1

Abstract--The application of simple fuzzy power systems

stabilizers (SFPSSs) to enhance the damping of inter-area
oscillations of the Mexican Interconnected System (MIS) is
presented. In particular, the work is focused on improving the
damping of one of the most critical oscillation modes of the MIS:
the north-south inter-area mode. The SFPSSs used in this work
are characterized by a significantly reduced fuzzy rule table,
small number of controller tuning parameters and simple control
algorithm and architecture, which makes them suitable for real-
time and practical applications. Time domain simulations for a
set of critical disturbances are carried out to evaluate the
effectiveness of the SFPSSs, as compared to the conventional
PSSs (CPSSs), in improving the system dynamic performance.
Prony analysis is applied to the simulation results in order to
quantify and compare the enhancement in the system damping
ratio provided by the effect of the SFPSSs versus the CPSSs.

Index Terms--Inter-area oscillations, power system stabilizer,
simple fuzzy logic controller.
I. INTRODUCTION
OWER systems play an essential role in the modern
society by providing the means for generation,
transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Over time
they evolved from single generating plants to highly
interconnected grids, as the interconnections were found to
improve the economy and security of the system. As a result,
modern power systems are highly integrated, very large and of
enormous complexity, giving place to increasingly more
complex modes of instability that involve entire areas of the
system, interconnected by relatively weak links.
In recent years, many instances of groups of generators in
one part of a system swinging against groups of generators in
another part of the system have been observed [1]-[3]. These
inter-area modes of oscillations have become a source of
serious concern since instability of them can impose severe
constraints on the secure operation of the system.
To try to mitigate the unwanted effects of inter-area
oscillations and enhance system stability, power system

M. Ramirez-Gonzalez and R. Castellanos B. are with the Department of
Transmission and Distribution, Mexican Electric Research Institute (IIE), MO
62490 Mexico (e-mail: miguel.ramirez@iie.org.mx, rcb@iie.org.mx).
O. P. Malik is with the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Calgary, AB T2N1N4 Canada (e-mail:
maliko@ucalgary.ca).
stabilizers (PSS) have been applied by electric power utilities.
Typically, these PSSs are based on a transfer function and a
linear model of the system at some operating point, and power
system damping is provided by appropriately tuning the phase
and gain characteristics of a compensation network in the PSS
[4]. This type of PSS, called conventional PSS (CPSS), when
well tuned, has been shown to contribute to the solution of un-
damped electromechanical oscillations. However, since it is
designed on a linear control theory approach and under the
availability of a linear model of the power system for a
specific operating condition, it possesses some inherent
problems related to its design and performance [5].
Due to the limitations of CPSSs, new and better performing
controllers based on alternative synthesis techniques that do
not require a mathematical model of the system can be found
in the literature. In particular, fuzzy logic is one of the most
attractive methods since it offers a systematic framework that
allows the designer to incorporate the control strategy from a
human expert, uses if-then rules that are easily understood and
can be readily modified, avoids the need for a complex
mathematical model of the controlled plant and provides a
robust solution to handle nonlinear systems [6]. Therefore, a
great number of fuzzy logic-based power system stabilizers
(FPSSs) have been proposed in the literature; however, many
of the designs involve complex control algorithms that
demand a heavy computational effort and tuning of a large
number of controller parameters, which is not particularly
useful in real-time and practical applications.
Over the last few years, CPSSs have been installed on main
generators of the Mexican Interconnected System (MIS) for
damping inter-area modes of oscillations [2], [7]-[9].
However, as the MIS continues to grow, with new generation
being commissioned in the near future, requests for new
interconnections, and demands to increase transfer capabilities
that result in more and more stressed conditions of operation,
it is imperative to investigate and develop nonlinear and more
robust controllers that can provide a better solution than
CPSS.
Therefore, this work is focused on investigating the
application of simple fuzzy power system stabilizers (SFPSSs)
to enhance the system stability of the MIS. In particular, the
study is concentrated on improving the damping of one of the
most critical oscillation modes of the MIS, the north-south
inter-area mode, through the application of SFPSSs as an
Application of Simple Fuzzy PSSs for Power
System Stability Enhancement of the Mexican
Interconnected System
M. Ramirez-Gonzalez, Member, IEEE, R. Castellanos B., Member, IEEE, and O. P. Malik, Life
Fellow, IEEE
P
978-1-4244-8357-0/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE
2
alternative to conventional PSSs. Time domain simulations
and Prony analysis are carried out to evaluate and measure the
effectiveness of the SFPSSs, as compared to CPSSs, in
enhancing the system dynamic performance.
As far as the authors know, there are no earlier studies
related to the application of fuzzy power system stabilizers in
the Mexican Interconnected System.
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM
A. General Structure
The Mexican Interconnected System comprises an overall
generating capacity of approximately 57 GW, and a main
transmission system of about 91,311 km among 400 kV, 230
kV and 115 kV lines. The MIS is composed of seven
interconnected regions including the northwestern (NW),
northern (N), northeastern (NE), western, (W), central (C),
southeastern (SE) and peninsular (P) areas. The system is
characterized by a longitudinal configuration, with
geographical areas interconnected through long transmission
lines, and remotely-located generation resources from the
major consumption centers like the metropolitan areas of
Mexico City (in the C region), Monterrey (in the NE region)
and Guadalajara (in the W region).
For the sake of representation, MIS interconnected regions
can be arranged into the north and south systems [9], as
illustrated in Fig. 1. Several interconnections exist between
the north and south systems, indeed; however, the 400 kV
north-south inter-tie GUE-PRD is fundamental to the
distribution of surplus generation between them and,
therefore, plays a key role in system damping [7].

Fig. 1. General structure of the MIS.
B. Critical Inter-area Oscillation Modes
Critical contingencies, like the loss of major transmission
lines and generators, make the MIS to exhibit several critical
and lightly damped inter-area oscillations modes. These kinds
of problems have already been identified trough both
analytical studies and system recordings [8], [9]. However, the
north-south inter-area mode is one of the most critical modes
of system dynamic behavior [9], [10], because it involves
machines from the N and NE regions swinging coherently
against the machines in the C, W, SE and P regions. The main
characteristics of this oscillation mode, including the
machines with the highest participation, are summarized in
Table I [9].
TABLE I
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTH-SOUTH INTER-AREA OSCILLATION MODE


III. USE OF CONVENTIONAL PSSS IN THE MIS
A number of extensive analytical and simulation studies to
investigate the nature and sources of low frequency
oscillations, and the application and tuning of conventional
PSS to improve the dynamic performance of the MIS are
reported in the literature [2], [7]-[9].
CPSSs are based on the use of a transfer function designed
by applying the linear control theory, with a linearized power
system model at a predefined operating point. By
appropriately tuning the phase and gain characteristics of a
compensation network in the CPSS transfer function, this PSS
can improve the system damping ability [4].
The results from [2], [7]-[9], show that the application of
CPSSs at key machines of the MIS can certainly enhance the
overall damping characteristics of the system. However, it is
widely known that the CPSS, being a linear controller, can
provide an optimal performance only for a very limited range
of operating conditions and disturbances, and depreciated
behavior for variations resulting from nonlinear and time-
varying characteristics of the controlled system will be
achieved [11]. These limitations have led to the investigation
of new and better performing PSSs, based on alternative
synthesis techniques such as fuzzy logic systems.
IV. SIMPLE FUZZY POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER
Due to the advantages of fuzzy control [12], a great number
of fuzzy logic-based power system stabilizers (FPSSs) are
proposed in the literature. However, though FPSSs have
proved to provide a better performance than conventional
PSSs, many of the designs involve complex control algorithms
that demand a heavy computational effort and tuning of a
large number of controller parameters, which is not
particularly useful in a real-time and practical application.
Therefore, fuzzy PSSs used in this work are based on the
simple fuzzy logic controller proposed in [13], where a
significantly reduced rule table, small number of controller
tuning parameters, and simple control algorithm and
3
architecture are involved. A brief description of the fuzzy
logic control algorithm from [13] is given in the Appendix.
Then the stabilizing signal of the Simple Fuzzy PSS
(SFPSS) is computed from:
( ) 1
us pss
u s K V
u o
=
where K
o
is the output scaling factor (set by the output limits),
s
u
is the sign of the control action, and u
us
is provided by the
controller fuzzy inference system.
The signal s
u
is determined from:
( ) 2
0 1
0 1

< +
+
=

N
N
N
N
if
if
s
u



where
N
and N

are the normalized values of the

speed error and derivative of speed error, respectively, of a
particular synchronous generator.
The unsigned control action u
us
is derived through the
fuzzy inference mechanism with the rule base in Table II,

TABLE II
FUZZY CONTROLLER RULE BASE



where dn is a normalized quantity proportional to the
perpendicular distance from a given state of the generating
unit to the switching line of the two dimensional phase plane
[13], and ZO (Zero), S (Small), M (Medium) and B
(Big) are the fuzzy sets associated to dn. The distance dn is
computed through the following expression:

+ =

N
N n
d
(3)
In Table II, triangular membership functions and fuzzy
singletons are used for dn and u
us
, respectively.
V. POWER SYSTEM MODEL AND TEST SCENARIOS
A dynamic model of the MIS with representation of the
NW, N, NE, W, C, SE and P regions in Fig. 1 is used for
simulation studies in TSAT [14]. The system model comprises
the representation of 419 synchronous generators, 1986
transformers, 2936 lines, 1638 loads, and 11 major static VAR
compensators. Nominal operating conditions are based on a
2002 summer base case of the MIS.
Analytical studies in [9] provide the relative contribution of
each dominant machine to the north-south inter-area mode. In
this regard, machines at CBD coal-fired power station (in the
NE region), composed of four units, have a large participation
factor in the oscillation mode of concern. Therefore, they were
selected to be equipped with SFPSSs and study the fuzzy PSS
effect on improving the damping characteristics of the north-
south inter-area mode.
A set of critical contingencies was applied to evaluate the
performance of the SFPSSs versus CPSSs. It is important to
emphasize here that the loss of one circuit of the LAJ-GUE
400 kV line can significantly weaken the north-south
interface. For purpose of illustration in this work, only the
system response under the following disturbances is presented
and examined:
1. Step change of 2% in reference voltage of unit 1 at CBD
power station.
2. Trip without fault of circuit 2 in the LAJ-GUE 400 kV
line. This line is part of the transmission network linking
the north and south systems in Fig. 1.
3. Three phase fault at bus LAJ-400 and trip of the LAJ-
GUE 400 kV line, circuit 2. The three phase fault is
cleared after 5 cycles of its occurrence, followed by the
disconnection of circuit 2 of the LAJ-GUE 400 kV line.
4. Three phase fault at bus LAJ-400 and 100 MW load
shedding. The three phase fault is cleared after 5 cycles
of its occurrence, followed by the disconnection of
circuit 2 of the LAJ-GUE 400 kV line. After 14 s, a 100
MW load shedding in the central region takes place.

Transfer function of the CPSSs used at CBD units is given
in the Appendix. Parameters for the CPSSs were taken from
the studies in [9].
On the other hand, for the SFPSSs, the normalization
factors for
N
and
N
&
in (3) are fixed to approximately
650.0 and 65.0, respectively. The output scaling factor K
o
in
(1) is set to 0.1. Control functions of the SFPSSs were written
in C code and then linked and implemented as user defined
models in TSAT [14] through dynamically linked control
blocks.
Results from simulation studies, with all disturbances
initiated a time 1 s and different test cases, are reported in the
next section.
VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
Dynamic behavior of the MIS, with the CBD power station
units equipped with CPSSs, SFPSSs or a combination of
them, and under the application of the critical disturbances
described in section V, is presented for the following test
cases:
Case 1. Disturbance 1 with PSSs on units 1to 4. See Fig. 2.
Case 2. Disturbance 2 with PSSs on units 1to 4. See Fig. 3.
Case 3. Disturbance 3 with PSSs on units 1to 4. See Fig. 4.
Case 4. Disturbance 4 with PSSs on units 1to 4. See Fig. 5.
Case 5. Disturbance 2 with PSSs on units 1to 3. See Fig. 6.
Case 6. Disturbance 3 with PSSs on units 1to 3. See Fig. 7.
Case 7. Disturbance 4 with PSSs on units 1to 3. See Fig. 8.
4
Case 8. Disturbance 3 with CPSSs on units 1 and 2, and
SFPSS on unit 3. See Fig. 9.

In Figs. 6 through 9, two curves can be observed for each of
CPSS and SFPSS in the power angle curves because PSSs are
installed on only 3 of the 4 units at CBD station. Then, one of
the curves represents the power angle of machines 1, 2 and 3
(equipped with PSS), being the same for the three of them.
The second curve corresponds to the rotor angle of machine 4,
where no PSS is installed for the test cases involved.



5 10 15 20 25 30
396
398
400
402
404
406
408
Time (s)
L
A
J
-
G
U
E

L
o
a
d

F
lo
w

(
M
W
)
No PSS
CPSS
SFPSS

Fig. 2. Case 1. Disturbance 1 with PSSs on CBD units 1 to 4.


0 5 10 15 20 25 30
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
Time (s)
L
A
J
-
G
U
E

L
o
a
d

F
lo
w

(
M
W
)
CPSS
SFPSS

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
Time (s)
P
o
w
e
r

a
n
g
le

a
t

C
B
D

g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s

(

)
CPSS
SFPSS

Fig. 3. Case 2. Disturbance 2 with PSSs on CBD units 1 to 4.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
L
A
J
-
G
U
E

L
o
a
d

F
lo
w

(
M
W
)
CPSS
SFPSS

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Time (s)
P
o
w
e
r

a
n
g
le

a
t

C
B
D

g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s

(

)
CPSS
SFPSS

Fig. 4. Case 3. Disturbance 3 with PSSs on CBD units 1 to 4.


0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
L
A
J
-
G
U
E

L
o
a
d

F
l
o
w

(
M
W
)
CPSS
SFPSS

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Time (s)
P
o
w
e
r

a
n
g
le

a
t

C
B
D

g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s

(

)
CPSS
SFPSS

Fig. 5. Case 4. Disturbance 4 with PSSs on CBD units 1 to 4.
5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
Time (s)
L
A
J
-
G
U
E

L
o
a
d

F
lo
w

(
M
W
)
CPSS
SFPSS

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
Time (s)
P
o
w
e
r

a
n
g
le

a
t

C
B
D

g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s

(

)
CPSS
SFPSS

Fig. 6. Case 5. Disturbance 2 with PSSs on CBD units 1 to 3.


0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
Time (s)
L
A
J
-
G
U
E

L
o
a
d

F
lo
w

(
M
W
)
CPSS
SFPSS

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Time (s)
P
o
w
e
r

a
n
g
le

a
t

C
B
D

g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s

(

)
CPSS
SFPSS

Fig. 7. Case 6. Disturbance 3 with PSSs on CBD units 1 to 3.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
L
A
J
-
G
U
E

L
o
a
d

F
lo
w

(
M
W
)
CPSS
SFPSS

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
Time (s)
P
o
w
e
r

a
n
g
le

a
t

C
B
D

g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s

(

)
CPSS
SFPSS

Fig. 8. Case 7. Disturbance 4 with PSSs on CBD units 1 to 3.


0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
Time (s)
L
A
J
-
G
U
E

L
o
a
d

F
lo
w

(
M
W
)
CPSS
Mixed

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Time (s)
P
o
w
e
r

a
n
g
le

a
t

C
B
D

g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s

(

)
CPSS
Mixed

Fig. 9. Case 8. Disturbance 3, CPSSs on units 1 and 2, and SFPSS on unit 3.
6
A. Discussion
Results in Figs. 2 through 9 show the effectiveness of the
SFPSSs in damping the system oscillations.
By looking first at the test cases where the four units at the
CBD station are equipped with PSSs (Figs. 2 through 5), it
can be observed that a better damping effect is provided by
the SFPSSs, since a reduced overshoot and settling time of
system response can be perceived.
A similar situation can be noticed for the test cases where
PSSs are installed on only three generators at the CBD station
(Figs. 6 through 8), where the SFPSSs continue to provide a
better performance than the CPSSs. Special attention should
be given to the results in Figs. 7 and 8.
Figure 7 shows that for the test case number 6 the system
can be made stable with the SFPSSs, avoiding the separation
of the north and south systems. However, the CPSSs fail to
maintain the system stability.
Figure 8 illustrates the system response for test case number
7. The application of a three phase fault at bus LAJ-400, with
a clearing time of 5 cycles, followed by the disconnection of
circuit 2 of the LAJ-GUE 400 kV line results in growing
oscillations when CPSSs are installed. The 100 MW load
shedding implemented after 14 s makes the system stable;
however, very lightly damped oscillations are still observed
under the effect of the CPSSs. In comparison, the control
action of the SFPSSs is able to preserve the stability of the
system and it provides a better damped system response for
the test case under consideration.
It is also worthy to highlight the results in Fig. 9. With
CPSS on units 1 to 3, the system is unstable for the test case
number 8. However, by mixing both types of PSSs, with
CPSSs installed on units 1 and 2, and a SFPSS set on unit 3,
the stability of the system can be preserved. Therefore, the
results from Fig. 9 clearly show that the two types of PSS can
work cooperatively to improve the system dynamic behavior.
Finally, to get a better idea about the performance of the
SFPSs as compared to the CPSSs, Prony analysis [15] was
applied to the simulations results from the test cases 1 to 7.
Applying the Prony Analysis tool in TSAT [14] to the LAJ-
GUE load flow waveform, the results in Table III were
obtained. Table III quantitatively shows the effectiveness of
the SFPSSs in enhancing the damping characteristics of the
power system under study. It can be verified from there that
the damping ratio is clearly increased through the application
of the SFPSSs used in this work, as compared to the effect of
the CPSSs.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
In this work, the application of simple fuzzy power system
stabilizers (SFPSSs) to enhance the system stability of the
MIS has been investigated. Traditionally, CPSSs have
contributed to enhancing the overall damping characteristics
of the MIS. However, the increasing complexity of the power
system, involving highly dynamic and nonlinear
characteristics, imposes challenging problems to this type of
linear control theory based controllers.

TABLE III
OSCILLATION MODE CHARACTERISTICS BY PRONY ANALYSIS



As an alternative to CPSSs, the system damping effect of
SFPSSs has been studied. Compared to other fuzzy logic-
based power system stabilizers, the fuzzy PSSs used in this
work are characterized by a significantly reduced rule table,
small number of controller tuning parameters and simple
control algorithm and architecture. The effectiveness of the
SFPSSs in damping the system dynamic performance has
been shown through damping enhancement of one of the most
critical oscillations modes of the MIS, the north-south inter-
area mode.
Time domain simulations for a set of test cases and Prony
analysis were carried out to evaluate the performance of the
SFPSSs, as compared to the CPSSs. As can be seen from the
results, the SFPSSs were able to provide a better damped
system response than the CPSSs. Furthermore, the test case
number 7 in the set of tests has clearly shown that the SFPSSs
were able to preserve the stability of the system; however, the
control action of the CPSSs failed to accomplish this. It has
also been shown that the two types of PSSs can work
cooperatively to improve the system stability.
Further investigation will be conducted to evaluate the
large-scale utilization of SFPSSs in the study system.
It is worthy to highlight here that, as far as the authors
know, there are no earlier studies reporting the application of
fuzzy power system stabilizers to the Mexican Interconnected
System. Therefore, this work provides important findings that
may be of interest for future works related to the application
of fuzzy logic or other artificial intelligence based control
methods for MIS stability enhancement.
7
VIII. APPENDIX
1) Fuzzy logic control algorithm [13]. Fuzzy logic
controllers (FLCs) are commonly built from the two-
dimensional and symmetrical rule base with 49 rules shown in
Table IV, where two input signals, error e and its rate of
change e, are used to produce an output. However, the
symmetrical characteristics of this 7x7 rule table can be
exploited to reduce the set of rules and derive an equivalent
FLC. The simplification is based on the idea that the
referenced rule base establishes a control action magnitude
proportional to the perpendicular distance from a given state
of the system to the switching line of the two-dimensional
phase plane.
TABLE IV
COMMONLY USED RULE TABLE IN FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLERS



Since the switching line in the phase plane defined by e and
e crosses through the origin and its slope is equal to -1, then
it can be expressed as:
0 = e e (4)
Therefore, the perpendicular distance d from any point P(e,
e) to the line define by (4) will be given by:
2
e e
d

=
(5)
By analyzing Table IV, and taking into account (5), the
one-dimensional fuzzy rule base in Table V can be derived,
where dn represents the normalized value of d, u
us
is an
unsigned control action, and ZO, S, M, and B stand for Zero,
Small, Medium and Big, respectively.

TABLE V
REDUCED FUZZY RULE BASE



For any state in the phase plane, the fuzzy controller output
u is computed from:

us
u s K u
u o
= (6)
where u
us
is the unsigned control action from Table V, K
o
is
the output scaling factor, and s
u
is given by:

< +
+
= =
0 1
0 1
) , (
2
e e if
e e if
e e f s
u

(7)
2) CPSS transfer function and parameters. The transfer
function of the CPSSs used on CBD units is:

+
+

+
+
=
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 1
1
1
1
) ( ) (
sT
sT
K
sT
sT
sT
sT
s s V
s s

(8)
where K
s
=90, T
1
=T
3
=0.2, T
2
=T
4
=0.05, T
5
=1.0, and T
6
= 3.0
for all these CPSSs.

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8
X. BIOGRAPHIES
Miguel Ramirez-Gonzalez (M2001) received the
B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the
National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico, in
1996, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from
the La Laguna Institute of Technology, Mexico, in
1998, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of
Calgary, Canada, in 2008. He is currently working
for the Mexican Electric Research Institute in the
Transmission and Distribution Department. His areas
of interest are the application of artificial intelligent
techniques in control of power systems.

Rafael Castellanos B. (M2002) received the
M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the
National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico (IPN) in
1997 and the Ph.D degree in electrical engineering
from CINVESTAV, Mexico in 2007. Currently, he
is a research engineer at the Instituto de
Investigaciones Electricas of Mexico. His areas of
interest include power system analysis, and control.



O.P. Malik (M66, SM69, F87) graduated in
electrical engineering from Delhi Polytechnic India,
in 1952, and obtained the M.E. degree from the
University of Roorkee in 1962. In 1965, he received
the Ph.D. degree from the University of London and
D.I.C. from the Imperial College, London, England.
Presently, he is a Professor Emeritus in the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
at the University of Calgary.