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Bernoulli’s Equation
1. From an aerodynamic point of view, at air velocities between 0 and 300 miles
per hour the air density remains essentially constant, varying only by a few
percent. Since most modern general aviation aircraft still fly at speeds below
300 miles per hour, the study of incompressible flow is as relevant today as it
was at the time of the Wright brothers. Also, for the most part, we can ignore
any effects of friction, thermal conduction, or diffusion; that is, we normally
deal with inviscid incompressible flow.
(a) First Euler’s equation is derived from the momentum equation by equating
the time rate of flow to zero (since steady flow is assumed) and also the shear
stress and other body forces to zero (inviscid flow with no body forces is
assumed) The Euler’s equation is thus given by
dp = − ρVdV
(b) The relation between pressure and velocity in an inviscid, incompressible
flow is then arrived at by integrating the Euler’s equations which is given by the
Bernoulli’s equation as
1 1
p1 + ρV12 = p2 + ρV2 2 or
2 2
1
p + ρV 2 = cons tan t
2
(c) Physical Significance. When the velocity increases, the pressure decreases,
and when the velocity decreases, the pressure increases.
(d) However, since the dimensions are energy per unit volume, Bernoulli’s
equation is also a relation for mechanical energy in an incompressible flow; it
states that the work done on a fluid by pressure sources is equal to change in
kinetic energy of the flow.
(e) Bernoulli’s equation can be derived from the energy equation also. This
fact means that the energy equation is redundant for the analysis of inviscid,
incompressible flow. For such flows, the continuity and momentum equations
suffice.
3. The strategy for solving most problems in inviscid, incompressible flow will be: -
(a) To obtain the velocity field from the governing equations.
(b) Once the velocity field is known, obtain the corresponding pressure field
from Bernoulli’s equation.