Ae2m32mks2012 Umts

3 generation
UMTS
2012, October, R. Bestak
History of WCDMA
1988: RACE I (Research of Advance Communication Techn. in Europe)
Basic 3G research work (modulation, channel coding, access methods, etc.)
1992-1995: RACE II
Development of testbeds to test in real time performance of CDMA and TDMA
1995: ACTS (Advanced Communication Technologies and Services)
Within ACTS, a project FRAMES (Future Radio Wideband Multiple Access Sys.)
Objective of FRAMES defining a proposal for a UMTS radio access system
Several partners (Nokia, Siemens, France Telecom + several European Universities)
Results - Multiple access platform consisting of 2 modes
i) FMA1 (FRAMES Multiple Access) based on a wideband TDMA
ii) FMA2 based on a wideband CDMA
submitted to ETSI as candidates for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
1997: according to the FRAMES proposals, five groups are formed in ETSI
1998: ETSI selects technologies for the UMTS air interface
WCDMA for UMTS (FDD)
WTDMA/CDMA for (TDD)
2
3GPP (3
rd
Generation Partnership Project)
Before 3GPP - several technologies discuss/standardized around the world
Waste of resource for the participating companies
Global equipment compatibility would be difficult to reach
Creation of a single forum for WCDMA standardization 3GPP (1998)
Standardization of UTRA
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (ETSI) Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (3GPP)
3GPP
ETSI
(Europe)
ARIB
(Japan)
TTA
(Korea)
TTC
(Japan)
CCSA
(Chine)
ATIS
(USA)
Partners from:
GSM association
UMTS forum,
IPv6 forum, etc.
Companies are members of 3GPP via the standardization organization
ARIB (Association for Radio Industries and Businesses)
TTC (Telecommunication Technology Committee)
TTA (Telecommunication Technology Association)
ATIS (Aliance for Telecommunication Association)
CCSA Chine Communications Standard Association
3
3GPP (3
rd
Generation Partnership Project)
Created 1998

Association of standardization bodies & forums
ETSI (Europe), ARIB (Japan), ATIS (USA), CCSA (Chine), etc.
UMTS forum, IPv6 forum, etc.

Specification of UMTS (and EDGE)

www.3gpp.org

RAN
TSG
Services and
System
Aspect TSG
CN and
Terminals
TSG
GERAN
TSG
3GPP
TSG - Technical Specification Groups
2012, October, R. Bestak 4
Releases
Release 99 (1999)
First release
Release 4 (2001)
Minor adjustment with respect to the Release 99
Release 5 (2002)
HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)
Release 6 (2004/2005)
MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services)
HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access)
Release 7 (2005/2006/2007)
HSPA +
Release 8 (2008)
LTE (Long Term Evolution)
SON (Self Organizing Network)
H(e)NB
Release 9 (2008, 2009)
LTE, SON,H(e)NB
Release 10 (2010, 2011)
LTE-A (LTE- Advanced)

5
Frequency bands (Europe)
Mode Uplink Downlink Band
UMTS-FDD 1920 - 1980 MHz 2110 - 2170 MHz 60 + 60 MHz
UMTS-TDD
1900 - 1920 MHz
2010 - 2025 MHz
20 + 15 MHz
Satellite 1980 - 2010 MHz 2170 - 2200 MHz 30 + 30 MHz
In 2000, new frequency bands
806 - 960 MHz, 1710 - 1885 MHz
2500 - 2690 MHz

The frequency bands were specified in 1992
GSM
Europe

D
E
C
T

GSM
1800
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2500 2600 2700
UMTS
FDD
U
M
T
S

S
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e

U
M
T
S

T
D
D

U
M
T
S

T
D
D

UMTS
FDD
U
M
T
S

S
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e

UMTS
[MHz]
6
Features
Several simultaneous radio connections per user
High adaptability of radio connections
Setting of connections according to supported services
Wide range of services with different QoS
Voice, web, email, video/Audio streaming, etc.

UMTS allows good support for existing and for future services
144 kbit/s 384 kbit/s 2 Mbit/s 14 Mbit/s 5,8 Mbit/s
Rural outdoor
environments
Urban outdoor
environments
Indoor and low range
outdoor environments
HSDPA
*
HSUPA**
*HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) **HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access)
7
Services in 3G
Every 3G (UMTS) service has specific requirements on
Wireless delay
Bit error rate
Data rate
Tendency
Delay critical services via packet switched bearers instead of
circuit switch ones
4 QoS classes or traffic classes
The main factor: how sensitive services are to delay
8
QoS classes
Traffic class Conversational Streaming Interactive Background
Delay
Preserve time
relation between
information
Preserve time
relation between
information
Request response
pattern
Destination is not
expecting the data
within a certain time
<< 1 s ~ 1s < 10 s > 10 s
Tolerant to
errors
Yes Yes No No
Mode Circuit switch
Circuit switch
Packet switch
Packet switch Packet switch
Example
Voice,
Video-telephony
Streaming
multimedia
Web browsing
Database retrieval
Email, SMS, MMS
9
UMTS architecture (1/3)
Air interface
WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)
Radio channel 5 MHz

New protocol on the radio interface

Core network based on the GSM/GPRS core network

10
UE: User Equipment
UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, (or RAN)
CN: Core Network
UE UTRAN CN
External
Network
11
networks elements
UE
Node B
RNC
MSC/
VLR
SGSN
Node B

HLR
GMSC
Internet
PLMN,
ISDN
UTRAN CN
External Network
GGSN
UE: User Equipment MSC: Mobile Switching Centre SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node
RNC: Radio Network Controller VLR: Visitor Location Register GMSC: Gateway MSC
HLR: Home Location Register GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node
UE
12
User Equipment
ME
Radio terminal used for communication over the radio interface
USIM
~SIM in GSM
Subscriber identity, authentication algorithm, encryption keys, etc.
USIM
ME
UE
Mobile Equipment
UMTS Subscriber
Identity Module
13
UTRAN entities
Node B
Performs physical layer processing
(e.g., channel coding and interleaving,
spreading/dispreading, rate adaptation,
modulation/demodulation, or physical
measurements)
Performs some basic Radio Resources
Management operations
(e.g., softer handover or power control)

RNC
Controls functions related to the UMTS
radio interface in its domain
(e.g., admission control, radio resource
control, or power control)
Manages protocol exchanges on the radio
interfaces
(UE-RNC, RNC-RNC or RNC-
MSC/SGSN)

14
CN entities
HLR
Stores users profiles (e.g., allowed services, forbidden
roaming areas or supplementary services information)
+ UEs locations on the level MSC/VLR or SGSN
MSC/VLR
Circuit switched oriented services
VLR stores users profiles + UEs locations
GMSC
Interface between UMTS PLMN - external CS networks
SGSN
Packet switched oriented services
GGSN
Interface between UMTS PLMN - external PS networks
15
UMTS interfaces
UE
Node B
RNC
MSC/
VLR
SGSN
Node B

HLR
GMSC
Internet
PLMN,
ISDN
GGSN
Uu Iub Iu
Iur
D
C
Gr
Gc
PSTN
Gn
Gs
Iu-CS
Iu-PS
MSC/
VLR
E
16
UTRAN evolutions
IP transport in UTRAN (instead of ATM)
Iur/Iub, Iu-CS
Node B
RNC
UE
MSC/
VLR
RNC
Iu flex (flexible)
RNC have more than one Iu-CS/Iu-PS interfaces with CN
MSC/
VLR
HSPA
HSDPA, HSUPA
17
CN evolutions
MGM: Media Gateway MRF: Media Resource Function
HSS: Home Subscriber Server CSCF: Call Session Control Function
IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem MGCF: Media Gateway Control Function
MGW
SGSN
MGW
GGSN
UTRAN
MSC
server
GMSC
server
Iu-CS
Iu-CS
Iu-PS
HSS
PSTN
Internet
MRF CSCF MGCF
IMS
Data & control
Control
Elements for provision
of IP multimedia services
(audio, video, chat, etc.)
delivered over the PS.
18
Synchronous vs. asynchronous CDMA
Synchronous
Features
Node Bs synchronized with a central clock
GPS (cdmaOne, cdma2000) or cable
Usage
cdmaOne, cdma2000, UMTS (TDD)
Disadvantage
System deployment is more difficult
Advantage
Synchronization temporal procedure of synchronization is simplified
Asynchronous
Features
Node Bs transmit independently
Usage
UMTS (FDD)
19
Physical layer in (w)cdma
Spread Spectrum Techniques
Frequency Hopping (FH)
Direct Sequence (DS)
Time Hoping (TH)
Multi Carrier CDMA (MC CDMA)

21
Frequency Hopping (1/3)
The carrier frequency changes at regular time intervals
Frequencies
Are selected from a pre-determined group within available spectrum
Change in order defined by pseudo-random sequence (with characteristics
similar to thermal noise PN, Pseudo-Noise sequence)

Frequency
Time
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
5
22
Information
bits
Baseband
modulation
PN sequence
generator
Frequency
synthetizer
PN sequence
generator
Frequency
synthetizer
Information
bits
Base band
demodulation
Bandbase
filter
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
n
seq
2
seq
1
seq
n seq
4
f
2
f
1
f
n f
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
seq
2
seq
1
seq
n
seq
4
f
2
f
1
f
n f
4
9
8
6
7
9
8
6 7
5
5
23
Tx&Rx PN sequences have to be identical + synchronized
Depending on the hoping rate
Fast Frequency Hopping (FFH)
hopping rate bit rate of the base band signal
Slow Frequency Hopping (SFH)
hopping rate bit rate of the base band signal

The higher the hopping rate & number of frequencies,
the greater privacy and interference protection
24
Direct Sequence
Easy implementation mostly used
is not required a high speed frequency synthesizer
Occupies whole available frequency band continuously
cdma2000, WCDMA
25
Spreading of signal
Spreading - an information bit is processed by n consecutive bits of spreading
sequence
bits of Spreading sequence = chips
# of chips/per one information bit = Spreading Factor (e.g., SF= 4, 8, 16, 512)
A B AB
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
XOR
100 kbps (or kcps)
10 kbps
100 kbps Information
bits
Spreading
sequence
Spread
information
logical fun..XOR and analogue product
A B AB
+1 +1 +1
+1 -1 -1
-1 +1 -1
-1 -1 +1
26
Spreading/despreading
Information bits (R)
Spreading sequence (Sp)
(SF = 8)
Spread information (RSp)
(= R * Sp)
Spreading
Spreading sequence (Sp)
Despreading
Data (R)
Information bit
Chip
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
RSp has the same random (pseudo-noise-like) appearance as Sp
R * Sp widening of the occupied spectrum of the spread signal
Tx and Rx Sp
have to be identical
and synchronized
27
Direct Sequence system
Information
bits
Baseband
modulation
PN sequence
generator
PN sequence
generator
Information
bits
Baseband
demodulation
1
2
3
4
1
3
2
5
9
8
6
7
9
8
4 6
5
7
28
Processing gain (1/3)
Despreading - strengthens the desired signal in relation to
other signals .Processing gain (P
G
)

P
G

SNR
in

SNR
out
(dB) = SNR
in
(dB) + P
G
(dB)
SNR - Signal to Noise Ratio
Despreading
29
Processing gain (2/3) in Direct Sequence systems
R
PN
chip rate (PN sequence rate)
R
Info
information bit rate

Example
R
PN
= 3,84 Mcps
R
Info
= 12,2 kbps
P
G
= 10*log
10
(3,84*10
6
/12,2*10
3
) = 25 dB

After despreading, the signal power needs to be a few dB above the
interference and noise power
] [ log 10
10
dB
R
R
P
R
R
P
Info
PN
G
Info
PN
G
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
30
Processing gain (3/3) in Frequency Hopping
systems

In simple way, P
G
is defined as # of frequencies available for hopping

P
G
increases with the number of frequencies

( ) ] [ log 10
10
dB N P N P
freq G freq G
= =
31
Despreading of the DS-CDMA signal
Channels that remain spread are considered as interferes to the user
and determined the SNR at the output

Example
R
PN
= 3,84 Mcps R
PN
= 3,84 Mcps
R
Info
= 12,2 kbps R
Info
= 2 Mbps
P
G
= 25 dB P
G
= 2,8 dB

lets consider (for good communication) SNR
out
= 7 dB

SNR
out
= SNR
in
+ P
G
SNR
IN
= SNR
OUT
- P
G
= -18 dB
SNR
IN
= SNR
OUT
- P
G
= 4,2 dB

The desired signal level can be 18 dB (4,2 dB) below (above) the interference
caused by other users and noise
32
Spreading codes
Features
Influence interference among users
Have to have random behavior
Choice according to
Auto-correlation features
Cross-correlation features
Types of codes
PN sequence (Pseudo random Noise sequence)
MLS (Maximal Length Sequence)
Gold code
Walsh code
33
Auto-Correlation Function (1/2)
Similarity between a function F(t) and
itself at different time (phase offset)
dt t F t F ACF
}

= ) ( ) ( t
ACF of bit sequence
bit-by-bit comparison of a sequence
(length L) with the shift version of itself
(offset from 1 to L)
NCC CC ACF =
# Coinciding bits between sequences
# Non-Coinciding bits between sequences
34
Auto-Correlation Function (2/2)
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Phase offset
(bits)
Sequence phase CC NCC ACF
0 1011100 7 0 7
1 0111001 3 4 -1
2 1110010 3 4 -1
3 1100101 3 4 -1
4 1001011 3 4 -1
5 0010111 3 4 -1
6 0101110 3 4 -1
7 1011100 7 0 7
The max. of ACF is every
time, when both compared
sequences have the same
phase offset.
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n

PN offset
04 05 06 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 00 01 02 03
35
Auto-Correlation features of codes
Important role in the synchronization process
2 steps in synchronization:
Acquisition
Tries to achieve code alignment of locally generated and received
sequences by shifting the locally generated sequence
Tracking
Maintains the correct alignment

36
Cross-Correlation Function
similarity between functions F(t) and G(t)
taken with a time difference t between
them
dt t G t F CCF
}

= ) ( ) ( t
CCF of bit sequence
bit-by-bit comparison of sequences F(t)
and G(t), with the same length L
NCC CC CCF =
# Coinciding bits between sequences
# Non-Coinciding bits between sequences
Orthogonal codes: CCF = 0
37
Codes in UMTS (1/5) downlink
User data
S
i

Channelization code
(Walsh)
Symbol rate
(variable)
Chip rate
(fix)
Spreading codes = Walsh codes
Each code represents one channel channelisation codes
Identify users in the cell
Code length is variable and depends on services
C
i

C
i+1

S
i+1

C
k

S
k

38
Scrambling: multiplication of spread sequence by a second sequence
Used on the top of spreading
No change of the signal bandwidth ( no change of the rate)
Scrambling codes = Gold codes
Improves auto-correlation features of Channelization codes
Identifies Node Bs ( to each Node B is assigned different code)
Scrambling code
(Gold)
Chip rate
User data
S
i

Channelization code
(Walsh)
Symbol rate
(variable)
Chip rate
(fix)
C
i

C
i+1

S
i+1

C
k

S
k

39
Node B
Transmitted signals from Node B are synchronized in time
UE (reception)
Due to multi-path propagation, the orthogonal feature of
transmitted signals get break
40
Codes in UMTS (4/5) uplink
Channelisation code
Walsh
Separation of physical data and control channels
Scrambling code
Short (Gold) or Long (PN sequences)
Separation of users
Users signals are not orthogonal
Transmitted signals from UEs are asynchronous
41
Codes in UMTS (5/5)
Channelisation code Scrambling code
Use
Downlink: separation of UE within one cell
Uplink: separation of physical/control ch.
from same UE
Downlink: separation of cells
Uplink: separation of UE
Chip length
Downlink: 4-512 chips

Uplink: 4-256 chips
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Uplink: 10 ms = 38400 chips or
66,7 s = 256 chips
Number of
codes
# of codes under one scrambling code = SF
Downlink: 512
Uplink: several millions
Bandwidth Increase transmission bandwidth Does not affect transmission bandwidth
42
Radio resource
management
Radio Resource Management (RRM)
RRM
Responsible for efficient utilization of the radio resources

RRM is needed to
Guarantee QoS
Maintain the planned coverage area
Offer high capacity

Type of RRM algorithms
Power control
Handover
Admission control, etc.
44
Power control (1/2)
| number of active UE = | level of interference in the system
A UE generates interference
a) To all other UEs within the same cell
b) To all UEs in neighbor cells

+ UE transmission power = + interference (|system capacity)
45
Power control (2/2)
near-far problem in cdma
UE
2

UE
1

Node B
Tight & fast power control is
one of the most important
aspect in cdma system

A single overpowered UE
could block a large part of
the cell

Near-far problem
Power control
minimize interference and thus increase the system capacity
46
Fast closed-loop power control
Uplink
Node B measures the received SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio)
IF SIR
measured
> SIR
target
then Node B command the UE to + power
IF SIR
measured
< SIR
target
then Node B command the UE to | power

Rate 1 commands/slots, i.e. 1500/s (1500Hz)
In GSM - slow power control, 2 Hz
Mechanism operates faster than any
significant path loss change could occur
Basic step 1dB/slot
eventually 2dB/slot (30dB correction within 10 ms frame)
Smaller step sizes are emulated (0,5dB = 1dB/2 slots )
UE in a deep fade causes increased inference to other cell (high tx power)

Downlink
No near-far problem (scenario one Node B to many UEs)
Node B increases the power of signal belonging to UEs at the cell edge

UE
2

UE
1

Node B
Power command
|tx power
Power command
+ tx power
47
Open loop power control
Rough initial power setting of the UE
Downlink beacon signal is used for the setting
Setting is very inaccurate
Fast fading is uncorrelated between uplink & downlink
Large frequency separation of uplink and downlink band
48
Outer loop power control
SIR
target
is set according to required BER or BlER (e.g.,BlER = 1%)
SIR
target
= f (speed of UE) change of UE speed change of BER
SIR
target
has to be change according to the UE speed

Outer loop power control
SIR
target
(in Node B) is adjusted to keep a constant quality, i.e. BER

RNC
(Outer loop power control)
Node B
(Fast closed power control)
UE
Frame reliability info
SIR
target
adjustment
commands
SIR
target

Time
49
Handover
Handover, or Hand-off (Handoff)
Allow mobility of UEs between cells by changing the
communication radio channel
Types
Hard handover
Soft handover
50
Hard handover
BTS 1
(F
1
,TS
5
)
BTS 2 BTS 1
(F
2
,TS
3
)
BTS 2
MS
a

MS
a

A MS communicates simultaneously with just one BTS
A MS may experience a brief interruption in the connection when
switching from the old channel to the new one
(e.g., GSM)

51
Soft handover general
CDMA systems
UE communicates with two or more Node Bs simultaneously
A UE starts communication with a Node B
2
while still connected to the Node B
1
Seamless transmission between cells
Several simultaneous connections to different Node Bs Macro-diversity

Node B
1
Node B
2
1
UE
a
Node B
1
Node B
2
2
UE
a

Node B
1
Node B
2
UE
a

Node B
3
52
Soft vs. softer handover
Soft
UE is located in a coverage are of 2
different Node Bs
Communication UE/Node B takes
place via 2 radio channels
Combination of signals (uplink) is
realized in the RNC
Two power control loops per
connection are active
Sector 1
Sector 2
RNC
Node B

1
UE
a

Node B
2
Sector 1
Sector 2
RNC
Node B

UE
a

Softer
UE is located in a coverage are of 2
sectors of the same Node B
Communication UE/Node B takes place
via 2 radio channels
Combination of signals (uplink) is
realized in the Node B
One power control loop per connection is
active

53
Transport and physical
channels
Protocol architecture
PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol BMC: Broadcast/Multicats Control Protocol
User plane
Medium Access Control (MAC)
Physical Layer (PHY)
BMC
PDCP
Radio Resource
Control
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Control plane
c
o
n
t
r
o
l

Layer 3

Layer 2

Layer 1
Transport channels
Logical channels
Physical channels
55
Transport channels
DCH: Dedicated Ch.
E-DCH: Enhanced DCH
BCH: Broadcast Ch.
Transport channels
Dedicated transport ch. Common transport channels
DCH
(Up/Down)
E-DCH
(Up)
BCH
(Down)
FACH
(Down)
PCH
(Down)
RACH
(Up)
HS-DSCH
(Down)
DSCH
(Down)
CPCH
(Up)
CPCH: Common Packet Ch.
DSCH: Downlink Shared Ch.
HS-DSCH: High Speed DSCH
PCH: Paging Ch.
FACH: Forward Access Ch.
RACH: Random Access Ch.
56
Common transport channel
Broadcast Ch. (BCH)
Info specific to UTRA network or cell (random access codes, access slots, etc.)
Paging Ch. (PCH)
Info relevant to the paging procedure (call to the UE)
Forward Access Ch. (FACH)
Signaling (eventually + small amount of packet data)
1 or more FACH/cell (at least 1 channel with a low rate)
Downlink Shared Ch. (DSCH)
Packet data and/or signaling
Associated with DCH
DCH gives power control info, info when to decode DSCH and which spreading code to use
High Speed DSCH (HS-DSCH)
Packet data and/or signaling
Associated with DCH
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Signaling eventually + small amount of packet data (1-2 frames)
(Signaling registration of UEs to the network, location update when moving from one
location area to another, initialization of a call)
Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Extension of RACH (higher amount of packet data - several frames)
57
Transport channels features
Type Channel Direction
Fast power
control / soft
handover
Coverage of
whole cell
TTI
(ms)
Data Notes
Dedicated
DCH
Downlink
Uplink
Yes / Yes
Yes (or part of it)
(beam-forming ant.)
10-80 Yes
E-DCH Uplink Yes /Yes Yes 10 Yes HSUPA (Rel 6)
Common
BCH Downlink No Yes 20 No
Low bit
rate channel
PCH Downlink No Yes 10 No
FACH Downlink
No / No
(Slow power control
or no power control)
Yes Small amount 1 or x Chs/cell
DSCH Downlink Yes / No No 10 Yes Rel99
HS-DSCH Downlink No /No No 2 Yes HSDPA (Rel 5)
RACH Uplink No / No No 10,20 Small amount Slotted ALOHA
CPCH Uplink Yes / No Yes
Small/medium
amount
Fast setup/release
channel
58
Physical channels mapping
DCH (Down/Up)
E-DCH (Up)
BCH (Down)
FACH (Down)
PCH (Down)
RACH (Up)
HS-DSCH (Down)
DSCH (Down)
CPCH (Up)
SCH (Synchronization Ch.)
CPICH (Common Pilot Ch.)
AICH (Acquisition Indication Ch.)
PICH (Paging Indication Ch.)
CPCH (CPCH Status Indication Ch.)
CD/CA-ICH (Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Ch.)
DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Ch.)
DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Ch.)
PCCPCH (Primary Common Control Physical Ch.)
SCCPCH (Secondary Common Control Physical Ch.)
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch.)
PRACH (Physical Random Access Ch.)
PCPCH (Physical Common Packet Ch.)
HS-PDSCH (High Speed PDSCH)
HS-SCCH (HS Shared Control Ch.), HS-DPCCH (HS DPCCH)
E-DPDCH, E-DPCCH: Enhanced DPDCH, DPCCH
E-AGCH (E-DCH Absolute Grant Ch.), E-RGCH (E-DCH Relative Grant Ch.),
E-HICH (E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch.)
Signaling
physical channels
59
Physical channels
Defined by
Frequency
Channelisation code
Time duration

Structure of radio frame
38400 chips
Duration 10 ms
15 slots
2560 chips/slot
666 s/slot (GSM - 577 s/slot)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 14
Radio frame = 10 ms (38400 chips)
slot
60
Uplink dedicated channel DPDCH,DPCCH
DPD
ata
CH
Data of DCH transport channels
0, 1 or several channels/radio link
(useful to use 1 ch. as long as possible multicode transm. = reduction of amplifier efficiency
Variable SF, data rate can vary from frame to frame
DPC
ontrol
CH
Control physical layer info (Transmission Power Control TPC, TFCI, Ch. estimation, Feedback etc.)
1 channel on radio/radio link
Fix SF
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 14
DPD
ata
CH (SF = 4 256)
1slot (2560 hips)
DPC
ontrol
CH (SF = 256)
SF Bits/Slot Bits/Frame
Channel bit
rate (kbps)
256 10 150 15
:
8 320 4800 480
4 640 9600 960
61
Downlink dedicated channel DPCH
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
DPDCH (data)
DPCCH (control)
Time multiplexing of DPDCH and DPCCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 14
1slot (2560 hips)
SF Bits/Slot
Data
1
, Data
2

(bits)
TPC, TFCI,
Ch. est (bits)
Channel bit
rate (kbps)
512 10 0, 4 2, 0, 4 15
:
8 320 56, 232 8, 8, 16 480
4 1280 248, 1000 8, 8, 16 1920
Data
1
TPC

TFCI

Data
2
Ch.estimation

DPDCH DPCCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH
62
Uplink random channel PRACH
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #0 #11 #12 #13 #14 #9 #10
5120 chips
Random Access Transmission
Radio frame, 10 ms Radio frame, 10 ms
UE starts the random-access transmission at the beginning of well-defined time
intervals - access slots (15 access slots / 2 frames)
Preamble Preamble Preamble
4096 chips
Message part
10 ms (1 radio frame) or
20 ms(2 radio frame)
Preamble detected and Ack via AICH
SF = 25632 (15120 kbits)
63
Access procedure (RACH)
1. UE decodes BCH
(to find out the available RACH sub-channels/access slots and their
scrambling codes and signatures)
2. UE randomly select 1 RACH access slot and 1 available signature
3. UE sets the initial tx power according to the downlink measurements
(loop power control inaccurate)
4. UE transmits RACH preamble (with the selected signature)
5. UE decodes AICH to see if the Node B detected the preamble
If yes UE transmits the RACH message part (10 or 20 ms)
else UE increases the tx power about one step (+1dB) and retransmits the preamble
in the next available access slot
AICH
(preamble)
RACH
(preamble)
RACH
(preamble)
RACH
(message)
AICH
RACH
1 or 2 frames
64
Access procedure (CPCH)
CPCH procedure is similar to RACH one, but CPCH uses detection of collision
Phases
1. to 5. same as RACH procedure
6. UE sends a CD preamble with the same power, but with another available signature,
7. Node B echoes the CD preamble back
8. After receiving the echoed CD preamble, UE starts the transmission
AP-AICH
(preamble)
CPCH
(preamble)
CPCH
(preamble)
CPCH
transmission
AP-AICH
CPCH
CPCH
(CD pream.)
CD-ICH
(CD pream.)
CD-ICH
Status monitoring & channel assignment
CSICH: status indication of CPCHs (this avoid unnecessary access attempts if all CPCHs are busy)
CD-ICH: information for UEs about a CPCH channel assignment (CA is sent in parallel with CD)
Several frames
(max. # of frames is set by UTRAN
during services negotiation)
65
Paging procedure
If a paging message appear for any UE of the paging
group, PI periodically appears on PICH
Once the UE detects PI, the UE decodes the next
PCH frame (Secondary CCPCH) to see whether if
there is a paging message intended for it
UE
GP1

UE
GP1

UE
GP1

UE
GP2

UE
GP2

UE
GP1

UE
GP1

UE
GP2

UE
GP2

Every UE is
assigned to a
paging group
The less often the PIs appear, the less often the UE wakes up from the sleep mode
the longer the battery life becomes
Node B
66
Protocol architecture
of UTRAN
Protocol architecture (1/2)
PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol BMC: Broadcast/Multicats Control Protocol
User plane
Medium Access Control (MAC)
Physical Layer (PHY)
BMC
PDCP
Radio Resource
Control
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Control plane
c
o
n
t
r
o
l

Layer 3

Layer 2

Layer 1
Transport channels
Logical channels
Physical channels
68
Protocol architecture (2/2)
Node B
RNC
UE
MAC
RLC
RRC
Phy
MAC
RLC
RRC
Phy
PDCP PDCP
BMC BMC
69
Data transmission in UMTS
MAC

Phy
MAC

PDCP
IP
PDCP
IP IP
Proxy
Radio Access Network
Core
Networks +
Internet
Phy
RLC RLC
RNC NodeB UE
TCP TCP
Server
AI
R
R
C

R
R
C

70
MAC
Medium Access Control
Functions
Mapping
Logical channels Transport channels
Multiplexing/Demultiplexing
RLC blocks transport blocks
Priority handling (scheduling)
Traffic measurement
...
User plane
BMC
PDCP
RRC
Control plane
MAC
RLC
PHY
MAC entities
MAC entity Transport channel Release
MAC-b Broadcast ch. BCH (Broadcast channel)
Rel99
MAC-c/sh/m Common ch. PCH (Paging channel)
FACH (Forward Access channel)
RACH (Random Access channel)
DSCH (Downlink Shared channel)
USCH (Uplink Shared channel)
Rel99
MAC-d Dedicated ch. DCH (Dedicated channel)
Rel99
MAC-hs HSDPA HS-DSCH (HS Downlink Shared channel)
Rel5
MAC-e/es HSUPA E-DCH (Enhanced Dedicated channel) Rel6
MAC-m Common ch. FACH (Forward Access channel) MBMS
*
Rel6
*
MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
72
MAC entities - UE

Associated
Downlink
Signalling
E-DCH
MAC-d
FACH
RACH
DCCH DTCH DTCH
DCH DCH
MAC Control

USCH
( TDD only )

CTCH BCCH CCCH SHCCH
( TDD only )
PCCH
PCH
MAC-hs
HS-DSCH
Associated
Uplink
Signalling
Associated
Downlink
Signalling

MAC-es /
MAC-e
Associated
Uplink
Signalling
MAC-m
MTCH MSCH MTCH MSCH

MCCH
FACH
MAC-c/sh/m

FACH

USCH
( TDD only )

DSCH
( TDD only )
DSCH
( TDD only )
HSUPA
HSDPA
73
MAC entities - UTRAN

FACH RACH
DCCH DTCH DTCH
DSCH
TDD only

MAC Control
Iur or local

MAC Control
DCH DCH
MAC-d
USCH
TDD only
MAC-c/sh/m

CCCH
CTCH

BCCH
SHCCH
TDD only
PCCH
FACH PCH USCH
TDD only
DSCH
TDD only

MAC Control
HS- DSCH HS- DSCH
Associated Uplink
Signalling
Associated Downlink
Signalling
MAC-hs
Configuration
without MAC - c/sh
Configuration
with MAC
Configuration
with MAC-c/sh
E-DCH
Associated Uplink
Signalling
Associated Downlink
Signalling
MAC Control
MAC-es
MAC-e
MAC Control
Iub
c/sh
MSCH
MTCH MCCH
Node B RNC
HSUPA HSDPA
74
RLC
Radio Link Control
Functions
Segmentation/Reassembly
Upper layer blocs RLC blocks
Error corrections (ARQ)
Flow control
In-sequence delivery to upper layer
Ciphering

User plane
BMC
PDCP
RRC
Control plane
MAC
RLC
PHY
PDCP
Packet Data Convergence Protocol
Functions
Compression (decompression)
of headers

User plane
BMC
PDCP
RRC
Control plane
MAC
RLC
PHY
BMC
Broadcast/Multicast Control protocol
Functions
Scheduling of BMC messages
Transmission of BMC messages to UEs
...

User plane
BMC
PDCP
RRC
Control plane
MAC
RLC
PHY
RRC
Radio Resource Control protocol
Control plane
RRC units
Signaling of RRC
Signaling of upper layer
Functions
Establishment/maintenance/release RRC conn.
Power control

User plane
BMC
PDCP
RRC
Control plane
MAC
RLC
PHY

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