OSPF Notes

Two tier hierarchical design

Dijkstras algorithm shortest path first
o Used to calculate est paths to destinations
o !ased on link state dataase
o "ach router in OSPF runs SPF itself
OSPF neighor tale #djacenc$ Dataase
OSPF topolog$ tale OSPF topolog$ D! %SD!
&outing tale Forwarding D!
Two area t$pes
o Transit ackone area '
o &egular user access all other areas
o #ll regular areas must connect to area '
o #reas minimi(e routing tales
o %ocali(e impact of topolog$ changes
o Stop detailed %S# floods at area oundaries
#!& area ackone router
o Functions as default route or default path out of area
o Separates %S# flood (ones
o )onnects multiple areas
D&*!D& designated router * ackup designated router
o +ulticast address for D&*!D& ,,-.'.'./
o #ll other routers on network form adjacenc$ with D&*!D&
o %S#s are onl$ e0changed with these two
o #ll other routers called D&OT1"&s
o "lected $ highest priorit$ 2default priorit$ is 34
Priorit$ (ero cannot e elected D&*!D&
Ip ospf priority {#} interface command
)hanging D&*!D& priorit$ to (ero takes effect immediatel$
)hanging priorit$ on D&OT1"& to something else has no effect
until re5election
6f tie in priorit$7 highest router56D 2acti8e 6P interface4 is used to
reak tie
o #n$ new routers rought onto the network will form full adjacenc$ with
dr*dr and two wa$ state with other neighors.
o )hanging priorit$ to (ero on a D&*!D& will take effect immediatel$.
#S!&
o )onnects the OSPF #S to an outside #S
o &edistriution point
Fi8e OSPF Packet t$pes
o 1ello disco8er and uilding adjacenc$
1ello packets are sent e8er$ 3' seconds on multi access networks
Dead inter8al is - times hello inter8al
o Dataase description D!D*DDP checks for d s$nchroni(ation
o %ink5state re9uest re9uests specific link5state records
o %ink5state update response to %S&
o %ink5state ack acknowledges other packet t$pes
Operational States
o Down
o 6nit state routers multicast initial hello 2,,-.'.'.:4
o Two wa$ routers send unicast hellos listing neighors
o "0start master*sla8e relationship estalished with D&*!D&
o "0change DDPs are e0changed
o %oading %S&s for specific networks
o Full all %SD!s are s$nchroni(ed with D&*!D&. &outers are ale to
route traffic
)ommunication
o ,,-.'.'.: multicast to e8er$one
o ,,-.'.'./ multicast to D&*!D&
o %S#cks are sent unicast
o %SD! summaries are multicast e8er$ ;' minutes
"ntries ha8e a ma0 life of /' minutes
o ;, it se9uence numers are used for link5state ad8ertisements
The se9uence numer can e seen with the <show ip ospf
dataase= command
o %oopack interfaces are recommended for stailit$ and &6D
&6D can e manuall$ set using router-id router configuration
command
6f &6D was set with loopack7 a router reoot is re9uired
for the router-id command to take effect
6f &6D was set with router-id command7 it can e changed
with <clear ip ospf process= command
Network T$pes
o Point to Point
+ulticast ,,-.'.'.: to disco8er neighors
No D&*!D&
ip unnumered is possile o8er point to point links
3'*-' hello*dead inter8al
o !roadcast
D&*!D& are the central point of contact in the network
o Non roadcast multi5access
!$ default7 OSPF cannot form neighor adjacencies
D&*!D& elections ecome crucial
1u*spoke7 not all spoke sites can communicate directl$
Three topologies
Full mesh costl$7 re9uires separate >)s for connecti8it$
etween each site
Partial mesh
Star hu*spoke
+odes of operation
Ip ospf network {mode} interface command
!roadcast )isco Proprietar$
o ?#N links are treated like %#N interfaces
o +ulticast hello for disco8er
o Full*partial mesh
Non roadcast &F) )ompliant
o One 6P sunet for all spokes
o Neighors are manuall$ configured
o D&*!D& is also manuall$ rigged*configured to
insure connecti8it$ to D&
Point to multi5point &F) )ompliant
o +ulticast hello for disco8er
o No D&*!D& 2re9uires additional %S#s4
o +esh*star
point to multi5point non roadcast )isco Proprietar$
o Used in place of P,+P where roadcasts and
multicast are disaled
o Neighors are manuall$ configured
point to point )isco Proprietar$
o Different 6P sunet on each interface
o No D&*!D& elected or needed
o %#N or ?#N interface
Default +odes
o Point to point F& point to point mode
o +ultipoint F& 2suinterfaces4 non roadcast
o main F& interface non roadcast
N! mode neighor configuration
o Neighbor {ip} priority {@ default '} poll-interval
{#} cost {1-6!} database-filter all
mode prefer topo sunet hello timer adjacenc$ &F) e0ample
cast Full*partial Same 3' sec #uto D& )isco %#N
non cast Full*partial Same ;' sec +anual D& &F) F&
p,mp Partial*star Same ;' sec #uto no D& &F) F& cast
p,mp n Partial*star Same ;' sec +anual )isco F& ncast
p,p Partial*star Diff 3' sec #uto no D& )isco serial*su
%S# T$pes
o &outer %S# t$pe 3
6ntra#rea %S# generated $ e8er$ router in the area. #d8ertises
link states. The %S6D A &6D of originator
o Network %S# t$pe ,
Network %S# generated for +ultiaccess networks
Benerated $ D& %S6D A &6D of D&
o Summar$ %S# t$pe ;
Summar$ ad8ertisements generated $ #!&
Summari(es t$pe 3 %S#s from one area to another
Descries routes to areas networks 2aggregate routes4
%S6D A destination network @
Not flooded to stu$7 totall$ stu$7 or not so stu$ areas
&outes are NOT automaticall$ summari(ed
o Summar$ %S# t$pe -
Benerated $ #!& to ad8ertise the presence of an #S!&. #S!&
sends t$pe 3 with e5it set to 6D itself
&outes to #S!&
%S6D A &6D of descrie #S!&
Not flooded to stu$7 totall$ stu$7 or not so stu$ areas
&outes are NOT automaticall$ summari(ed
o #S "0ternal %S# t$pe :
Benerated $ #S!&s to ad8ertise e0ternal networks and
autonomous s$stems. %S6D A e0ternal network @
)ontains all routes separatel$7 unless manuall$ summari(ed
#!&s pass t$pe : %S#s on to the rest of the #S
o +ulticast OSPF %S# t$pe /
o NSS# "0ternal %S# t$pe C
#S!& in a stu$ area that needs to pass e0ternal routes ack into
the #S. Stu$ area needs to e reclassified as NSS# to allow
those routes.
#!& recei8es t$pe C %S#s and forwards them as t$pe : to the rest
of the #S
o "0ternal %S# for !BP t$pe D
)ost*+etric
o 3''mps*link speed A cost
"0ample 3''mps interface has cost 3
Unfortunatel$7 3'''mps interface also has cost 3
"uto-cost reference-bandwidth {ref bw} interface
command to change this eha8ior
bandwidth {value} interface command to define actual andwidth
ip ospf cost {value} interface command
&oute summari(ation
o Occurs at #!&s7 relies on contiguous 6P design
o "rea # range {addr # mask} advertise$not-advertise cost {#}
o &outer will create a summari(ed route to null '
o #S!& Summari(ation
%ummary-address {addr # mask } tag router config command
Default route
o &efault-information originate always metric {value}
o Per )isco7 default metric of 3'.
OSPF #rea T$pes
o Standard #rea
#ccepts link updates7 route summaries7 and e0ternal routes
o Stu #rea
!locks t$pe : %S#s. No routes e0ternal to the #S. 6f stus need
to connect to e0ternal #S7 the$ use default routes.
o Totall$ Stu$ #rea
!locks t$pe ;7 -7 and : %S#s. No e0ternal #S7 no summar$
routes. Uses default route for e8er$thing outside of the local area.
o Not So Stu$ #rea
#cts like a stu*tsa ut allows #S!& connected to it
#S!& in an NSS# generates t$pe C %S#
#!& to NSS# translates T$pe C to T$pe : efore passing along to
the rest of the #S
&outes from T$pe C %S# show in routing tale as O N3 or O N,
2t$pe , is default4
o Stu*TS#*NSS# configuration
"rea # stub router configuration command on all routers in area
"rea # stub no-summary router configuration command on #!&
for TS#
area # nssa no-summary
o >irtual %inks
#llow e0tension of #rea ' through another area
"rea # virtual-link RID where &6D is the &6D of the neighor on
the other side of the >%
sho ip ospf virtual-links
o 1elpful commands
%ho ip ospf neighbor
%ho ip ospf database
%ho ip ospf ad' this is #DE7 not adjacenc$FFFFFF