Page 1 of 13

STRC201

ENGINEERING STRUCTURES

DATA SHEETS


















Page 2 of 13

s
Bending of Beams

Load, shear force and bending moment relationships:

w = -
dx
dV
; V =
dx
dM


Simple theory of bending:


I
M
=
R
E
=
y



Bending moment - curvature relationship:

EI
2
2
dx
v d
= M

Shear stress due to transverse loading:

=
bI
V

A
ydA


Shear stress in thin open sections:


s
=
tI
V

o
ydA
Bending nomenclature:

M - bending moment

V - shear force

w - loading/unit length

I - second moment of area about neutral axis

R - radius of curvature

E - modulus of elasticity

- stress

v - deflection of centroidal axis

- shear stress

s
- shear stress at position s

y - distance from NA

b - width of section at position y

t - thickness

(Over/...)
Page 3 of 13

c
Torsion of Prismatic Bars

Simple torsion theory for circular cross-sections:


J
T
=
L
G
=
r

J =
32
4
d


Rectangular cross-sections

Stiffness

T
=
L
G bc
3

Stress =
2
bc
T

b/c
10 15 175 20 25 30 40 60 100

208 231 239 246 258 267 282 299 313 333
141 196 214 229 249 263 281 299 313 333



Thin-walled open sections.

The above results for rectangular cross-sections also apply to thin-walled
open sections in which b is the developed length and c is the thickness of the
cross-section.


Thin-walled closed sections:

Stiffness

T
=

t
dp
L
GA 4
2


Stress =
At
T
2







(Over/...)




b>c

b
Page 4 of 13

Torsion nomenclature:

T - twisting moment

J - polar second moment of area

G - modulus of rigidity

- angular twist

L - length twisted

- shear stress

r - radius

d - diameter of bar

- constants for given sides ratio

p - developed length of cross-section

t - thickness

A - area enclosed by thin-walled closed section

























(Over/...)


Page 5 of 13

Instability

Strut Theory

Euler theory

Geometry Euler critical load (P
E
)

P P P
E
=
2
2
L
EI


P P P
E
=
2
2
4
L
EI


P P P
E
=
2
2
4L
EI



Rankine-Gordon formula

=
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
+

k
L
a
c


Instability nomenclature:

P
E
- Euler buckling load

L - strut length

I - second moment of area about axis of bending

- stress
|
.
|

\
|
A
P


k - radius of gyration
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
I


A - cross-sectional area

a - Rankine constant


c
- compressive yield stress

(Over/...)



Page 6 of 13

Strain Energy

Strain energy U in terms of stress and stress resultants:

Uniaxial stress U =

E 2
2
d(volume)

Shear stress U =

G 2
2
d(volume)

Bending U =

EI
ds M
2
2


Torsion U =

GJ
ds T
2
2


Energy methods:

Castigliano's theorems:


i
=
i
W
U

i
=
i
M
U

Nomenclature:

U - total strain energy


i
- deflection at i

W
i
- load at i in direction i


i
- rotation at i

M
i
- moment at i with same sense as
i









(Over/...)


Page 7 of 13

Finite Element Stiffness Matrices

Simple tension/compression element:


1 2





Element force - displacement relationships:

{X
i
} = [k
e
] {u
i
}

where {X
i
} is a vector of internal nodal forces =
)
`

2
1
X
X


where {u
i
} is a vector of nodal displacements =
)
`

2
1
u
u


where [k
e
] is the element stiffness matrix =
L
EA

(

1 1
1 1


Transformation matrix:

[t] =
(

l m
m l




where l = cos
m = sin













(Over/...)

1
x
1
, u
1
x
2
, u
2
y
x
Page 8 of 13

Two-dimensional element stiffness matrix for a simple tension/compression
element:

2
2
1
1
Y
X
Y
X
=
L
AE

(
(
(
(
(

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
m lm m lm
lm l lm l
m lm m lm
lm l lm l

2
2
1
1
v
u
v
u































(Over/...)

Y
2
, v
2
X
2
, u
2

X
1
, u
1
Y
1
, v
1
Page 9 of 13

Two Dimensional Stress and Strain Transformation

Stresses on plane :



= (
x
+
y
) + (
x -

y
) cos 2 +
xy
sin 2



= - (
x
-
y
) sin 2

+
xy
cos 2

Principal planes:

Tan 2 =
y x
xy
2




Strains on plane :

= (
x
+
y
) + (
x
-
y
) Cos 2 +
xy
sin 2

= - (
x
-
y
) sin 2

+
xy
cos 2

Stress - strain relationships for isotropic elastic materials :


xy
=
G
xy

x
=
E
1
(
x
-
y
)


x
=
2
1
E

(
x
+
y
)

















(Over/..)

xy

yx

y
Page 10 of 13




Mechanical Vibrations

Free Vibrations without Damping:

General equation of motion referred to
the spring mass system:
x& & +
m
k
x = 0

Solution x = A cos
n
t + B sin
n
t

where A and B are constants and
n
=
m
k


Free Vibrations with Damping:

General equation of motion referred to the
spring mass system:
x
& &
+
m
c
x
&
+
m
k
x = 0

Where:

m = Mass
k = Spring Stiffness
c = Viscous Damping Coefficient

There are three solutions to this equation depending on the magnitude of the
damping. These are usually written in terms of the damping ratio () which is
defined:
=
m 2
c
n

and comprise:

(a) Under Damped < 1

x =
t
n
e

(A cos
d
t +B sin
d
t)


d
=
n

2
1

(b) Critically Damped = 1


t
n
e ) B A ( x

+ =





(Over/..)
Displacement
(x)
Equilibrium
Position
Displacement
(x)
Equilibrium
Position
Page 11 of 13


(c) Over Damped > 1

x =
|
.
|

\
|
+
1 t 1 t t
2
n
2
n n
Be Ae e

Logarithmic Decrement ()

= Ln =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+l n
n
x
x

n
T

or =
( )
2
l
2

where T is the period (T =
d
2

)



Forced Vibration with Harmonic Excitation of Systems with Viscous
Damping:

Forced vibration occurs when a system responds to an applied harmonic
excitation. In general the response comprises a transient component and a
steady state component. The former which is the complementary function
solution to the differential equation of motion is excited when the applied
vibration commences. The latter, the particular integral of the equation, is the
steady state motion which persists after the transient vibration dies away due
to system damping.

The transient motion is the same as the free vibration of the previous section
and if under-damped, occurs with the damped frequency
d


The steady state vibration occurs at the frequency of the harmonic excitation


Excitation of the Mass with a Harmonic Force of Amplitude F
0



General equation of motion


x
& &
+ x
m
c
&
+
m
k
x =
m
F
0
cost

where is the frequency of the harmonic
excitation.

(Over/......)

x
x
n
x
n+1
t
Displacement
Equilibrium
Position
F
o
Cos t
T
Page 12 of 13


General steady state solution


x = ( ) +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

t cos
2 1
k
F
2
n
2
2
n
o


Where the phase angle is given by:

= arctan
2
n
n
l
2
|
|
.
|

\
|

Excitation of the Support with a Harmonically Varying Displacement of
Amplitude a
0




If the support vibrates harmonically
with amplitude a
0
then the mass
vibrates:





x =
2
n
2
2
n
2
n
o
2 l
2 l
a
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
cos( ) + t


When the mass is excited by a harmonic vibration of the support structure
then a reactive force is transmitted to the support. This force is given by:


F
T
= kx
o
2
n
2 l
|
|
.
|

\
|

+

(Over/..)

Displacement
(x)
Equilibrium
Position
a
o
Cos t
Page 13 of 13



Excitation of the Main Mass with a Rotating Out of Balance Mass m
e
with
an eccentricity r
e



If the eccentric mass rotates at angular
velocity then:








x =
m
r m
e e
( )
2
n
2
2
2
n
2
n
2 1
/
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

cos ( ) + t










- END OF DATA BOOK -






Displacement
(x)
Equilibrium
Position