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Jezik ladin
Jezik ladin (ital. ladino, ladin: ladin) je romanski jezik iz grupe retoromanskih jezika. To je maternji jezik za oko
30.000 ljudi na severoistoku Italije u regionu planina Dolomita. To je jedan od najmanjih jezika Evrope po broju
govornika.
Ovaj jezik ne treba meati sa jezikom ladino (jezik panskih jevreja).
Teritorija
Region u kome se govori jezik ladin je podeljen izmeu vie administrativnih jedinica. Planinske doline doprinose
izolaciji i ouvanju jezika, ali jedna od posledica je dijalekatska iscepkanost.
Jezik ladin se govori:
u provinciji Trentino-Juni Tirol: oblast Bolcana, Val Gardene, Val Badije, Val di Fase
u provinciji Veneto: oblast Beluno, Kortina d'Ampeco
U nekim optinama jezik ladin se koristi u kolstvu i administraciji.
Primer
Ovo je tekst molitve Oe na na jednom od dijalekata jezika ladin (dijalekt Val Gardene).
Pere nost, che t'ies en ciel,
l sibe santific ti inuem,
l vnie ti rni,
sibe fata ti ulent,
coche en ciel ensc en tiera.

Spanglish
Spanglish refers to the blend of English and Spanish, in the speech of people who speak parts of two languages, or
whose normal language is different from that of the country where they live. For example, the Hispanic population
of the United States and the British population in Argentina use varieties of Spanglish. Sometimes
the creole spoken in Spanish holiday resorts which are exposed to both Spanish and English is called Spanglish. The
similar code switching used in Gibraltar is called Llanito. Spanglish may also be known by a regional name. Some
people tend to believe that the "Tex-Mex" spoken in Texas, is also Spanglish, which is not the case; neither is the
case of the "Ladino" spoken in New Mexico, because both are language varieties of Mexican Spanish. Spanglish
is not a pidgin language. It is totally informal; there are no hard-and-fast rules.
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There is no clear demarcation between Spanglish and simple bad Spanish or English. "Parquear" for "to park" is
clear deliberate Spanglish; "actualmente" for "actually" rather than "at present" is closer to erroneous use of
a false friend, and ambiguous as it has a clear, but different, meaning in true Spanish. However, implications
present themselves. Spanglish does not mean half and half words - it means half and half sentences or overall
speaking ability, but researchers seem to infer which code (language) students should be using, with those who
mostly speak Spanish being labeled as Limited English Proficient at best, and those that prove they can switch
codes on their own and use that half and half mixture are considered bilingual. Some parents of native Spanish
speaking students may wish their children to be taught in pure Spanish, that is without English at all. Some say
bilingual education is preferable, but others say the best way to educate Spanish speaking students is to
completely immerse them in English as soon as possible. The longer students remain in a bilingual program, the
greater their chances are of staying there.
Distribution
These phenomena are produced by close border contact and large bilingual communities on the northern side
along the United States-Mexico border and California, Oregon, Washington, Texas,Arizona, New
Mexico, Florida, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, Atlanta, The City of New York, and Chicago. It is also important to
mention that the bilingual communities on the southern side along the Mexican-American border prefer to use
only Spanish while in Mexico, where the term pocho is applied to people who use Spanglish words and
expressions.
It is common in Panama, where the 96-year (19031999) U.S. control of the Panama Canal influenced much of
local society, especially among the former residents of the Panama Canal Zone, theZonians. Some version of
Spanglish, whether by that name or another, is likely to be used wherever speakers of both languages mix.
In the late 1940s, the Puerto Rican linguist Salvador Ti coined the terms Spanglish, and the less commonly
used inglaol
[1]
for English spoken with some Spanish terms.

Portuol
Se denomina portuol, (en grafa portuguesa: portunhol, portanhol) a la mezcla de los
idiomas portugus y espaol. Se da entre los hablantes de las regiones lingsticas limtrofes entre el castellano
(espaol) y el portugus. Bsicamente esto ocurre en algunas partes de Suramrica -zonas de las actuales fronteras
de Brasil con estados hispanoamericanos- y la Pennsula Ibrica -zonas de las fronteras de Espaa con Portugal-.
Portuol americano
Se da sobre todo en las fronteras de Brasil con Argentina, Colombia, Per, Bolivia, Paraguay, Venezuela y Uruguay.
En este ltimo caso en particular, donde el portuol con 250 aos de antigedad tiene amplio alcance y es hablado
por la mayora de los habitantes de las ciudades norteas y las limtrofes debido a la integracin que ocurre entre
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los dos pueblos en regiones como la Frontera de la Paz, tambin se lo conoce como bayano, Portuol
riverense o fronterizo, y tcnicamente como DPU (Dialectos portugueses del Uruguay, pas que se separ de
las Provincias Unidas del Ro de la Plata y fue anteriormente invadido por el Brasil durante una dcada), aunque los
locales por lo general lo llaman portuol, a secas.
Puntos del portuol en Amrica
Frontera Venezuela-Brasil, La Lnea
Santa Elena de Uairn - Pacaraima
Frontera Colombia-Brasil-Per, Tres Fronteras
Leticia-Tabatinga
Portuol leticiano
Frontera Per-Brasil
Iapari - Assis Brasil
Pucallpa - Boqueiro
Islandia Benjamin Constant
Puerto Esperanza Santa Rosa do Purus.
Frontera Bolivia-Brasil
Cobija-Brasilia
El portuol cobijeo (hablado por casi todos los habitantes de Cobija) es un portugus con gramtica y
fontica del espaol pandino.
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Entre sus caractersticas ms importantes estn:
1. el empleo de cinco vocales,
2. aspiracin de toda 's' final,
3. no hace diferenciacin entre la 's' y la 'z',
4. no hace diferenciacin entre la 'b' y la 'v'
5. no tiene diptongos nasales
Guayaramern-Guajar-Mirim
Villa Bella-Vila Murtinho
En Villa bella hubo presencia de portuol en el siglo XIX entre colonos trados por la explotacin del
caucho. Hoy en da con la decadencia de la poblacin este se ha extinguido.
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Paraguay-Brasil-Argentina, Triple Frontera
Existe un movimiento artstico llamado Portuol Salvaje que fomenta la literatura en
portuol
Frontera Uruguay-Brasil
Artigas-Quarai
Chuy-Chu
Ro Branco-Yaguarn
Rivera-Santana do Livramento, Frontera de la Paz
En esta frontera se habla el portuol ms antiguo de Amrica y uno de los ms estudiados y conocidos del
continente, denominado portuol riverense.
Portuol ibrico
En los lmites de Portugal y Espaa se da el portuol ibrico, que no tiene el vigor del sudamericano y slo se da en
casos aislados salvo en la zona portuguesa al este del Guadiana, fronteriza conAndaluca, donde se usa un dialecto
portugus fuertemente influenciado por el dialecto andaluz. A tal habla se la denomina en crculos
acadmicos barranqueo por la pequea localidad portuguesa deBarrancos, que es la ms cercana a una poblacin
andaluza en la zona (concretamente a Encinasola, en Huelva). Se acepta comnmente que el aporte portugus a
este hbrido lingstico es mayor que la espaola-andaluza. En cuanto a Olivenza tambin existen resquicios de
portuol, mientras que la frontera espaola con la portuguesa en la regin hispana de Galicia tambin tiene una
especie de portuol ya que el gallego es muy cercano al portugus al ser el galaico portugus medieval la "lengua
madre" tanto del gallego como del portugus actuales.
Tambin, el portuol lleg a utilizarse en algunas zonas de las Islas Canarias tras la conquista, pero acab
desapareciendo a principios del siglo XX en la isla de La Palma. Actualmente en el dialecto canario podemos
encontrar un gran nmero de lusismos.
Tambin se denomina portuol al pidgin resultante cuando una persona que habla portugus trata de hablar
espaol sin conocer las reglas del idioma, y viceversa.
Otra parte donde el portuol ha tenido una gran importancia ha sido en las ciudades de Elvas y Badajoz, estas al
estar tan prximas la conexin entre sus habitantes es muy fuerte y es frecuente que en muchos comercios de
ambas ciudades para poder entenderse se use el portuol.
The Riverense Portuol or Riverense Portunhol, also known as Fronterizo or Fronteirio is a mixed
language (linguasphere language code 51-AAA-am
[1]
) formed from Portuguese and Spanish, or Portunhol. It is
spoken on the border between Uruguay and Brazil, and more specifically in the region of the twin cities
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of Rivera (Uruguay) and Santana do Livramento (Brazil). This section of the frontier is called Frontera de la
Paz (Border of Peace).
General characteristics
As any other language, the Uruguayan-Brazilian Portuol is very dynamic and heterogeneous, and there is
a continuum of dialects which range fromRioplatense Spanish (castiiano, in Portuol) to the standard Brazilian
Portuguese (brazilero, in Portuol). Nevertheless, it has one variant which is the most used, and could be taken as
a case study: this variant is geographically located on the area having the cities of Rivera and Sant'Ana do
Livramento as its center, and expanding over a strip of several kilometers parallel to the border, including territory
of both nations. This article refers to this variant, but from now on it will be simply called Portuol or Riverense,
names by which it is identified by the people who speak the language.
The majority of linguists classify portuol as a variety of Portuguese (Alberto Elizaincn [1], uses the term "DPU" -
Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay to refer not to just one, but to between two and six different variations of
Portuguese spoken in northern Uruguay, being Riverense Portuol one of these varieties), but there is no
consensus. On the other hand, it can be safely said that Portuol is a very rich language, in the sense that it has a
great amount of synonyms and more precise words to express specific meanings, besides of having a larger
phonetic richness. However, it is not true to say that Riverense is merely a mix between two languages which
doesn't follow strict grammatical rules.
Origins
The origins of Portuol can be traced back to the time of the dominion of the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. In
those times, the ownerships of those lands were not very well defined, passing back and forth from the hands of
one crown to the other. Portuol was not only influenced by Portuguese and Spanish, but also, in a few cases, the
native languages as well; e.g.: gur (boy), mamboret (praying mantis), carac (bovine bone).
Phonology and orthography
The Riverense language doesn't possess a formally defined orthography, but in this article an orthography of
Portuol will be presented in order to enable its phonemes to be represented in the most accurate and consistent
possible way, highlighting the phonologic features of this language variety. It should be noted that not all Portuol-
speaking persons use the same pronunciation for the same words (as is the case with most languages).
Nevertheless, the script that is chosen is very representative of the most frequent and distinctive features.
The chosen representation is the closest to the one that would be used if we tried to transcribe the phonemes to
the Spanish language (because this is the language taught to Uruguayans, which is the nationality of the majority
of speakers of this dialect), except for the phonemes that can't be represented through the Spanish alphabet, like,
for example the nasal vowels.

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