Presented by

Modh Sudipkumar c.
PA /2010 /11
Industrial Aspect
of Rheology
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Rheology is Responsible for any formulation, production, appearance, usage, and
finally affect stability
Affects final cost of product
Class I recalls of Fentanyl Reservoir patches from Innovator and generic
manufacturers
In short
If a material is pumped, sprayed, extended, extruded, molded, coated, mixed,
chewed, swallowed, rubbed, transported, stored, heated, cooled, aged
RHEOLOGY is important .!!
Introduction
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contents
Viscometer vs. Rheometer
Types of the viscometer used in industry
Characteristics
Application of viscometer in stability and evaluation
Rheology: A Rapid Screening Method for Testing Stability
Latest types of viscometers and Rheometers
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Viscometer vs. Rheometer
Viscometer: instrument that measures:
viscosity over a limited shear rate range
Rheometer: instrument that measures:
Viscosity over a wide range of shear rates, and
Viscoelasticity of fluids, semi-solids and solids
http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~sanongn1/course.html
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Types of the viscometer used in industry:
Capillary viscometer
Falling sphere viscometer
Cup and bob viscometer
cone and plate viscometer
How will you choose appropriate viscometer?
Newtonian types of fluids shear rate directly proportional to shear stress
Instrument are operated at single shear rate can be used
-Capillary viscometer
-Falling sphere viscometer
but these give erroneous result
Non Newtonian types of fluids shear rate not directly proportional to shear stress
Instrument are operated at variety of shear rate can be used
-Cup and bob viscometer
-cone and plate viscometer
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Characteristics:
Capillary viscometer
Exp Ostwald viscometer
Based on poiseuilles equation
According to US pharmacopeia capillary apparatus used for high viscous
methyl cellulose type of solution
Falling sphere viscometer
Exp hoeppler viscometer
Cup and bob viscometer
Exp Couette type
McMichael searle type
Roto viscometer
Brookfield viscometer(rotational type of viscometer)
cone and plate viscometer
Exp ferranti-shirley
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Application of viscometer in stability and evaluation:
1) Polaxomer vehicles
Used in tear solution for treating dry eye syndrome
For evaluation computer controlled couette viscometer is used
2) Suppositories
Release and absorption is depend on rectal temperature,
Brookfield viscometer is used study characteristic of triglycerides base at various
temperature
3) Emulsion
Stabilized with triethanolamine stearate at various temperature
Brookfield viscometer is used
4) cosmetic sticks
Ferranti-shirley cone plate viscometer used
Physical pharmacy by martin page 581-582
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5) Tablet Excipient
Microcrystalline cellulose is used as granulating agent
Mixture torque rheometer is used to measure torque changes as water is added
6)Lamination *
process of lamination various stages
a) softening point of the resin -resin starts to soften and flow as elastic material
drops of viscosity (~107 poise down to 100 to 5000 poise)
b) material is most fluid, and reaction rates start to increase as viscosity starts to build
as the resin starts to gel.
at gel point tan delta is one
parallel plate Rheometer+ is used
*Focus on Rheology By Arlon, Materials for Electronics, Inc.
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+parallel plate Rheometer:
upper plate is attached to transducer to measure torque resulting from
strain upon the sample
system computer compares material stress to input strain and
determines tan delta
or phase angle along with the storage and loss modulus components
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7)Suspensions
Settling of particles by Brookfield viscometer fitted with helipath attachment
Consists of rotating T bar spindle
Dial reads resistance at various levels of suspension
8)Ointment
Consistency measured by Burrell severs Rheometer with helipath attachment
Ointment is loaded into a cylinder and extruded with measured force
Amount extruded is measurement of consistency
9)Aerosol
Viscosity is measured by Brookfield viscometer
10)Paste
capillary extrusion viscometer for the viscosity measurement of fish protein paste
Journal compilation 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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capillary extrusion viscometer
Rheology: A Rapid Screening Method for Testing Stability
To understand rheology of viscoelastic fluids, frequency dependence of their G'
and G" material functions to be measured
shear storage modulus G'
shear loss modulus G
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http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~sanongn1/course.html
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An oscillatory (sinusoidal)
deformation (stress or strain)
is applied to a sample.
the material response
(strain or stress) is measured.
The phase angle , or phase
shift, between the deformation
and response is measured.
G
G
shear storage modulus G'
shear loss modulus G
http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~sanongn1/course.html
ideal solid, elastic Tan delta= 0 high viscosity
Newtonian fluid Tan delta= 90 low viscosity
The ratio of G"/G', known as tandelta is predictive parameter for studying
the storage stability of suspensions
single rheological test can rapidly predict the stability of a drug suspension
by monitoring the value of a well-defined parameter tan delta#
Tan delta= G"/G'
*http://www.pharmaceutical-int.com/article/rapid-screening-methods.html
# http://ciks.cbt.nist.gov/~garbocz/SP946/node11.htm
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Tan delta
16
Latest types of viscometers and Rheometers
1)HAAKE RheoStress 6000 (2007)1
Universal Rheometer
variety of temperature control units
temperatures ranging from -80 up to 500C
2) Brookfield viscometes2
1 2007/10 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
2 Achieving the Basics in Viscosity Measurement to Comply with 21CFR Part 11
By Len Thibodeau Rheometer
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Significance of Helipath Stand
substances with yield values unsuitable for viscosity or consistency measurements
with rotational viscometers
rotating spindle, be it cylinder, disc, or paddle, will create channel
Produce negligible and meaningless torque
The Brookfield Helipath Stand is designed to slowly lower or raise rotating T-bar spindle
By always cutting into fresh material, the problem of channelling or separating is
eliminated
http://www.brookfieldengineering.com/products/accessories/helipath-stand.asp
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3) Interfacial Shear Rheometer
KSV NIMA
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Interfacial Shear Rheometer
Viscoelastic films relationships are nonlinear
intermediate between purely viscous and purely elastic responses in industry and in
biologicals
To define product stability in different industries such as food, petrochemical, cosmetics,
and pharmaceuticals
Application:
Prediction of emulsion, froth and foam stability
Determination of thin film structure
Examination of phase transitions
Real time monitoring of surface reactions
Continuous monitoring of molecule adsorption into interfaces
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4) STRESSTECH
Where flow characteristic of a material determines its processibility, performance,
and/or consumer acceptance.
Rheological instrumentation for the characterization of polymers-BY STEVEN M. COLO,
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I never did anything worth doing by accident, nor did any of
my inventions come by accident; they came by work
- Thomas Alva Edison
I'm a great believer in luck, and I find, the harder I work, the
more I have of it.
-Thomas Jefferson
Thank u