genetics and Development Conception moment at which a female becomes pregnant Ovum female sex cell or egg Fertilization union of the ovum and sperm Zygote cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm; divides into many cells, eventually forming the baby 7) Conception and Twins Monozygotic twins identical; one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells each pf which develops into a separate embryo Dizygotic twins fraternal; two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm resulting in two zygotes in the uterus 8) Periods of pregnancy 1) Germinal Period first 2 weeks after fertilization; zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining 2) Embryonic Period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization and structures of the organism develop Embryo name for the developing organism Critical periods times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the embryo Teratogen any factor that can cause a birth defect 3) Fetal Period time from about 8 weeks until birth Fetus name for the organism Infants are born with reflexes to help them survive 5 infant reflexes ( things we do without actually thinking) 1. Grasping reflex 2. Startle reflex (moro reflex) 3. Rooting reflex 4. Stepping reflex 5. Sucking Reflex 9) Physical Development in infancy and Childhood The senses except for vision are fairly well developed at birth Gross and fine motor skills are developed at a fast pace during infancy and early childhood Gross motor skills involve big muscles and fine are small muscles 10) 6 motor milestones 1. Raising head and chest 2 to 4 months 2. Rolling over 2 to 5 months 3. Sitting up with support 4 to 6 months 4. Sitting up without support 6 to 7 months 5. Crawling 7 to 8 months 6. Walking 8 to 18 months 11) The motor milestones develop as the infant gains greater voluntary control over the muscles in its body, typically from the top of the body downward. 12) Cognitive Development development of thinking problem solving and memory 13) Scheme a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events 14) Jean Piagets Stage Theory 1. Sensorimotor stage - infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment Object permanence knowledge that and object exists even when it is not in sight 2. Preoperational stage preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world Egocentrism inability to see the world through anyone elses eyes Centration tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features Conservation ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the objects nature Irreversibility inability to mentally reverse an action 3. Concrete operations child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking 4. Formal operations adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking 15) Lev Vygotskys theory Scaffolding a more skilled learner giver help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable Zone of proximal development (ZPD) range of what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help 16) Stages of Language Development 1. Cooing 2. Babbling 3. One-word speeches (holophrases) 4. Telegraphic speech Language acquisition device (LAD) governs the learning of language during infancy and early childhood 17) Socioemotional Development Temperament behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth 1. Easy regular, adaptable and happy 2. Difficult irregular, nonadaptable and irritable 3. Slow to warm up need to adjust gradually to change Attachment emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver Secure willing to explore, upset when mother departs but easily soothed upper her return Avoidant unattached; explore without touching base Ambivalent insecurely attached; upset when mother leaves and then angry with mother upon her return Disorganized-disoriented insecurely attached and sometimes abused or neglected; seemed fearful, dazed, and depressed Eriksons psychosocial stages Trust vs. mistrust infants basic sense of trust or mistrust develops as a result of consistent or inconsistent care Autonomy vs. shame and doubt toddler strives for physical independence Initiative vs. guilt preschooler strives for emotional and psychological independence and attempts to satisfy curiosity about the world Industry vs. inferiority young adolescent strives for competence and self esteem Identity vs role confusion adolescent must find a consistent sense of self Intimacy vs. isolation Intimacy an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share and care while still maintaining a sense of self Generativity vs. Stagnation (40s to 60s) Generativity providing guidance to ones children or the next generation Ego Integrity vs. Despair (60 onwards) Ego integrity sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and the ability to let go of regrets 18) Gender role development Gender behavior associated with being male or female Gender identity perception of ones gender and the behavior that is associated with that gender 19) Puberty and Adolescence - 13 to early 20s, young person is no longer physically a child bit us not yet an independent, self-supporting adult 20) Puberty physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak 21) Adolescent Egocentric Thinking The feeling that other people are noticing and watching them more than actually is the case Imaginary audience - young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescents thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are Personal fable young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from hard Having a sense of invincibility 22) Development of Morality Lawrence Kohlbergs 3 levels of morality Preconventional morality behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior Conventional morality behavior is governed by conforming to the societys norms of behavior Postconventional morality behavior is governed by moral principles which have been decided on by the individual and which may in in disagreement with accepted social norms