24

International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering Research 1 (2013) 24-31

PERFORMANCES COMPARISON OF 24S-10P AND 24S-14P FIELD EXCITATION FLUX
SWITCHING MACHINE (FEFSM) WITH SINGLE DC-COIL POLARITY

E. Sulaiman
1
, M. F. M. Teridi
1
, Z. A. Husin
1
, M. Z. Ahmad
1
and T. Kosaka
2

1
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Eng. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Bt. Pahat, 86400, Johor, MALAYSIA
2
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology (NIT), Nagoya, JAPAN
Email: erwan@uthm.edu.my, zarafi@uthm.edu.my and kosaka@nitech.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
Flux switching machines (FSMs) that comprise of all flux
sources in the stator have been developed in recent years due
to their advantage of single robust rotor structure suitable for
high speed applications. They can be classified into three
groups that are permanent magnet (PM) FSM, field
excitation (FE) FSM, and hybrid excitation (HE) FSM. Both
PMFSM and FEFSM has only PM and field excitation coil
(FEC), respectively as their primary flux sources, while
HEFSM combines both PM and FECs. FEFSM offers
advantages of low cost, simple construction and variable flux
control capabilities suitable for various performances. In this
paper, design study and flux interaction analysis of 24S-10P
and 24S-14P FEFSM with one-way FEC winding are
presented. Initially, design procedures of the FEFSM
including parts drawing, materials and conditions settings,
and properties settings are explained. Then, coil arrangement
tests are examined to affirm the machine operating principle
and position of each armature coil phase. Finally, the flux
interaction between DC FEC and armature coil, FEC flux
capabilities at various current conditionand initial torque are
also investigated.

Keywords: Field excitation flux switching machine, DC
field excitation coil, single FEC polarity

1. INTRODUCTION
The original concept of flux switching machine (FSM) has
been founded in the mid-1950s. A permanent magnet (PM)
FSM that is permanent magnet single-phase limited angle
actuator, having 4 stator slots and 4 rotor poles (4S-4P) has
been improved (Laws, 1952), and it has been extended to a
single phase generator with 4 stator slots, and 4or 6 rotor
poles (4S-4/6P) (Rauch and Johnson, 1955). Over the last ten
years, many new FSMs topologies have been developed for
various applications, ranging from low cost domestic
appliances, automotive, wind power and etc. (Hoang et al.
2007). Figure 1 illustrates the classifications of FSMs which
can be categorized into three groups that are permanent
magnet (PM) FSMs, field excitation (FE) FSMs, and hybrid
excitation (HE) FSMs. Both PMFSMs and FEFSMs have
only PM and field excitation coil (FEC), respectively as their
main flux sources, while HEFSMs combines both PM and
FECs (Sulaiman et al. 2011, Sulaiman et al. 2012). Among
all FSMs, the FEFSM offers advantages of magnet-less
machine, low cost, simple construction, and variable flux
control capabilities suitable for various performances.
Moreover, to form the FEFSMs, the PM excitation on the
stator of conventional PMFSMs can be easily replaced by
DC FEC as shown in Figures 2 to 5. In other words, the
FEFSMs are a form of salient-rotor reluctance machine,
combination of inductor generator principles and SRMs
(Walker 1942, Miller 1993).
The idea of the FEFSM relates changing the polarity of the
flux linking with the armature coil windings, with respect to
the rotor position. Early examples of single-phase 4S-2P
FEFSM that applies with a DC FEC on the stator, a toothed-
rotor structure and full-pitched windings on the stator is
shown in Figure 2(Pollock and Wallance 1999, Fan et al.
2006). From the figure, it is clear that both armature coil and
FEC windings are set in the stator which overlapped each
other. The viability of this design has been demonstrated in
assorted applications requiring high power densities with a
good level of durability (Pollock et al. 2003).















s






Figure 1: Classification of flux switching machines
(FSMs)
Flux Switching
Machines (FSMs)
Permanent
Magnet
(PM) FSM
Hybrid
Excitation
(HE) FSM
Field
Excitation
(FE) FSM



Figure 2: 1-phase 4S-2P FEFSM
A1
A1
FE
FE
25

Another example of single-phase FEFSM is shown in Figure
3 with eight stator slots and four rotor poles, 8S-4P FEFSM
(Bangura 2006). From the figure, the FEC winding in four of
the slots is supplied with direct current to establish four pole
magnetic fields. The other four slots contain an armature
winding that also pitched over two stator teeth.
The direction of the current in the armature winding
determines a set of four stator poles carries flux and also the
position of the rotor. Since the FEC is excited by unipolar
current, it can be directly connected in parallel or in series
with the dc-supply of power converter which feeds the
bipolar current into the armature winding. The design
principle is explained in (Bangura 2006), and the single-
phase 8S-4P FEFSM has achieved higher output power
density and much higher efficiency when compared with the
induction machine (IM). However, the 1-phase FEFSMs
suffer with problems of low starting torque, large torque
ripple, fixed rotating direction, and overlapped windings
between armature coil and FEC.

Figure 3: 1-phase 8S-4P FEFSM

To improve the performances, a 3-phase 12S-8P with
segmental rotor and 12S-10P FEFSMs have been developed
as shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. For 12S-8P
FEFSM, segmental rotor is used to supply a clear magnetic
path for conveying the field flux to adjacent stator armature
coil following the rotor rotation. This design gives shorter
end windings than the toothed-rotor structure which is
associated with overlapping coils. This arrangement uses
less conductor materials give significant gains and also can
improve the overall machine efficiency (Zulu et al. 2010)
Furthermore, the 24S-10P FEFSM is redesigned from the
24S-10P PMFSM in which the PM is removed from the
stator and half of the armature coil slots in the upper layer
are placed with the FEC windings (Chen et al. 2010). In
contrast with alternate flux polarities from adjacent PM of
24S-10P PMFSM, the FEC in this machine is set up with a
sole polarity of DC current source. Since the adjacent DC
FECs are isolated as shown in red circle in Figure 5, the total
flux generation is limited and thus decreasing the
performances.

2. METHODOLOGY/EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
In this paper, design study and flux interaction between FEC
and armature coil of the 24S-10P FEFSM and 24S-14P
FEFSM are investigated. The machines configurations and
dimensions are illustrated in Figure 6, Figure 7 and Table 1,
respectively.
From both structures, it is clear that the FEFSMs are having
24 stator teeth including 12alternate FEC slots and 12
armature coil slots around the stator. The only difference is
at the number of rotor pole. 24S-10P FEFSM possesses 10
rotor poles while 24S-14P FEFSM possesses 14 rotor poles.
The DC FEC is wound in counter-clockwise polarity and the
three phase armature coils are arranged in clockwise
polarity and both are arranged in between. The advantages
of this machine over dual FEC adjacent windings are easy
manufacturing, low copper loss, less flux leakage and have
high degree of design freedom of FEC.
Commercial FEA package, JMAG-Designer ver.11.0,
released by Japan Research Institute (JRI) is used as 2D-
FEA solver for this designs.Firstly, the rotor, stator,
armature coil and FEC of the proposed FEFSMs model are
drawn by using JMAG Editor. Then, the materials,
conditions, circuits and properties of the machines are set in
JMAG Designer.
The design process of both parts is demonstrated in Figure
8. Furthermore, coil arrangement tests are examined to



Figure 4: 3-phase 12S-8P segmental rotors



Figure 5: 3-phase 24S-10P FEFSM


A1
C1 B1
FE-1
FE-2
FE-1
A1
C1 B1
FE-2
FE-1
FE-2
A1
C1
B1
A1
C1
B1
A1
C1
B1
A1
C1
B1
FE
FE
FE FE
FE FE
26

validate the operating principle and to set the position of
each armature coil phase. Finally, the flux interaction
between DC FEC and armature coil, FEC flux capabilities at
various current condition and initial torque of both design
are also investigated.


Figure 6: 24S-10P FEFSM

Figure 7: 24S-14P FEFSM

3. RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
3.1 Coil Arrangement Test
Coil arrangement tests are examined in each armature coil
separately to validate the operating principle and to set the
position of each armature coil phase.
The resulting flux linkages are compared and the armature
coil phases are defined according to the conventional three-
phase system. Figures 9 to 13 illustrate FEFSMs flux
linkage of all coils at separate phase and this proof that both
machines successfully achieved the principles to get 3-phase
flux linkage. The three-phase flux linkage is defined as U,
V, and W, respectively.


(a) (b)
Figure 8: Design methodology of the proposed FEFSM
(a) Parts drawing (b) Conditions setting

Table 1: 24S-10P and 24S-14P FEFSM Parameters

Parameters 24S-10P 24S-14P
Number of phase 3 3
Number of stator poles 24 24
Number of rotor poles 10 14
Outer radius of stator (mm) 132 132
Stack length (mm) 70 70
Air gap length (mm) 0.8 0.8
Inner radius of stator (mm) 97.2 97.2
Stator tooth top width (mm) 14 14
Stator tooth bottom width (mm) 14 14
Stator yoke thickness (mm) 8 8
Rotor tooth width (mm) 20 20
Number of phase turns 8 8
Number of DC winding turns 60 60

3.2 FEC Flux Linkage at Various FEC Current Densities
The FEC flux linkage at various FEC current densities is
also investigated to verify the flux characteristics. The FEC
flux linkage for both FEFSM at U phase versus electric
cycle is plotted as demonstrates in the Figure 11 and Figure
12 for 24S-10P and 24S-14P FEFSM respectively.
From the JE characteristic, 24S-10P and 24S-14P FEFSM
have same pattern but they have slightly different values.
Both flux increases to some values then constant and
slightly decrease in the end.
Start
Rotor
Stator
Armature coil
FEC
End
Start
Set materials
Set the condition
Set the circuits
Set the study properties
Simulate
End
27


Figure 9: Flux linkage of 24S-10P phase U, V and W
Figure 10: Flux linkage of 24S-14P phase U, V and W
This is because the material used for FEC, copper, has
reached its limit to produce flux. Furthermore, inside the
machines, there are some fluxes that flow in opposite
direction and result in cancelling each other.
Apart from that when the FEC current density is higher more
heat will be generated in the copper hence create more loss.

Figure 11: U phase flux linkage at various FEC current
for 24S-10P FEFSM

Figure 12: U phase flux linkage at various FEC current
for 24S-14P FEFSM

Figure 13: Combination of maximum U phase flux at
various FEC current for 24S-10P and 24S-14P FEFSM

Figure 13 shows a combination of maximum U phase flux
for both FEFSM at various FEC current. From the graph,
24S-14P flux is higher than 24S-10P because the volume of
14 pole rotor is larger than 10 pole rotor. The 14 pole rotor
feature generates less flux in consequence of longer flux
linkage and loss of flux to surrounding.

3.3 Armature Flux Linkage at Various Armature Current
Densities
The armature coil flux linkage at various armature current
densities is investigated as well in order to verify the flux
characteristics. The armature flux linkage at U phase versus
electric cycle for both models are depicted in Figures 14 to
15, while Figure 16 shows maximum U phase flux at various
armatures current densities for combination of 24S-10P and
24S-10P FEFSM. It is clear that both armature coil flux
linkage are increased with the increase of armature current
density. In addition, increment of the armature flux linkage
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Flux [Wb]
Electric Cycle []
U Flux V Flux W Flux
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Flux [Wb]
Electric Cycle []
U Flux V Flux W Flux
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Flux [Wb]
Electric Cycle []
JE=5
JE=10
JE=15
JE=20
JE=25
JE=30
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Flux [Wb]
Electric Cycle []
JE=5
JE=10
JE=15
JE=20
JE=25
JE=30
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Flux [Wb]
JE [A/mm
2
]
Maximum U Flux, 24S-10P
Maximum U Flux, 24S-14P
28

with increasing armature current makes the machine possible
to be applied for high current density condition, without
reducing the performances. This is a great advantage of the
FEFSM with variable flux capabilities suitable for wide
range applications.

Figure 14: U phase armature coil flux for 24S-10P
FEFSM

Figure 15: U phase armature coil flux for 24S-14P
FEFSM

3.4 Flux I nteraction of FEC and Armature Coil at J E
of 30A/mm
2
and J A of 30A/mm
2

Interaction between FEC and armature flux characteristic
at JE equal 30A/mm
2
and JA equal 30A/mm
2
is
investigated to observe the resulting flux between them.
Figure 20 and Figure 21 show the resulting flux for 24S-
10P FEFSM and 24S-14P FEFSM respectively. The
resultant flux proved the principle of rotor rotation and
the interaction between them also create angle shifting.
The resulting flux follows armature flux phase but with
15 shift of angle for 24S-10P FEFSM and 20 for 24S-
14P FEFSM.

Figure 16 Maximum U phase flux at various armatures
for 24S-10P and 24S-10P FEFSM

Figure 17: Resultant flux for 24Slot-10Pole FEFSM

Figure 18: Resultant flux for 24Slot-14Pole FEFSM

3.5 I nstantaneous Torque Characteristic
The instantaneous torque versus electric cycle characteristic
of the proposed FEFSMs is depicted in Figure 22 for 24S-
10P and Figure 23 for 24S-14P. Cogging torque is
-0.10
-0.06
-0.02
0.02
0.06
0.10
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Flux [Wb]
Electric Cycle []
JA=5
JA=10
JA=15
JA=20
JA=25
JA=30
-0.10
-0.06
-0.02
0.02
0.06
0.10
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Flux [Wb]
Electric Cycle []
JA=5
JA=10
JA=15
JA=20
JA=25
JA=30
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Flux [Wb]
JA [A/mm
2
]
Maximum Armature U Flux, 24S-14P
Maximum Armature U Flux, 24S-10P
-0.12
-0.08
-0.04
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Flux [Wb]
Electric Cycle []
JE=30,JA=0
JE=0,JA=30
JE=30,JA=30
-0.10
-0.06
-0.02
0.02
0.06
0.10
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Flux [Wb]
Electric Cycle []
JE=30, JA=0
JE=0, JA=30
JE=30, JA=30
29

undesirable because the larger value of cogging torque is
lead to larger jerkiness.
Peak to peak value of cogging torque at JE equal to 30
A/mm
2
and JA equal 30A/mm
2
for 24S-10P is 15.4Nm while
for 24S-14P FEFSM is 7.5Nm. Thus, 24S-14P FEFSM has
lower torque ripple and low jerks when compared to 24S-
10P FEFSM. Cogging torque for 24S-14P is less than the
24S-10P FEFSM due to the shorter distance interaction
between FEC and rotor pole.
The torque profile and average instantaneous torque at both
JE and JA equal to 30 A/mm
2
for 24S-10P is represented in
Figure 19 while 24S-14P FEFSM represented in Figure 20.
The average torque for 24S-10P is 204 Nm but 24S-14P
FEFSM gives 201 Nm average. The average torque for 24S-
10P is slightly greater than 24S-14P.

Figure 19: Cogging torque for 24S-10P FEFSM at
JE of 30 A/mm
2
and JA of 30A/mm
2

Figure 20: Cogging torque for 24S-14P FEFSM
Figure 21: Torque profile and average torque for 24S-
10P FEFSM

Figure 22: Torque profile and average torque for 24S-
14P FEFSM

3.6 Torque Vs J A at Various J E
Torque versus JA is analyzed to observe the torque
characteristic at various JE. Figure 23 and Figure 24 show
torque versus JA for 24S-10P and 24S-14P FEFSM
respectively. The figures proved that the higher the values of
JE and JA, simultaneously, the higher the values of torque
produced. However the value of torque is maintained after
some values because of limitation of flux production due to
many factors that have discussed before.
Figure 25 displayed combination of FEC and armature flux
for 24S-10P and 24S-14P FEFSM. The value of torque is
closely associated with generation of flux. From the graph,
although, 24S-14P has more poles than 24S-10P FEFSM the
torque produced is about the same. This is because the
resultant flux produced by flux interaction of 24S-14P
FEFSM is approximately equal to resultant flux produced by
24S-10P FEFSM.
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Torque
[Nm]
Electric Cycle []
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Torque
[Nm]
Electric Cycle []
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Torque
[Nm]
Electric Cycle []
Torque Profile Average Torque
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Torque
[Nm]
Electric Cycle []
Torque Profile Average Torque
30

Figure 23: Torque vs. JA at various JE for 12S-10P
FEFSM

Figure 24: Torque vs. JA at various JE for 12S-14P
FEFSM

3.7: Power versus J A at Various J E
Power versus JA at various JE is observed as illustrated
in Figure 26 and Figure 27 for 24S-10P and 24S-14P
FEFSM respectively. The highest power generated is
27.7 kW for 24S-10P and 25.3 kW for 24S-14P FEFSM.
The graph of power is identical to torque graph because
value of power is proportional to value of torque. The
increasing of torque leads to increasing power.

Figure 25: Combination of maximum U flux for both
FEC and armature flux for 26S-10P and 24S-14P FEFSM


Figure 26: Power for 24S-10P FEFSM


Figure 27: Power for 24S-14P FEFSM

0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Torque
[Nm]
JE [A/mm
2
]
JA
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Torque
[Nm]
JE [A/mm
2
]
JA
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Flux [Wb]
Current Density [ A/mm
2
]
JA (24S-14P)
JA (24S-10P)
JE (24S-10P)
JE (24S-14P)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Power
[kW]
JE [A/mm
2
]
JA
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Power
[kW]
JE [A/mm
2
]
JA
5
10
15
20
25
30
31

4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, design study of 24S-10P FEFSM and 24S-14P
with single DC FEC polarity has been investigated. The
procedure to design the FEFSMs has been clearly explained.
The coil arrangement test for both models have been
examined to validate each armature coil phase and to proof
the operating principle of the machines. The performances of
the FEFSM such as flux capability, initial and final torque
and power have been investigated. The machine has very
simple configuration yet no permanent magnet and thus, it
can be expected as very low cost machine. Both proposed
models have their each distinctive performance. However
there is no significant difference between both 24S-10P and
24S-14P FEFSM in performance aspect. Only the design
configuration, 24S-10P FEFSM is used less rotor pole
number results in less volume of rotor and making it less
weight compared to 24S-14P FEFSM.

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