CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
OVERVIEW REGARDING CERAMICS
ADVANCES IN METAL CERAMICS
ADVANCES IN ALL CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION:
Esthetics, durai!it" #$ the %ateria! a&d its i#c#%'atii!it" i& #ra!
e&(ir#&%e&t has a!)a"s ee& a&d )i!! e the $#re%#st c#&cer& #$ the
de&tist*
Esthetica!!" cera%ic ca& e c#&sidered as +etter tha& the est,*
Its c#!#r, tra&s!uce&c" a&d (ita!it" ca&&#t as "et e %atched " a&"
%ateria!s e-ce't #ther cera%ics $urther %ateria! is dura!e a&d
i#c#%'ati!e thus it h#!ds a s'ecia! '!ace i& de&tistr" a&d is )ide!"
used*
Cera%ic susta&ces are &#t &e)* I&$act #ur a&cest#rs disc#(ered
cera%ics th#usa&ds #$ "ears a.#* E-a%'!es are %a&", earthe& '#ts,
ric/s, crac/ers, )ash asi&s, ti!es sa&itar" etc*
Term ceramic is defined as any product made essentially from
a nonmetallic material by firing at high temperature to achiee
desirable properties!
0#rce!ai& re$ers t# a $a%i!" #$ cera%ic %ateria!s c#%'#sed
esse&tia!!" #$ 1a#!i&, 2uart3, Fe!ds'ar a!s# $i-ed at hi.h te%'eratures*
TER"INO#O$IES:
Dental ceramic: A& i&#r.a&ic c#%'#u&d )ith &#& %eta!!ic 'r#'erties
t"'ica!!" c#&sisti&. #$ #-".e& a&d #&e #r %#re %eta!!ic #r se%i%eta!!ic
e!e%e&ts 4e.* a!u%i&u%, ca!ciu%, !ithiu%, %a.&esiu%, '#tassiu%,
si!ic#&, s#diu%, ti&, tita&iu% a&d !i(c#&iu%5 that is $#r%u!ated t#
'r#duce the )h#!e #r 'art #$ a cera%ic ased de&ta! 'r#sthesis*
$lass ceramic: A cera%ic c#&sisti&. #$ a .!ass %atri- 'hase a&d at !east
#&e cr"sta! 'hase that is 'r#duced " the c#&tr#!!ed cr"sta!!i3ati#& #$ the
.!ass*
Ceramic: A& i&#r.a&ic c#%'#u&d )ith &#& %eta!!ic 'r#'erties t"'ica!!"
c#%'#sed #$ %eta!!ic a&d &#&%eta!!ic e!e%e&ts*
%ISTOR&:
677 8C 9 Etrusca&s %ade teeth #$ I(#r" a&d #&e that )ere he!d i& '!ace
" a .#!d $ra%e)#r/*
:66; 9 Fre&ch 'har%acist < Duchateau* 0r#ce!ai& %ateria! ca!!ed %i&era!
'aste teeth*
:6=> 9 de Che%a&t?Fre&ch de&tist i& c#!!a#rati#& )ith Duchateau <
i%'r#(ed (ersi#& #$ %i&era! 'aste teeth < ut &#t used t# 'r#duce
i&di(idua! teeth ecause there )as &# e$$ecti(e )a" at that ti%e t# attach
the teeth t# a de&ture ase %ateria!*
:=7= 9 Fr#&3i < Ita!ia& de&tist +Ferr#%eta!!ic, '#rce!ai& t##th that )as
he!d i& '!ace " a '!ati&u% 'i& #r $ra%e*
:=:6 9 0!ateau?Fre&ch de&tist i&tr#duced '#rce!ai& teeth t# USA*
:=@@ 9 0ea!e #& artist de(e!#'ed, a a/i&. 'r#cess i& 0hi!ade!'hia $#r
these teeth*
:=@A 9 C#%%ercia! 'r#ducti#& #$ these teeth e.a& i& St#c/t#&*
:>7B 9 Dr* Char!es !a&d i&tr#duced $irst cera%ic cr#)& t# de&tistr" i&
:>7B* Usi&. '!ati&u% $#i! %atri- a&d hi.h $usi&. $e!ds'athic '#rce!ai&
!#) $!e-ura! stre&.th < i&creased i&cide&ce #$ $ai!ure*
:>C@ 9 Wei&stei& a&d Wei&stei& < $#r%u!ati#& #$ $ed!s'athic '#rce!ai&
that a!!#)ed s"ste%atic c#&tr#! #$ the si&teri&. te%'erature a&d ther%a!
e-'a&si#& c#e$$icie&t < 'atie&t*
:>C@ 9 Wei&stei& et a! c#%'#&e&ts that c#u!d e used t# 'r#duce a!!#"s
that #&ded che%ica!!" t# a&d )ere ther%a!!" c#%'ati!e )ith
$e!ds'athic '#rce!ai& < 'atie&t*
:>CB9 $irst c#%%ercia! '#rce!ai& de(e!#'ed " +Vita Dah&a$ari/,*
:>CA 9 Mc Lea& a&d Hu.hes < A!u%i&#us c#re cera%ic A!
@
O
B
<;7 t# A7
)t E*
:>=; 9 Adair a&d Gr#ss%a& < Dic#r .!ass cera%ic c#&sisti&. #$
tetrasi!icic $!u#ra%ica cr"sta! i& .!ass %atri-*
Machi&a!e .!ass cera%ic 9 Dic#r MGC )hich has tetrasi!icic $!u#r#%ica
cr"sta! (#!u%e #$ 67E*
Early '(() : 0ressa!e .!ass cera%ic i*e* I0S E%'ress B; V#* E !eucite*
I0S e%'ress @ < C#&tai&i&. 67E (#!u%e #$ Lithia disi!icate
cr"sta!s c#u!d e used $#r B u&it F0D u't# II 're%#!ar < $racture
t#u.h&ess )as B*B M0a M
:F@
B ti%es %#re tha& E%'ress :*
:>>@ 9 Ducera% LFC < !#) $usi&. cera%ic < B u&iGue $eature*
a5 H"dr#ther%a! .!ass < i& )hich )ater is i&c#r'#rated i&t# the
si!icate .!ass structure t# 'r#duce &#& rid.i&. h"dr#-"! .r#u's
that disru'ts the .!ass &et)#r/, there" i&creases the .!ass
tra&siti#& te%'erature, Visc#sit" a&d $iri&. te%'erature i&creasi&.
the ther%a! e-'a&si#& c#e$$icie&t t# a!!#) its use a (e&eer $#r
certai& !#) e-'a&si#& %eta!s*
5 Se!$ hea!i&.9 8" $#r%i&. : % thic/ h"dr#ther%a! !a"er a!#&. the
cera%ic sur$ace*
c5 E-tre%e!" s%a!! si3e #$ the cr"sta! 'artic!es 4;77?A77 &%5
e&ha&ces #'a!esce&ce #$ cera%ic " re$!ecti&. !ue !i.ht hues
$r#% the sur$ace a&d "e!!#) hues $r#% the i&teri#r #$ the cera%ic*
Other u!tra!#) $usi&. cera%ics &#) re$erred as !#) $usi&.
cera%ics ha(e ee& i&tr#duced as (e&eeri&. .!ass < are c!ai%ed t# e
/i&der t# #''#si&. t##th e&a%e! < due t# .!ass 'hase #r (er" s%a!!
cr"sta! 'artic!es*
'(*)+s: Le(e! : S"ste% i&tr#duced a&d i%'r#(e%e&ts i& s#$t)are a&d
hard)are !ed t# !e(e! @ a&d !e(e! B* B s"ste% $#r 'r#ducti#& #$ cera%ic
i&!a"s, #&!a"s a&d (e&eers*
The $uture #$ de&ta! cera%ic is ri.ht ecause the i&creased
de%a&d $#r t##th c#!#red rest#rati#&s )i!! !ead t# a& i&creased de%a&d
$#r cera%ic ased a&d '#!"%er ased rest#rati#&s a&d the reduced use #$
a%a!.a% a&d traditi#&a! cast %eta!s*
O,ER,IE- O. DENT/# CER/"ICS:
Classification of dental ceramics:
:5 Use #r i&dicati#&s < a&teri#r, '#steri#r, cr#)&s, (e&eers, '#st a&d
c#res a&d .!a3e cera%ic*
@5 C#%'#siti#& 40ure a!u%i&a, 'ure Dirc#&ia, si!ica .!ass, !eucite
ased .!ass cera%ic a&d Lithia ased .!ass cera%ic5*
B5 0r#cessi&. %eth#ds 9 Si&teri&., 'artia! si&teri&. a&d .!ass
i&$i!trati#&, CAD?CAM, a&d c#'" %i!!i&.*
;5 Fusi&. ta%'erature 9 !#) $usi&. =77?:7A7
7
C
9 Mediu% $usi&. :7A7?:677
7
C
9 hi.h $usi&. :@77?:;77
7
C
A5 Micr#structure 9 G!ass, cr"sta!!i&e a&d cr"sta! c#&tai&i&. .!ass*
C5 Tra&s!usce&c" 9 O'aGue, tra&s!usce&t a&d tra&s'are&t*
65 Fracture resista&ce #r arasi(e&ess
.iring temperature: Hi.h $usi&. :B77
7
C
Mediu% $usi&. ::7:?:B77
7
C
L#) $usi&. =A7?::77
7
C
U!tra !#) $usi&. =A7
7
C
0r#ducti#& #$
de&ture teeth
Cr#)& a&d rid.e
c#&structi#&
Craig ''
th
edition
Faricati#& Cr"sta!!i&e 'hase
A!! cera%ic Machi&ed A!u%i&a
Fe!ds'ar
Mica
S!i' Cast A!u%i&a
S'i&e!
Heat 'ressed Leucite
Lithiu% disi!icate
Si&tered A!u%i&a
Leucite
Cera%ic?%eta! Si&tered Lucite
De&ture teeth Ma&u$actured Fe!ds'ar
Cera%ics < Gree/ )#rd +1era%i 1#s, < %ea&i&. ur&t earth*
0#rce!ai&?'#rtu.uese H 0#rce!#&. +!itt!e 'i.,
H +C#)rie she!! < She!! #$ %#!usca* The sha'e #$
c#)rie she!! a&d !itt!e 'i.s ac/ are a!i/e* The s%##th&ess #$ c#)rie
she!! a&d this earthe& %ateria! )ere a!i/e* S# the &a%e '#rce!ai&*
1a#!i& < $r#% %#u&tai& 1a#?!i&. i& Chi&a*
1a#?hi.h Li&. < rid.e*
Vitr#us !ati& < Vitr#us H G!ass 4a%#r'h#us5
De(itri$icati#& < .radua! $#r%ati#& #$ (er" s%a!! cr"sta!s i& a .!ass a&d
%i&era!s s# that .!ass ec#%es !ess tra&s'are&t*
Tra&s'are&t < !ati& < tra&s H thr#u.h*
0ar#ra H t# a''ear
H a!e t# see thr#u.h
Tra&ss!usce&t < !ati& < !ucis H !i.hti&. shi&e
H Shi&i&. thr#u.h*
Ve&eer < Fre&ch $#ur&ir H t# $u%ish
H t# #(er!a" a thi& sheet #$ $i&e )##d #r #ther susta&ce*
Vitri$icati#& < c#&(erti&. i&t# .!ass*
Fe!ds'ar < is the &a%e .i(e& t# a .r#u' #$ r#c/s c#&tai&i&. a!u%i&#?
si!icate a!#&. )ith s#diu%, '#tassiu% #r ca!ciu%* It is $#u&d i& i.&e#us
r#c/ e.* .ra&ite a&d %eta%#r'hic r#c/s*
Hi.h '#tassiu% c#&tai&i&. $e!ds'ar is '#tas'ar hi.h s#diu% c#&tai&i&.
$e!ds'ar is s#das'ar*
Hi.h $usi&. :B77
7
C
Mediu% $usi&. ::7: < :B77
L#) $usi&. =A7?::77
U!tra !#) I =A7
7
C
Used $#r tita&iu% a!!#"s ecause #$ their !#) c#&tracti#&
c#e$$icie&t that c!#se!" %atch th#se #$ these %eta!s a&d ecause the !#)
$iri&. te%'eratures reduce the ris/ $#r .r#)th #$ %eta! #-ide* Ad(a&ce
reducti#& i& si&teri&. ti%es, decrease i& sa. de$#r%ati#& #$ F0D $ra%e
)#r/, !ess ther%a! de.radati#& #$ cera%ic $iri&. #(e&s, a&d !ess )ear #$
#''#si&. e&a%e! sur$aces*
0orcelain manufacture: is 'r#duced $r#% a !e&d #$ Guart3, Fe!ds'ar
a&d #ther #-ides* Duri&. %a&u$acture the %ateria!s are heated t# hi.h
te%'erature t# $#r% a .!ass" %ass a&d the& ra'id!" c##!ed " Gue&chi&.
the% i& )ater, )hich causes the .!ass" %ass t# $racture* The resu!ti&.
'r#duct is ca!!ed $rit* This 'r#cess %a" e re'eated se(era! ti%es, a$ter
De&ture teeth
Cr#)& a&d rid.e c#&structi#&
)hich the $rit is a!! %i!!ed u&ti! the desired 'artic!e si3e distriuti#& is
#tai&ed* 8ecause $ritti&. ta/es '!ace at te%'erature %uch hi.her tha&
th#se used i& the $aricati#& #$ de&ta! rest#rati#&, %#st #$ the che%ica!
reacti#&s et)ee& ra) %ateria!s #ccur e$#re the" are used i& the de&ta!
!a#rat#r"*
M#st $#r%u!ati#&s desi.&ed $#r %eta! cera%ic c#&sists #$ %i-ture #$ t)#
$rits, a !#) $usi&. .!ass $rit a&d a hi.h e-'a&si#& $rit c#&sisti&. #$
cr"sta!!i&e !eucite )ith tetra.#&a! .e#%etr"*
This c#%i&ati#& #(erc#%es the t)# 'ri&ci'a! di$$icu!ties i&
(e&eeri&. %eta! )ith cera%ic?ha(i&. a '#rce!ai& $iri&. te%'erature )e!!
e!#) the %e!ti&. ra&.e #$ the %eta! a&d ha(i&. a su$$icie&t!" hi.h
ther%a! e-'a&si#& c#%'ati!e )ith the %eta!* A$ter $iri&. i& the
!a#rat#r", de&ta! cera%ic c#&sists #$ a#ut @7 (#!u%e 'erce&t tetra.#&a!
!eucite cr"sta!s dis'ersed i& a .!ass" %atri-* The structure #$ this .!ass"
%atri-* The structure #$ this .!ass" %atri- is a ra&d#% Si?O &et)#r/*
The si!ic#& at#% c#%i&es )ith $#ur #-".e& at#%s i& a tetrahedra!
c#&$i.urati#&* These tetrahedra! %a" e !i&/ed i&t# a chai& )ith #th
c#(a!e&t a&d at#%ic #&ds, !eadi&. t# sta!e structure* H#)e(er such a
Si?O &et)#r/ )#u!d ha(e a (er" hi.h %e!ti&. '#i&t* Usua!!" '#tassiu%
a&d s#diu% are added t# the .!ass c#%'#siti#& t# he!' rea/ d#)& the
Si?O &et)#r/ a&d are there$#re /&#)& as .!ass %#di$iers*
I& de&ta! cera%ics, '#tassiu% a&d s#diu% are i&itia!!" 'r#(ided "
the $e!ds'ars* T)# desira!e c#&seGue&ces resu!t :5 The s#$te&i&.
te%'erature #$ the .!ass is reduced @5 the c#e$$icie&t #$ ther%a!
e-'a&si#& is i&creased* The %a&u$acturer adJusts the #-ide c#&sta&t s#
that the de&ta! cera%ics c#e$$icie&t #$ ther%a! e-'a&si#& )i!! e c!#se t#
the c#rres'#&di&. (a!ue $#r the a!!#"s used t# %a/e the sustructure* I$
the c#%'#siti#& #$ the .!ass is &#t 'r#'er!" adJusted, e-te&si(e
rea/d#)& a&d re#r.a&i3ati#& #$ the Si?O &et)#r/ %a" #ccur !eadi&. t#
the cr"sta!!i3ati#& F de(itri$icati#&* This 'he&#%e&#& %a" #ccur 'artia!!"
i& de&ta! cera%ics i$ a cera%ic rest#rati#& is $ired t## #$te&, a&d it is
t"'ica!!" ass#ciated )ith a& i&crease i& the c#e$$icie&t #$ ther%a!
e-'a&si#& a&d #'acit"*
Fe!ds'ar a!s# c#&tai&s a!u%i&a )hich acts as a& i&ter%ediate #-ide t#
i&crease the (isc#sit" a&d hard&ess #$ the .!ass* As a resu!t, de&ta!
'#rce!ai& has a .##d resista&ce t# s!u%' #r '"r#'!astic $!#), )hich is
&ecessar" t# #tai& the desired c#&$i.urati#& #$ the rest#rati#&*
De&ta! '#rce!ai& are a(ai!a!e as $i&e '#)ders t# e used )ith !iGuid
)ater #r a )ater ased .!"ceri&e t# $#r% a 'aste #$ )#r/a!e c#&siste&c"*
This is the& sha'ed F %#u!ded i&t# a desired sha'e* It is the& $ired at a
hi.h te%'erature i& #rder t# $use the 'artic!es t#.ether t# $#r% a cera%ic
#d" )hich is esthetica!!" !i/e a &atura! cr#)&*
"ode of supply: Su''!ied as a /it c#&tai&i&.
:5 Fi&e cera%ic '#)ders i& di$$ere&t shade < De&ti&
< E&a%e!
< O'aGuer
@5 S'ecia! !iGuid F disti!!ed )ater
B5 Stai&s #r c#!#r %#di$ier
;5 G!a3e*
.eldspar: Natura!!" #ccurri&. %i&era! a&d is a d#u!e si!icate #$
'#tassiu% a&d a!u%i&iu%*
8asic .!ass $#r%er duri&. $iri&. $e!ds'ar $uses a&d acts as a %atri- a&d
i&ds si!ica a&d /a#!i&*
.eldspar has t1o important properties:
:5 Whe& $used at hi.her te%'erature it retai&s its $#r% )ith#ut
r#u&di&. < due t# i&crease c#&te&t #$ '#tash )hich is %#re
(isc#us*
@5 8et)ee& ::A7
7
a&d :AB7
7
C it u&der.#es i&c#&.rue&t %e!ti&. a&d
$#r%s cr"sta!s #$ !eucite i& a !iGuid .!ass* Leucite is a '#tassiu%
a!u%i&iu% si!icate %i&era! )ith a !ar.e c#e$$icie&t #$ ther%a!
e-'a&si#& c#%'ared )ith $e!ds'ar .!asses* I&c#&.rue&t %e!ti&. is
a 'r#cess " )hich #&e %ateria! %e!ts t# $#r% a !iGuid '!us a
di$$ere&t cr"sta!!i&e %ateria!*
2aolin: White c!a" !i/e %ateria!
H"drated a!u%i&u% si!icate
8i&der
I&crease #'acit" #$ %ass
Silica: Otai&ed " .ri&di&. 'ure Guart3* Si!ica acts as a re$racti(e
s/e!et#& a&d 'r#(ides stre&.th a&d hard&ess t# '#rce!ai& duri&. $usi&.* It
re%ai&s u&cha&.ed duri&. $iri&.*
/luminum o3ide:
Re'!aces s#%e si!ica i& .!ass %atri-* It ri&.s stre&.th a&d #'acit"
t# the '#rce!ai&* It a!ters s#$te&i&. '#i&t a&d i&creases the (isc#sit" #$
'#rce!ai& duri&. $i-i&.*
Coloring frits:
These are 'r#duced " $usi&. (ari#us %eta!!ic #-ides )ith $i&e
.!ass a&d $e!ds'ar a&d the& .ri&di&. t# '#)der* The" are added t# de&ta!
'#rce!ai& t# #tai& (ari#us shades t# %atch &atura! t##th c#!#r* The" are
#-ides #$ ti&, &ic/e!, c#a!t, tita&iu%, ir#& #r .#!d*
T&0ES O. 0ORCE#/IN:
F#!!#)i&. '#rce!ai& !e&ds are 'r#duced $#r the di$$ere&t r#!es
the" '!a" i& the $aricati#& #$ %eta! cera%ic rest#rati#&9 #'aGue,
#d" a&d i&cisa! '#rce!ai&s*
Opa4ue porcelain:
A''!ied as I cera%ic c#at a&d 'er$#r%s t)# %aJ#r $u&cti#&s*
Mas/s the c#!#r #$ the a!!#"
Res'#&si!e $#r %eta! cera%ic #&d*
The de&sit" #$ the #-ides is .reater tha& that #$ .!ass %atri-*
C#&seGue&t!", the #-ides #$ ti&, tita&iu% a&d 3irc#&iu% ha(e a hi.h
re$racti(e i&de- tha& the c#%'#&e&ts #$ the .!ass %atri-*
4Fe!ds'ar a&d ?K @*7: t# @*C: a&d :*A@ t# :*A;5 )he& a s'eci$ic
ra&.e #$ #-ide 'artic!e si3e is used* M#st #$ the i&cide&t !i.ht is scattered
a&d re$!ected rather tha& tra&s%itted thr#u.h the '#rce!ai&, e$$ecti(e!"
%as/i&. the c#!#r #$ the a!!#" sustrate*
A SEM #$ a!!#"?'#rce!ai& i&ter$ace $#r a hi.h &#!e a!!#"* Whe& a
re.i#& ar#u&d the i&ter$ace is e-a%i&ed $#r s'eci$ic e!e%e&ts < a
tech&iGue ca!!ed e!e%e&ta! %a''i&. the c#&ce&trati#& #$ a!u%i&iu% a&d
tita&iu% ca& e ide&ti$ied* These a''ear as de&se re.i#& i& the $i.ure,
i&dicati&. that discrete #-ide 'artic!es #$ A! a&d Ti are i& #'aGue
'#rce!ai&*
5ody porcelain:
Fired #&t# the #'aGue !a"er, usua!!" i& c#&Ju&cti#& )ith the i&cisa!
'#rce!ai&* It 'r#(ides s#%e tra&s!uce&c" a&d c#&tai&s #-ide that aid
shade %atchi&.* 8#d" '#rce!ai&s are a(ai!a!e i& a )ide se!ecti#& #$
shades %atchi&.* 8#d" '#rce!ai&s are a(ai!a!e i& a )ide secti#& #$
shades t# %atch adJace&t &atura! teeth* M#st '#rce!ai& %a&u$actures
'r#(ide a& #'aGue shade $#r each #d" shade*
Incisal porcelain:
Usua!!" tra&s!uce&t* As a resu!t, the 'ercei(ed c#!#r #$ the
rest#rati#& is si.&i$ica&t!" i&$!ue&ced " the c#!#r #$ the u&der!"i&. #d"
'#rce!ai&*
0orcelain 6 alloy bonding:
O-ide !a"er $#r%ati#& de.assi&. c#&diti#&i&. a/e #-idati#&
The !i&ear c#e$$icie&ts #$ ther%a! e-'a&si#& $#r the %eta! a&d
cera%ic %ust c!#se!" %atch t# achie(e a str#&. i&ter$acia! #&d*

%
H :B*A t# :;*A - :7
?C
F
7
C

!
H :B*7 t# :;*7 - :7
?C
F
7
C
The s!i.ht!" hi.her c#e$$icie&t $#r the %eta! causes the cera%ic t#
e i& a e&e$icia! state #$ residua! c#%'ressi(e stress at r##%
te%'erature*
I&ter$acia! #&d sh#u!d e str#&. e&#u.h s# that $racture #ccurs
e&tire!" )ith i& '#rce!ai&*
Meta! cera%ic #&d sh#u!d e-ceed 4@= %'a5 t# ha(e c#hesi(e
$ai!ure thr#u.h the '#rce!ai& rather tha& $ai!ure at i&ter$ace*
A&#ther 'hi!#s#'hica! cha&.e i& the rec#%%e&ded %eth#d $#r
e(a!uati&. the %eta!?cera%ic #&d a''ears t# e u&der)a" )ith
the i&tr#ducti#& #$ ISO sta&dard N# >C>B $#r de&ta! '#rce!ai&
$used t# %eta! rest#rati#&, )hich c#&tai&s a three '#i&t e&di&.
test*
O-idati#& ste' $#r the a!!#" ca& e 'er$#r%ed i& air #r " usi&. the
reduced at%#s'heric 'ressure 4a''r#-i%ate!" 7*: at%5 a(ai!a!e*
A %uch thi&&er #-ide !a"er )i!! e $#r%ed i$ the a!!#" is #-idi3ed
at this reduced at#%s 'ressure c#%'ared t# the thic/&ess $#r
#-idati#& i& air*
0#rce!ai& a!!#" #&di&.
5ond failure
/D,/NCES IN DENT/# CER/"IC:
Coping for metal ceramic prosthesis:
:* E!ectr#de'#siti#& #$ .#!d #r #ther %eta! #& a du'!icate die*
@* 8ur&ishi&. a&d heat?treati&. %eta! $#i!s #& a die*
B* CAD?CAM 'r#cessi&. #$ a %eta! i&.#t*
;* Casti&. #$ 'ure %eta! #r a& a!!#" thr#u.h !#st )a- tech&iGue*
"etal ceramics:
Meta! a&d '#rce!ai& (e&eer e-hiit si%i!ar c#&tracti#& cur(es a&d
a& a(era.e c#&tracti#& c#e$$icie&t di$$ere&ce #$ 7*A ''%F
7
C #r !ess
$racture is u&!i/e!" t# #ccur e-ce't i& cases #$ e-tre%e stress
c#&ce&trati#& #r e-tre%e!" hi.h i&tra#ra! $#rces* These %eta!?cera%ic
c#%i&ati#&s are /&#)& as ther%a!!" c#%'ati!e s"ste%*
'(*7 /D/ classification of dental casting alloys:
A!!#" t"'e
Hi.h &#!e
M#st c#&tai& ;7 )tE A( a&d C7 )tE #$
&#!e %eta! e!e%e&ts F Au, 0t, 0d, Rh, Ru, I(,
OS5
N#!e
Must c#&tai& @A )tE #$ &#!e %eta!
e!e%e&ts*
0red#%i&a&t!" ase
%eta!
C#&tai& a @A)tE #$ &#!e %eta! e!e%e&ts*
The ter% 'reci#us a&d se%i'reci#us sh#u!d e a(#ided ecause
the" are i%'recise ter%s* Rather, ter% hi.h &#!e, &#!e a&d
'red#%i&a&t!" ase %eta! sh#u!d e used*

The 'ri&ci'a! reas#& that a!!#"s $#r a!! %eta! rest#rati#&s ca&&#t e
used $#r %eta!?cera%ic rest#rati#&s are as $#!!#)s*
:* The a!!#"s %a" &#t $#r% thi&, sta!e #-ide !a"ers t# 'r#%#te
at#%ic #&di&. t# '#rce!ai&*
@* Their %e!ti&. ra&.e %a" e t## !#) t# resist* Sa. de$#r%ati#& #r
%e!ti&. at '#rce!ai& $iri&. te%'eratures*
B* Their ther%a! c#&tracti#& c#e$$icie&t %a" &#t e c!#se e&#u.h t#
th#se #$ c#%%ercia! '#rce!ai&*
.or metal ceramic prosthesis:
"etal type "etal ceramic prosthesis
Hi.h &#!e 0ure Au 4>>*6 )t E5
Au?0t?0d
Au?0d?A. 4A?:@ )tE A.5
Au?0d?A. 4K:@ )tE A.5
Au?0d
N#!e 0d?Au
0d?Au?A.
0d?Cu?Ga
0d?Ga?A.
0d?A.
08M C0Ti
Ti?A!?U, Mi?Cr?M#?8e, Mi?Cr?M#, C#?Cr?M#, C#?Cr*

8ase %eta! a!!#"s )ere i&tr#duced #ri.i&a!!" duri&. the u')ard
s'ira! #$ .#!d 'rices i& the !ate :>67s a&d ear!" :>=7s, ase %eta! a!!#"s
ha(e ee& de(e!#'ed t# the '#i&t )here the" are su'eri#r t# hi.h &#!e
a&d &#!e a!!#"s i& s#cia! res'ects* 0rese&t!" ;7E #$ %eta! cera%ic
'r#sthesis are %ade #$ ase %eta! a!!#"s*
Whe& a& a!!#" is ide&ti$ied acc#rdi&. t# the e!e%e&ts it c#&tai&s,
the c#%'#&e&ts are !isted i& decreasi&. #rder #$ c#&ce&trati#& )ith
!ar.est c#&stitue&t $irst $#!!#)ed " II !ar.est a&d s# #&* A& e-ce'ti#& t#
this ru!e is the ide&ti$icati#& #$ certai& a!!#"s " e!e%e&ts that
si.&i$ica&t!" a$$ect 'h"sica! 'r#'erties #r that re'rese&t '#te&tia!
i#c#%'atii!it" c#&cer&s #r #th*
E* .* 9 Ni?Cr?M# e are a$ter desi.&ated as Ni?Cr?8e a!!#"s ecause #$
the c#&triuti#& #$ er"!!iu% t# the c#&tr#! #$ castai!it" a&d sur$ace
#-idati#& at hi.h te%'eratures a&d ecause #$ the re!ati(e t#-icit"
'#te&tia! #$ er"!!iu% c#%'ared t# #ther %eta!s*
/##O& S&STE"S:
%igh noble metal alloys:
Au?0t?0d
I casti&. a!!#"s
Stre&.the&ed " 'reci'itates #$ Fe?0t i&ter%eta!!ic c#%'#u&d
as c#''er c#u!d &#t e used due t# c#!#r c#&cer&*
Ti& L i&diu% $#r '#rce!ai& #&di&.
u&der.# di%e&si#&a! cha&.es a&d &#t rec#%%e&ded $#r %u!ti'!e
u&it F0D rest#rati#&s*
Au?0d?A. 9 First !#)er .#!d c#&te&t a!ter&ati(e a!!#"s t# e )ide!"
used i& the :>67s* 0!ati&u% )as e!i%i&ated $r#% the a!!#"
c#%'#siti#&, .#!d c#&te&t )as reduced t# a#ut A7E, )ith
c#rres'#&di&. i&crease i& 'a!!diu% a&d si!(er*
Ti& L I&diu% #-idati#&
Gree& disc#!#rati#& has ee& re'#rted resu!ti&. $r#% di$$usi#&
#$ si!(er at#%s i&t# the '#rce!ai&* The disc#!#red re.i#& ca& e
.r#u&d a)a" ut this i&(#!(es a& additi#&a! 'r#cessi&. ste'*
Si!(er (a'#r .e&erated i& the '#rce!ai& $ur&ace duri&. 'r#cessi&.
ca& c#&ta%i&ate the %u$$!e, a&d 'eri#dic 'ur.i&. #$ the $ur&ace
)ith car#& !#c/ is reGuired*
Gree& disc#!#rati#& has ee& a''are&t!" ee& e!i%i&ated i& s#%e
'#rce!ai& c#%'#siti#& " sustituti&. 1
<
$#r Ma
?
the !ar.er
'#tassiu% i#&s i%'ede the di$$usi#& #$ si!(er i&t# the '#rce!ai&
Discussion: Au?0d a&d Au?0d?AG a!!#"s ha(e hi.her (a!ues #$ Y*S a&d
MOE a!#&. )ith !#)er de&sit" tha& Au?0t?0d thus F0D )i!! e %#re
resista&t t# %asticat#r" $#rces a&d u&der.# !ess e&di&.*
Noble metal alloys: "i&i%u% #$ @AE )t* #$ &#!e %eta!*
0d?AG < 0rese&ce #$ 'a!!adiu%, si!(er a''ears t# assu%e &#!e %eta!
character )hich is e&e$icia! $#r c#rr#si#& resista&ce*
I&creases si!(er ca& cause '#rce!ai& .ree&i&. a&d $ur&ace
c#&ta%i&ati#&*
G#!d %eta! c#&diti#&ers #r cera%ic c#ati&. a.e&ts %a" %i&i%i3e
this e$$ect*
C#%'ared t# hi.h &#!e the" ha(e si%i!ar (a!ues #$ "ie!d stre&.th,
a&d %#du!us #$ e!asticit" a&d %uch !#)er de&sit" (a!ues*
S#%e #$ these a!!#"s %a" $#r% i&ter&a! rather tha& e-ter&a!
#-ides* I&stead #$ $#r%ati#& #$ the desired e-ter&a! #-ide* 0d?A.
&#du!es %a" de(e!#' #& the sur$ace )hich e&ha&ce rete&ti#& "
%echa&ica! the& che%ica!*
0d?Cu?Ga9 I&creases tha& 67E )t* 'a!!adiu%
Me!ti&. '#i&t 0a L :AAA
7
C, G#!d L :7C;
7
C*
Ga!!iu% %e!ti&. B7
7
C
Mu!ti #ri$ice t#rches are reGuired t# $use hi.h 'a!!adiu% a!!#"s*
Cera%ic cruci!es dedicated t# i&di(idua! a!!#"s is rec#%%e&ded*
Car#& c#&tai&i&. i&(est%e&ts < cause i&c#r'#rati#& #$ (er" s%a!!
a%#u&t #$ car#& de.radi&. the #&d stre&.th )ith '#rce!ai&*
S#%e 0d?Cu?Ga ha(e i&creases hard&ess tha& e&a%e!?casti&.
$r#% these a!!#" di$$icu!t t# $i&ish i& !a* Sustituti&. i&diu% $#r
ti& "ie!ds 0d?Cu?Ga a!!#"s )ith %uch !#)er hard&ess VHN H @67*
Yie!d stre&.th C>7*7 MOE :;7 YS >67, E!#&. @7, VH N B;7*
0d?Ga 9 :>=7 t# 'r#(ide !#)er hard&ess tha& that #$ i&itia! 0d?Cu?Ga
$#r%u!ati#&s*
The hard 0d
A
GO
@
'hase ase&t
0d?Ga?CO a!!#" has 'articu!ar dar/ #-ide that is %#re di$$icu!t t# %as/
)ith de&ta! '#rce!ai&
Le.ac" 0d Ga I& Au
4Me!e&/#5 =A*@ :7*7 :*: @*7
YST 6@7, MOE :B7, TS >67, E!#&. @A, VHN @=7, De&sit" :7*>
0r#t#c#! 0d Ga I& Au A.
4Me!e&/#5 6A*@ C*7 C*7 C*7 C*A
Y*S A77, MOE :77, TS 6C7, E!#&. B;, VHN @;7, Das ::*7
0redominantly base metal:
Ni?Cr
MOE < s# $!e-ure
tech&iGue se&siti(e a&d di$$icu!t t# cast c#%'ared t# ase %eta!*
Yie!d stre&.th, %#du!us #$ E!asticit", ca& .reat!" e a$$ected "
s%a!! di$$ere&ces i& )ei.ht 'erce&ta.es #$ %i&#r e!e%e&ta! c#%'#&e&ts
a%#&. c#%'#siti#& #$ these a!!#"*


Ma&" Ni?Cr has @E " )ei.ht err"!iu% < it the %e!ti&. ra&.e
a&d t# decrease the (isc#sit" #$ %#!te& a!!#" its castai!it" a!s#
e$$ects stre&.the&i&. a&d thic/&ess #$ #-ide !a"er*
8err"!iu% (a'#r e-'#sure a&d dust e-'#sure is %#re si.&i$ica&t
es'ecia!!" t# !a tech&icia&s*
0#te&tia! ha3ard #$ err"!iu% is ased #& at#%ic c#&siderati#&s
tha& its )t E i& a!!#"*
Ris/ is .reatest duri&. a!!#" %e!ti&. adeGuate e-haust a&d
$i!trati#& s"ste%*
OSHA < rec#%%e&dati#& @;.F%
B
#$ air deter%i&ed $r#% a& = hr ti%e
)ei.hted a(era.e*
0h"si#!#.ica! res'#&se (ar" $r#% c#&tact der%atitis t#
se(ere d#%ica! '&eu%#&itis, )hich ca& e $ata! s"%'t#%s a!s# ra&.e
$r#% c#u.hi&., chest 'ai&, .e&era! )ea/&ess t# 'u! d"s$u&cti#&*
Nic8el 9 OSHA :A.F%
B

$#r :7hr F da"
Occu'ati#&a! e-'#sure i& re$erri&. %ar/ers has !ed t# !u&. a&d
&asa! ca&cer*
Acute e$$ects < s/i& se&siti3ati#& that ca& !ead t# chr#&ic ec3e%a
there$#re #'erat#r sh#u!d &eat %as/ a&d use e$$icie&t sucti#& )he&
.ri&di&. a&d $i&ishi&. a &ic/e! ase a!!#"*
Ni < carci&#.e&ic ? $#r de&ta! tech&icia&
I*0 E )t 8e H :7*6E 8e #& a& at#%ic asis
ADA states that Ni a!!#"s sh#u!d &#t e used i& i&di(idua!s )ith /&#)&
&ic/e! se&siti(it"*
@7 'atie&t c!i&ica! stud" :7 c#&tr#! < &# se&siti(it" t# &ic/e! < reres'#&se
:7 < /&#)& se&siti(it"
0 sh#)ed '#siti(e der%a! res'#&se t# a!!#" a&d #& &eari&. i&tra#ra!
a''!ia&ce B7E %a&i$ested a& a!!er.ic res'#&se )ithi& ;= hrs
Re-i!!iu%
III
Ni Cr MO A! 8e
40e&t#&5 6C :; C @*A :*=
YS < =B7, MOE :=7, TS ::77, E!#&. :A, VHM BC7, Re&s 6*=*
Micr#a&d
M0
@
Mi Cr Ga M# Fe Si M& 8e
4Aste&a!5 CC*C :B 6*A 6*7 A 7*6A 7*:A 7
YS < @C7, MOE :67, TS C;7, E!#&. :>, VHM :67, De&sit" =*C
F#r Mic/e! a!!er." ta/e 'r#'er hist#r"
Co9Cr 6 The '#te&tia! hea!th 'r#!e%s ass#ciated )ith the 8err"!iu%
a&d Nic/e! c#&tai&i&. a!!#"s ha(e !ed t# the de(e!#'%e&t #$ C#?
Chr#%iu%*
MOE is hi.hest, (er" !ess e!#&.ati#&
S# decreases e!#&.ati#& a&d i&creases hard&ess su..est $i&ishi&.
rest#rati#&s %ade )ith it %a" e di$$icu!t*
Ge&esis II C# Cr W Ru Ga Cu M Ta
4Me!e&/#5 AB @6 :7 B B : : :
Ys < A@7, MOE :67, TS 6C7, E!#&. :A, VHM BA7, D =*=
M#(a(e- C# Cr W
40e&tr#&5 AA @A :7
YS < C@7, MOE @@7, TS 6C7, E!#&. 6, VHM BA7, D =*=*
Ti 6 Tita&iu% ased a!!#" ad(*
E-ce!!e&t i#c#%'atii!it", c#rr#si#& resista&ce due t# thi& 'assi(ati&.
sur$ace !a"er i*e TiO
@

L#) de&sit" ;*A .%Fc%
B
L resu!ts i& !i.hter a&d '#te&tia!!" !ess
e-'e&si(e rest#rati#&*
A!!#"s used are 9 C' 4C#%%ercia!!" 'ure5 Ti
Ti?CA!?;V*
Casti&. 'r#!e% due t# i&creasi&. %e!ti&. '#i&t :CC=
7
C
Str#&. te&de&c" t# #-idi3e )ith #ther %ateria!s*
Special casting machine: With (acuu% F ar.#& 'ressure
Ar.#& are %e!ti&. F i&ducti#& %e!ti&.*
A (er" hard &ear sur$ace re.i#& that ca& e-ceed A7 % i&
thic/&ess is a!s# 'rese&t #& the !asti&. due t# reacti#& #$ tita&iu% a!!#"
)ith i&(est%e&t a&d 'erha's residua! at%#s'here i& casti&. %achi&e
ca!!ed as case*
T# #(erc#%e < A s"ste% de(e!#'ed " %a&u$acturers c#'i&.s
$r#% !#c/s #$ 'ure tita&iu% " %achi&e du'!icati#& a&d s'ar/ er#si#&
'r#cera*
8ecause #$ 'rese&ce #$ case < s'ecia! sur$ace %#di$icati#& #$
!ast tita&iu% usi&. castic %##h ased s#!uti#&s #r si!ic#& &itride c#ati&.s
ha(e ee& e%'!#"ed t# i%'r#(e #&d et)ee& cast Ti a&d de&ta!
'#rce!ai&*
/lternaties:
': Sintering ; diffusion bonding of burnished metal foil
M#st c#%%#&!" used i*e* ca'te/ reGuires B 'airs #$ %ateria! t#
$#r% c#%'#site %eta! structure*
i5 Ca'te/ 0 a&d Ca'te/ G )hich are used t# $aricate cr#)&
c#'i&. a&d $i-ed 'artia! de&ture aut%e&ts*
ii5 Ca'c#& a&d ca'ita! )hich are used t# c#&&ect c#'i&.s
iii5 Ca'te/ re'air 'aste a&d c#'$i! )hich are used t# add %ateria! t#
ca'te/ structures*
The c#'i&.s thic/&ess 7*@A%% < a&teri#r cr#)&
7*BA %% < '#steri#r cr#)&
C#'i&. c#&tai&s ==*@ )t E Au
> )t E '!ati&u% .r#u' %eta!s
@= )t E A.*
Ca'te/ ' !a"er is ada'ted $irst t# the die a&d $i&d at a te%'erature
#$ :76A
7
C* Duri&. this $iri&. c"c!e adhesi(e a&d i&ders are e!i%i&ated,
a&d the 0d a&d 0t 'artic!es ec#%es i&terc#&&ected " si&teri&. t# $#r%
B di%e&si#&a! &et)#r/ #$ ca'i!!ar" cha&&e!s*
Ca'tec/ G is a''!ied #(er ca'te/ 0 *Ca'te/ G is dra)& " ca'i!!ar"
acti#& i&t# the &et)#r/ structure #$ ca'te/ 0 c#'i&. (acated " the
adhesi(e i&der*
7*BA %% thic/ !a"er #$ 'r#ce!ai& is a''!ied t# the c#'i&., )hich %a" #r
%a" &#t reGuire ca'#&d #&di&. a.e&t*
/dantage: (er" !#) %eta! thic/&ess ca& e achie(ed thus %i&i%a!
t##th reducti#& F i&crease esthetics
E- 9 Meta! %ar.i& #$ ca'te/ c#'i&. ca& e .r#u&d t# a thic/&ess #$ A7
% a&d t#ta! thic/&ess #$ 0FM ca& e as !#) as 7*B %%*
A!th#u.h a&teri#r 7*6 < : %% $#r #'ti%a! esthetics
0#steri#r cr#)& :*@ %% t# resist $racture*
C/D C/" processing:
0r#(ides a& a!ter&ati(e %eth#d t# 'r#duce %eta!, cera%ic #r
c#%'#site rest#rati#& )ith#ut &eed $#r @ F %#re a''#i&t%e&t*
A!th#u.h CAD CAM $#r %eta! cr#)& is &#t c#%%#&!"
used*
Mi!!ed #r .r#u&d %eta! !#c/ %#re )ide!" used
E!ectr#!"tic #r e!ectrica! dischar.e re%#(a! #$ %eta!*
Copy milling:
This 'r#cess is ased #& the 'ri&ci'!e #$ traci&. the sur$ace #$ a
'atter& that is the& re'!icated $r#% a !a&/ #$ cera%ic, c#%'#site #r
%eta! that is .r#u&d, cut #r %i!!ed " a r#tati&. )hee! )h#se %#ti#& is
c#&tr#!!ed " a !i&/ thr#u.h the traci&. de(ice*
The 'r#cess is si%i!ar t# that ass#ciated )ith cutti&. a /e" !a&/
usi&. a traci&. #$ a %aster /e"*
C#%%ercia! s"ste% ce!a" 4:>>:5* Mi/r#&a tech&#!#.ies,
S)it3er!a&d*
Electroforming:
He!i#$#r% HF C77 s"ste% < thi& 'ure .#!d c#'i&.*
Step by step procedure:
A %aster c#st #$ the 're'ared t##th is 're'ared a&d c#ated
)ith a s'ecia! die s'acer t# $aci!itate se'arati#& #$ the du'!icati&.
%ateria!*
Dies are du'!icated )ith a ."'su% 'r#duct a&d ha(i&.
setti&. e-'a&si#& 7*:E t# 7*@E*
A''!" a& e(e& c#at #$ the si!(er s'acer t# the 're'arati#&
a&d a!!#) it t# dr"*
I&sert the dies i&t# the '!ati&. eGui'%e&t a %a.&etic stirrer
e&sures circu!ati#& #$ the c"a&ide $ree .#!d su!$ite s#!uti#&*
Tur& #& the e!ectric curre&t a&d .#!d )i!! e de'#sited #&
the die at a& a''r#-i%ate rate #$ 7*7@ %%Fhr*
Re%#(e the '!ated c#'i&.s " heati&. the dies a&d re%#(e
the si!(er s'acer )ith &itric acid #r air arasi#&*
Seat the c#'i&. #& the die
Air arade the sur$ace a&d a''!" s'ecia! #&di&. 'aste
e$#re '#rce!ai& a''!icati#&*
Ceramic for 0.":
The %aJ#r dra)ac/ )ith c#&(e&ti#&a! 0FM rest#rati#&s
)as '##r #&d stre&.th et)ee& the %eta! sustrate a&d the (e&eeri&.
'#rce!ai& due t# di$$ere&ce i& c#?e$$icie&t #$ ther%a! e-'a&si#& #$ the
t)#*
The cr"sta!!i&e %i&era! !eucite is i&c!uded i& 'r#ce!ai& $#r
%eta! cera%ic rest#rati#&s t# e!e(ate their ther%a! e-'a&si#& c#?
e$$icie&t t# %atch that #$ casti&. a!!#"s*
G!ass %#di$ies ? 8#&ds et)ee& the si!ica tetrahedra ca& e
r#/e& " the additi#& #$ a!/a!i %eta! i#&s such as Na, 1 a&d Ca*
These i#&s are ass#ciated )ith the #-".e& at#%s at the c#r&ers #$ the
tetrahedra a&d i&terru't the #-".e& si!ic#& #&ds* As a resu!t, the B
di%e&si#&a! si!ica &et)#r/ c#&tai&s %a&" !i&ear chai&s #$ si!ica
tetrahedra that are a!e t# %#(e %#re easi!" at !#)er te%'erature tha&
the at#%s that are !#c/ed i&t# the B di%e&si#&a! structure #$ si!ica
tetrahedra* This ease #$ %#(e%e&t is res'#&si!e $#r the i&creased
$!uidit", decrease s#$te&i&. te%'erature a&d i&crease ther%a!
e-'a&si#& c#&$erred " .!ass %#di$iers* T## hi.h a %#di$ier
c#&ce&trati#&, decrease che%ica! durai!it" that is resista&ce t# attac/
" )ater acids a&d a!/a!is, i$ t## %a&" tetrahedra! are disru'ted the
.!ass %a" cr"sta!!i3e duri&. '#rce!ai& $iri&.*
A&#ther i%'#rta&t .!ass %#di$ier is )ater the h"dr#&iu%
i#& H
B
O
L
ca& re'!ace s#diu% #r #ther %eta! i#&s i& a cera%ic that
c#&tai&s .!ass %#di$iers* This $act acc#u&ts $#r the 'he&#%e&#& #$
+s!#) crac/ .r#)th, #$ cera%ics that are e-'#sed t# te&si!e stresses
a&d %#ist e&(ir#&%e&ts* It a!s# %a" acc#u&t $#r the #ccasi#&a! !#&.
ter% $ai!ure #$ '#rce!ai& rest#rati#& a$ter se(era! "rs #$ ser(ice*
"etal substructure design:
0orcelain labial margins: Ma&" 'atie&t #Ject t# the .ra"&ess at the
%ar.i& ass#ciated )ith %eta! cera%ic rest#rati#&s* I$ esthetics is #$
'ri%e i%'#rta&ce a c#!!ar!ess %eta!?cera%ic cr#)& sh#u!d e
c#&sidered*
/dantages:
Esthetic i%'r#(e%e&t
0!aGue re%#(a! a!s# is easier )he& .i&.i(a! tissues are i&
c#&tact )ith (accu% $ired .!a3ed '#rce!ai& tha& )he& the" are
c#&tacti&. hi.h!" '#!ished .#!d* There$#re '#rce!ai& %ateria! #$
ch#ice $#r rest#rati#&s that )i!! c#&tact .i&.i(a! tissues*
Disadantages:
Di$$icu!t" i& $aricati#&
Mar.i&a! ada'tati#& #$ these rest#rati#& is s!i.ht!" i&$eri#r
t# cast %eta!
Fracture #$ %ar.i& duri&. ha&d!i&.
I&crease ti%e a&d s# i&crease c#st*
Indications:
I&dicated )he& c#&(e&ti#&a! %eta! cera%ic rest#rati#& )i!!
&#t create the desired esthetic resu!t*
Contraindications:
Whe& a& e-tre%e!" s%##th, : %%?)ide sh#u!der ca&&#t e
're'ared i& the area #$ cera%ic (e&eer a&d i& this res'ect c#&(e&ti#&a!
%eta! cera%ic rest#rati#& is s#%e)hat %#re $#r.i(i&.*
"ethods of fabrication:
0#rce!ai& !aia! %ar.i&s
Meta!?cera%ic rest#rati#&s
0!ati&u% $#i! %atri-
Direct !i$t F c"a&#acr"!ate resi&
0r#ce!ai& )a-
0latinum foil matri3 techni4ue:
0rocedure:
a5 Wa- the %eta! sustructure a&d cast it i& the c#&(e&ti#&a! %a&&er*
S#%e tech&icia&s 're$er t# cast a c#&(e&ti#&a! rest#rati#& a&d tri%
the c#!!ar #$$ the casti&.N #thers )a- the sustructure e-act!" as
desired a&d cast it*
5 T# 're(e&t the $#i! $r#% ec#%i&. dist#rted #& re%#(a! !#c/ #ut
u&dercuts a'ica! t# the %ar.i&, %#de!!i&. c#%'#u&d is suita!e $#r
this ste'* A%" e-cess that %a" ha(e c#(ered the sh#u!der #$ t##th
're'arati#& %ust e care$u!!" c!ea&ed #$$*
c5 8ur&ish a s%a!! 'iece #$ '!ati&u% $#i! #&t# the $acia! '#rti#& #$ the
die )here the '#rce!ai& %ar.i& is t# e '!aced a&d e-te&d it a $e)
%i!!i%eters #&t# the a-ia! )a!! #$ the 're'arati#&*
d5 A$ter ur&ishi&. tri% it s# there is a @ t# B %% s/irt !"i&. cer(ica!
t# the %ar.i&*
e5 Care$u!!" '!ace the c#'i&. #(er the $#i! a&d i$ &ecessar", scra'e
the die i& the cer(ica! area t# a!!#) the casti&. t# seat* T# he!'
stai!i3e the $#i!, a dr#' #$ stic/" )a- %a" e a''!ied*
$5 Re%#(e the casti&. $r#% the die, t#.ether )ith the $#i!, a&d
'#siti#& the asse%!" et)ee& the e!ectr#des #$ a& #rth#d#&tic
s'#t )e!der* The $#i! ca& &#) e )e!ded t# the $ra%e)#r/, )hich
sh#u!d e d#&e as c!#se as '#ssi!e t# the ed.e #$ the %eta!* F#ur
#r $i(e )e!ds are usua!!" adeGuate t# attach the $#i! t# the
sustructure* The rest#rati#& is the& $aricated i& a c#&(e&ti#&a!
%a&&er, a!th#u.h the $acia! %ar.i& is si%i!ar t# that $#r the
'#rce!ai& Jac/et cr#)&* The $#i! itse!$ is &#t c#(ered )ith #'aGuer
at this ti%e* H#)e(er, The rest#rati#& is ui!d t# c#&t#ur, a&d the
%ar.i&a! '#rti#& is ditched as $#r the '#rce!ai& Jac/et cr#)&, s#%e
tech&icia&s 're$er t# 'ai& a thi& c#at #$ se'arati&. !iGuid #& $#i!
i&stead #$ ditchi&.*
.5 Whe& the c#r#&a! '#rti#& has ee& sha'ed t# a satis$act#r"
c#&t#ur, ur&ish the $#i! a&d $i!! i& the ditched '#rti#& )ith
cer(ica! '#rce!ai&*
h5 Whe& the desired c#&t#ur has ee& #tai&ed a$ter?ti%i&., tri% the
'!ati&u% s/irt*
i5 Whe& satis$ied )ith characteri3ati#&, stai&i&. a&d .!a3i&., re%#(e
the $#i! a&d ce%e&t the rest#rati#& a$ter (eri$"i&. the $it #&e %#re
ti%e*
Direct lift ; cyanoacrylate techni4ue:
Less ti%e c#&su%i&.
Eas" t# 'er$#r%
Di$$icu!t" ass#ciated duri&. stai&i&. a&d .!a3i&. $iri&. ecause
'#rce!ai& is &#t su''#rted as i& the '!ati&u% $#i! tech&iGue, the %ar.i&
te&ds t# r#u&d #$$ s!i.ht!", there$#re, s'ecia! sh#u!der '#)ders are
&eeded*
0rocedure:
a5 A''!" c"a&#acr"!ate resi& t# the !aia! %ar.i& area #$ the die* This
acts as a sea!a&t #$ the '#r#us st#&e, c#%'ressed air sh#u!d e
used t# %i&i%i3e the thic/&ess #$ the $i!%*
5 A''!" '#rce!ai& re!ease a.e&t t# the sh#u!der #$ the 're'ared die*
c5 Seat the #'aGued casti&. #& the die*
d5 Mi- sh#u!der '#rce!ai& a&d a''!" it direct!" t# the die a&d the
#'aGue '#rce!ai&* Li.ht ta''i&. )i!! assists i& c#&de&sati#& a&d
sh#u!d e d#&e e$#re se'arati&. the dr" ui!du' $r#% the die*
e5 A$ter the $irst $iri&. #$ the sh#u!der '#rce!ai& reseat the cr#)& #&
the die* At this ti%e, the rest#rati#& sh#u!d e e-a%i&ed $#r
%ar.i& discre'a&cies* A sec#&d sh#u!der $iri&. is usua!!"
&ecessar"*
$5 Re!uricate the die, reseat the cr#)& a&d a''!" a thi&&er %i- #$
sh#u!der '#)der t# the %ar.i&* Virati#& )i!! he!' the '#rce!ai&
$i!! the de$ect c#%'!ete!"* A$ter !#tti&., the rest#rati#& ca& e
se'arated $r#% the die*
.5 A$ter $iri&. is c#%'!eted, 'r#ceed )ith the c#&(e&ti#&a! ui!d u'
#$ #d" a&d i&cisa! '#rce!ai&s, $#!!#)ed " .!a3i&. #$ the $i&a!
rest#rati#&*
0orcelain 1a3 techni4ue:
A %i-ture #$ #d" '#rce!ai& a&d )a- 4C9: " )t5 is a''!ied t# the
die $#r $i&a! ada'tati#& #$ '#rce!ai& !aia! %ar.i&*
0rocedure:
a5 A$ter c#ati&. the sustructure )ith #'aGue '#rce!ai&, !uricate the
die )ith a '#rce!ai& re!ease a.e&t*
5 A''!" the '#rce!ai&?)a- %i-ture t# the cer(ica! sh#u!der use a&
e!ectric )a-i&. i&stru%e&t t# $!#) it i&t# the 'r#'er areas*
c5 With a c#&(e&ti#&a! )a-?car(i&. i&stru%e&t, sha'e the %ateria!
a&d !e&d it i&t# the #'aGue* It )i!! se'arate easi!" $r#% the die
a&d ca& e $ired i& the c#&(e&ti#&a! %a&&er*
d5 A sec#&d a''!icati#& )i!! e &eeded usi&. the e!ectric )a-i&.
i&stru%e&t, /ee' the %i-ture !iGuid !#&. e&#u.h s# that ca'i!!ar"
acti#& ca& dra) it i&t# the %ar.i&a! discre'a&cies* The rest#rati#&
is c#%'!eted i& the c#&(e&ti#&a! %a&&er* I$ r#u&di&. #$ the
%ar.i&s is e-'erie&ced duri&. .!a3i&., usi&. a sh#u!der '#rce!ai&
rather tha& a #d" '#rce!ai& i& the )a- %i-ture is rec#%%e&ded*
/dantages and disadantages:

"ethod /dantages Disadantages
0!ati&u% $#i!
N# sh#u!der Ti%e
'#rce!ai& a&d est
esthetics
G##d %ar.i&a!
ada'tati#&
S%##th
sur$ace, i&crease '!aGue
c#&su%i&.
Di$$icu!t
Wa- sus'e&si#& Se'arates easi!"
Sh#u!der
'#rce!ai& &eeded
Less
accurate $it
Direct !e$t Least ti%e c#&su%i&.
Sh#u!der
'#rce!ai& &eeded
R#u.her
%ar.i&s
/## 6 CER/"IC RESTOR/TIONS:
The chie$ disad(a&ta.e #$ the ear!" rest#rati#&s )as their
!#) stre&.th, )hich !i%ited their use t# !#) stress situati#&, such as
a&teri#r teeth* E(e& s#, $racture )as a $air!" c#%%#& #ccurre&ce,
)hich 'r#%'ted the de(e!#'%e&t #$ hi.her?stre&.th %ateria!*
These de(e!#'%e&t ha(e $#!!#)ed t)# 'ath
o T)# cera%ic %ateria! a hi.h stre&.th ut &#&esthetic c#re
%ateria! is (e&eered )ith esthetic '#rce!ai& ut c#!#r #$
cera%ic c#re is easi!" %as/ed
o De(e!#'%e&t #$ a cera%ic that c#%i&es .##d esthetics
)ith hi.h stre&.th*
/ll ceramic systems
/luminous core ceramics:
McLea& a&d Hu.hes :>CA*
Ad(#cated usi&. a!u%i&#us '#rce!ai&, )hich is c#%'#sed
#$ a!u%i&u% #-ide cr"sta!s dis'ersed i& a .!ass" %atri-* Their
rec#%%e&dati#& )as ased #& the use #$ a!u%i&a rei&$#rced
'#rce!ai& i& the e!ectrica! i&dustr" a&d the $act that a!u%i&a has
i&crease $racture t#u.h&ess a&d hard&ess*
Meth#d c#&sists #$ #&di&. a!u%i&#us '#rce!ai& t#
'!ati&u% $#i! c#'i&.s* Attach%e&t #$ the '#rce!ai& is secured "
e!ectr#'!ati&. the '!ati&u% $#i! )ith a thi& !a"er #$ ti& a&d the&
#-idi3i&. it i& the $ur&ace t# 'r#duce a c#&ti&u#us $i!% #$ ti& #-ide
$#r '#rce!ai& #&di&.*
The rati#&a!e ? $#i! act as i&&er s/i& decrease susur$ace
'#r#sit" a&d $#r%ati#& #$ %icr# crac/s i& the '#rce!ai&, i&crease
stre&.th*
0rocedure:
a5 C#re '#rce!ai& ui!du'*
5 Thi& !ade is used t# $#r% a cer(ica! ditch )hich )i!! 're(e&t the
%atri- $r#% ec#%i&. dist#rted duri&. the $irst $iri&.*
c5 The $ired cure sh#u!d e chec/ed )ith a thic/&ess .ua.e*
d5 F#i! is reada'ted t# the %ar.i& a&d the ditch is $i!!ed )ith
additi#&a! '#rce!ai&* C#re sh#u!d e %uch thi&&er #& the $acia!
sur$ace $#r esthetic reas#&*
e5 C#re is seated #& the )#r/i&. cast e$#re the a''!icati#& #$ #d"
a&d i&cisa! '#rce!ai&s*
/dantages: 8etter i& esthetics c#%'ared t# %eta! cera%ic that
e%'!#"s a %eta! c#'i&.*
Disadantages: Stre&.th is i&adeGuate t# e used $#r '#steri#r teeth
Mc!ea& has re'#rted a $racture rate #$ %#!ar a!u%i&#us '#rce!ai&
cr#)& #$ a''r#-i%ate!" :AE a$ter A; "ears*
Slip cast ceramics 6
I&? Cera% A!u%i&a, I&? Cera% S'i&e!! a&d I&? Cera% Dirc#&ia
a5 S!urr" #$ #&e #$ these %ateria!s is s!i'?cast #& a '#r#us re$ract#r"
die a&d heated i& a $ur&ace t# 'r#duce a 'artia!!" si&tered c#'i&.
#r $ra%e)#r/*
5 The 'artia!!" si&tered c#re is i&$i!trated )ith .!ass at ::77 $#r ; hrs
t# e!i%i&ate '#r#sit" a&d t# stre&.th s!i' cast c#re*
c5 Decreased shri&/a.e thus .##d $it*
d5 F!e-ura! stre&.th ICS <BA7 M'a, ICAOA77 M'a, ICDO677 M'a
STE0S .OR ./5RIC/TION O. IN9CER/" 0ROST%ESIS:
:5 0re'are teeth )ith a& #cc!usa! reducti#& #$ :*A?@%% a&d a
hea(" circu%$ere&tia! cha%$er4:*@5*
@5 Ma/e a& i%'ressi#& a&d '#ur @ dies
B5 A''!" a!u%i&iu% #-ide #& a '#r#us du'!icate die
;5 Heat at :@7 $#r @ hrs t# dr" a!u%i&iu% #-ide
A5 Si&ter the c#'i&. $#r :7 hrs at ::@7
C5 A''!" a s#diu% !a&tha&u% .!ass s!urr" %i-ture #& the
c#'i&.
65 Fire $#r ; hrs at ::@7 t# a!!#) i&$i!trati#& #$ .!ass
=5 Tri% e-cess .!ass $r#% the c#'i&. )ith dia%#&d urs
>5 8ui!d u' the c#re )ith de&ti& a&d e&a%e! '#rce!ai& a&d $ire
*
%ot pressed ceramic 6
G!ass cera%ic is a %ateria! that is $#r%ed i&t# desired sha'e as a .!ass ,
the& suJected t# heat treat%e&t t# i&duce 'artia! de(itri$icati#&* The
cr"sta!!i&e 'artic!es, &eed!es #r '!ates $#r%ed duri&. the cera%%i&.
'r#cess ser(e t# i&terru't the 'r#'a.ati#& #$ crac/s i& the %ateria!s*
??G!ass cera%ic i& de&tistr" )as $irst 'r#'#sed " Mac Cu!!#ch i& :>C=*
0ressa!e cera%ic uses a 'ist#& t# $#rce a heated cera%ic i&.#t thr#u.h a
heated i&t# a %#u!d, )here the cera%ic $#r% c##!s a&d harde&s t# the
sha'e #$ the %#u!d* )he& the #Ject has s#!idi$ied , the re$ract#r" %#!d
is r#/e& a'art a&d cera%ic 'iece is re%#(ed* The& it is stai&ed , .!a3ed
#r (e&eered )ith #&e #r %#re !a"er #$ ther%a!!" c#%'ati!e cera%ics*

eg I0S E%'ress :< c#&tai&s i&creased c#&ce&trati#& #$ !eucite BA
(#!u%e E that i&creases the resista&ce t# crac/ 'r#'a.ati#&* Ad(a&ta.e
<tra&s!uce&t cera%ic c#re , %#derate!" i&creased $!e-ura! stre&.th a&d
e-ce!!e&t $it a&d esthetics*
I0S E%'ress @ ??? Lithia disi!icate cr"sta!s rei&$#rces .!ass
cera%ic*Ve&eeri&. cera%ic c#&tai&s a'atite cr"sta!s causes !i.ht
scatteri&. i& a )a" that rese%!es the scatteri&. " the structure a&d
c#%'#&e&ts #$ t##th e&a%e!
8#th I0S E%'ress : a&d @ ha(e !#) t# %#derate!" i&crease $!e-ura!
stre&.th a&d $racture t#u.h&ess* These 'r#'erties !i%it their use t#
c#&ser(ati(e desi.&s #& !#) a&d %#derate stress e&(ir#&%e&t*
0rocedure: a5 Wa- the rest#rati#& t# $i&a! c#&t#ur* S'rue a&d i&(est as
)ith c#&(e&ti#&a! .#!d casti&.s* I$ (e&eeri&. tech&iGue is used #&!" the
#d" '#rce!ai& sha'e is )a-ed*
5 Heat the i&(est%e&t t# =77
7
C t# ur& #ut the )a- 'atter&*
c5 I&sert a cera%ic I.&#t #$ the a''r#'riate shade a&d a!u%i&a '!u&.er i&
the s'rue a&d '!ace the re$ract#r" i& the s'ecia! 'ressi&. $ur&ace*
d5 A$ter heati&. t# ::A7
7
C, the s#$te&ed cera%ic is s!#)!" 'ressed i&t#
the %#!d u&der (acuu%*
e5 A$ter 'ressi&., rec#(er the rest#rati#& $r#% the i&(est%e&t " air#r&e
'artic!e arasi#&, re%#(e the s'rue a&d re$it it t# the die* Esthetics ca& e
e&ha&ced " a''!"i&. a& e&a%e! !a"er #$ %atchi&. '#rce!ai& #r "
addi&. sur$ace characteri3ati#&*


Faricati#& #$ rest#rati#&*
DICOR /ND DICOR "$C 6
Li$e e-'ecta&c" #$ dic#r cr#)&s i& hi.h stress areas is &#t
as .##d as that #$ 0FM cr#)&*
T)# (e&eeri&. %ateria!s t# i%'r#(e c#!#r #$ dic#r are*
Tooth preparation: Sa%e as 0FM e-ce't that $#r I a&d II %#!ars a
reducti#& #$ @%% is rec#%%e&ded*
A-ia! sur$aces sh#u!d e reduced a %i&i%u% #$ :%%
're'arati#& sh#u!d e either a sh#u!der )ith a r#u&ded .i&.i(#a-ia!
!i&e a&.!e F hea(" cha%$er*
C/D9C/":
M#r%a&& a&d 8ra&desti&i $#r the $irst ti%e used a CAD?
CAM de(ice t# di.iti3e a&d st#re ca(it" 'ara%eters, a&d a c#%'uter
%i!!i&. de(ice t# the& sha'e a rest#rati#& #ut #$ the cera%ic !#c/*
C#%%ercia!!" a(ai!a!e as i&te.rated CAD?CAM u&it $#r
de&ta! use i& :>== " Sie%e&s /&#)& as CEREC* This ca%e t#
/&#)& as CEREC : )he& i& se't :>>; a& i%'r#(ed (ersi#& CEREC
@ )as i&tr#duced*
Dicor plus
C#&sisted #$ 'i.%e&ted
$e!ds'athic '#rce!ai& (e&eer
-illi+s $lass
Ve&eer #$ (itadur N
a!u%i&#us '#rce!ai&
The u&it c#&sists #$ B di%e&si#&a! (ide# ca%eras 4Sca&
head5* A& e!ectr#&ic i%a.e 'r#cess#r %e%#r" u&it a&d a 'r#cess#r
4c#%'uter5 )hich is c#&&ected t# %i&iature %i!!i&. %achi&e*
Cerec : ca&&#t 're'are the #cc!usa! a&at#%"
Cerec @ is a!s# eGui''ed )ith a c"!i&drica! dia%#&d st#&e
)hich as a!e t# $i&ish #$$ u&dercuts at ucca! e-te&si#&s, cur(ed
sh#u!ders at cus' 're'arati#&s a&d the 'r#-i%a! areas*
Caity consideration for C/D9C/" inlays:
ReGuires c#&(e&ti#&a! ca(it" desi.& )ith s!i.ht
%#di$icati#&s t# acc#%%#date c#%'uteri3ed %i!!i&. de(ice*
N# c#&(e-ities sh#u!d e 'rese&t #& 'u!'a! a&d .i&.i(a!
$!##r < Either $!at F c#&ca(e ucc#!i&.ua!!"*
Occ!usa! ste' sh#u!d e 're'ared :*A?@ %% i& de'th a&d a&"
isth%us #r .r##(e e-te&si#& sh#u!d e :*A%% )ide t# decrease the
'#ssii!it" #$ the $racture #$ the rest#rati#&*
8ucca! a&d !i&.ua! )a!!s #$ #cc!usa! '#rti#& #$ the
're'arati#& %a" c#&(er.e t#)ards the #cc!usa!* This $eature is u&iGue
t# CEREC s"ste% as it ca& aut#%atica!!" !#c/ #ut a&" u&dercuts
duri&. the #'tica! i%'ressi#&* A %#re c#&ser(ati(e ca(it" 're'arati#&
is there$#re 'er%issi!e a!#&. the #cc!usa! as'ect es'ecia!!" )he&
re'!aci&. #!d a%a!.a% rest#rati#&s )here u&dercuts )ere 'ur'#se!"
.i(e& $#r rete&ti#&* The $acia! a&d !i&.ua! )a!!s i& the 'r#-i%a! #-
are 're'ared i& the usua! $ashi#& )ith s!i.ht di(er.e&ce t#)ards the
#cc!usa!, c#&(er.e&ce is &#t .i(e& there s# as t# a(#id e-cessi(e!"
thic/ c#%'#site ce%e&t !i&es*
A-ia! )a!! strai.ht a&d &#t $#!!#) c#&(e- c#&t#ur #$ the
'r#-i%a! sur$ace #$ the t##th*
N# ca(#sur$ace #r %ar.i&a! e(e!s*
.ie steps are basically inoled in any type of C/D9C/" system:
': Computeri<ed surface digiti<ation
A$ter t##th 're'arati#& a sca&&i&. de(ice is used t# c#!!ect
i&$#r%ati#& #& the sha'e #$ the 're'arati#& ca!!ed as =Optical
impression>!
A& i%a.e #$ the 're'arati#& is dis'!a"ed #& the %#&it#r*
Re'eated #'tica! i%'ressi#&s are ta/e& u&ti! the %#st idea! is $#u&d
a&d st#red i& the c#%'uter*
Sca&&i&. de(ices ca& e either
Ca& e 're'ared direct!" F i&direct!"
/dantages:
Fr#% ca(it" 're'arati#& t# #&di&. #&e sessi#&*
AdJust%e&t d#&e i& %#uth #(iati&. the &eed $#r #''#si&.
cast a&d articu!at#r %#u&ti&., !a $aci!ities &#t reGuired*
I&teri% rest#rati#& &#t &ecessar", &# !#st te%'#rar",
se&siti(e&ess a&d %icr#!ea/a.e*
Mecha&ica!
? 8" 'r#$i!#%eter F 'i& '#i&t
se&s#rs are (er" 'recise*
H#)e(er the" ha(e
sh#rtc#%i&.
? Sca&&i&. ti' 'r#duces err#rs
i& %easuri&. stee' $!a&/s
a&d dist#rt easi!"*
? U&dercut areas a&d %arr#)
.a's !i/e $issure
a!s# ca&&#t e e-'!#red
a&d ha(e t# e !#c/ed #ut*
O'tica!
4I&$rared (ide# ca%era5
? N#t a!e t# %easure hi.h!"
tra&s'are&t re$!ecti(e
sur$aces a&d s# e&a%e! has
t# e c#(ered )ith '#)der
#r )ater s#!u!e c#!#ur*
?
Disadantages:
Waste #$ e-'e&si(e chair ti%e i& case #$ di$$icu!t" duri&.
%i!!i&. #r desi.&i&.
Ti%e reGuired is i&creased*
Mu!ti'!e 'ractiti#&ers shari&. sa%e CAD?CAM
si%u!ta&e#us a''#i&t%e&t ca&&#t e .i(e&*
?: Computer aided designing: i&(#!(es three di%e&si#&a! i%a.e
'r#cessi&.*
The #'erat#r e&ters data a&d c#&$ir%s the $eatures #$ the
're'arati#& !i/e #u&daries #$ the rest#rati#&, '#siti#& #$ the .i&.i(a!
%ar.i&s, 'r#-i%a! c#&tacts a&d c#&t#urs, ucca! a&d !i&.ua!
e-te&si#&s etc*
The c#!!ected data is $urther 'r#cessed " cur(e
s%##the&i&. a&d i$ &ecessar" " data reducti#&* U&dercuts ca& e
!#c/ed at this sta.e*
@: Computer aided manufacturing AC/":
The ca(it" sur$ace #$ i&!a"s, #&!a"s a&d cr#)&s are %i!!ed
t# the di%e&si#&s #$ the sca&&ed i%a.e )ith dia%#&d dis/s #r #ther
i&stru%e&ts that are e!ectrica!!" dri(e& a&d !uricated )ith )ater*
Cerec : #cc!usa! sur$ace ca&&#t e .r#u&d < is c#%'!eted
!ater " the #'erat#r usi&. Dia%#&d urs*
Cerec @ ca& $#r% #cc!usa! sur$ace a!s#* C#&tr#!!ed cutti&.
#$ the cera%ic is d#&e " r#tati#& #$ the !#c/, h#ri3#&ta! %#(e%e&t
#$ the !#c/ i&t# the )hee! a&d (ertica! %#(e%e&t #$ the cutti&.
)hee!* The $it #$ the rest#rati#& is c#&$ir%ed i& the 'atie&ts %#uth
a&d a&" &ecessar" adJust%e&ts %ade*
The i&!a" is the& 're'ared $#r #&di&. )hich i&c!udes
're'arati#& #$ the rest#rati#& a&d the t##th* Etchi&. is d#&e #& the
ca(it" sur$ace #$ the i&!a" either )ith a %icr#etcher a&d F #r
a%%#&iu% i$!uride #r h"dr#$!u#ric acid* A$ter etchi&., a si!a&e
#&di&. e&ha&cer is 'ai&ted #&t# the sur$ace* De'e&di&. #& the
#&di&. s"ste% used, the a''r#'riate 'ri%er a&d #&di&. a.e&t are
a''!ied t# the t##th sur$ace a&d the& ce%e&ted*
G!a3i&. %a" &#t e reGuired i& these rest#rati#& as the" are
easi!" '#!ished*

Disadantages C/D9C/":
:5 I&itia! hi.h c#st $#r the 'urchase #$ u&it
@5 Ti%e a&d c#st %ust e i&(ested t# %aster the tech&iGue*
B5 C#&t#uri&. #$ the #cc!usa! sur$ace %a" sti!! ha(e t# e
carried #ut " the c!i&icia&*
Cerce ? system: B %ateria!s ca& e used )ith this s"ste%*
,ita mar8 II : C#&tai&s sa&idi&e 41AISi
B
O
=
5 as a %aJ#r cr"sta!!i&e
'hase )ithi& a .!ass" %atri-*
Dicor "$C: Mica?ased %achi&a!e .!ass cera%ic that c#&tai&s 67 (#!
E #$ cr"sta!!i&e 'hase +H#use #$ cards, Micr#structure $#u&d i& Dic#r
MGC is due t# the i&ter!#c/i&. #$ the s%a!! '!ate!et* Sha'ed %ica
cr"sta!s )ith a& a(era.e si3e #$ : t# @P%* This 'articu!ar %icr#structure
!eads t# %u!ti'!e crac/ de$!ecti#& a&d e&sures a .reater stre&.th tha&
!eucite?c#&tai&i&. cera%ics*
0r#cad is !eucite?c#&tai&i&. cera%ic desi.&ed $#r %a/i&.
%achi&e rest#rati#&s*
Faricati#& ti%e $#r cr#)& is a#ut @7 %i&
Copy milling techni4ue:
8est /&#)& c#'" .ri&di&. s"ste% is ce!a" 4Mi/r#&s
S)it3er!a&d5 :>>: c#%%ercia!!"
Ori.i&a!!", the s"ste% )as de(e!#'ed t# 'r#duce i&!a"s a&d
#&!a"s, h#)e(er rece&t cr#)& c#'i&.s, rid.e sustructure a&d
(e&eers*
Ce!a" !#c/s, i&cera% s'i&e! a&d i&cera% used*
C#'" %i!!i&. tech&iGue is ased #& the idea #$ $irst
$aricati&. a 'r#t#t"'e i&!a"?ca!!ed 'r#?i&!a" )hich is the& c#'ied
usi&. a sca&&i&. t##! #r %icr#'a!'ati#& %eth#d* The $i&a! rest#rati#&
is the& %i!!ed $r#% a 're$#r%ed cera%ic !#c/* It is hi.h!" &ecessar"
t# stress here that a&" car(i&. F t##th 're'arati#& sh#u!d e $ree #$
u&dercuts*
C#&ser(ati(e a''r#ach is the !#c/i&. #$ u&dercuts i& the
ca(it" " usi&. a resi& %#di$ied .!ass i#&#%er #& the die i$ a&
i&direct %eth#d #$ %a&u$acturi&. is used*
0r#i&!a" is $aricated )ith a !ue resi& ased c#%'#site
4ce!a" tech5 %ade direct!" #& a 're'ared t##th #r i&direct!" #& a die
%ade $r#% the i%'ressi#&* The 'r#t#t"'e is $i-ed i&t# the ce!a" u&it*
As the sur$ace #$ the 'r#i&!a" is sca&&ed )ith a traci&. t##! 4s%##th
disc5, a c#arse dia%#&d c#ated disc 4:@; % .rai& si3e5
si%u!ta&e#us!" r#u.hs #ut the sha'e #$ the cera%ic rest#rati#&*
A true )hite '#)der is a''!ied t# the 'r#i&!a" a&d the
sca&&i&. is a.ai& d#&e usi&. a s%##th disc a&d $issured a&d ta'ered
urs* Matchi&. $i&e dia%#&d disc a&d urs 4C7?67 % .rai& si3e5
re$i&e the sha'e #$ the .r#ss cera%ic rest#rati#&*
O&ce the )hite '#)der is c#%'!ete!" traced #$$, %i!!i&. #$
cera%ic i&!a" is c#&sidered c#%'!ete*
A(era.e ti%e ta/e& is @7?B7 %i&*
O&e 'r#!e% $reGue&t!" e&c#u&tered is di$$icu!t" i&
#tai&i&. 'r#i&a!"*
Mar.i&a! accurac" see%s t# e .##d, a !itt!e etter tha&
CEREC @ s"ste%*
Cerce @: ne1
Vie) a!! sur$ace #$ the rest#rati#& $r#% a!! a&.!es a&d %a/e
a&" %#di$icati#&s reGuired )ith the '#ssii!it" t# i%%ediate!"
(ie)i&. a&d assessi&. the e$$ects #& the e&tire rest#rati#&*
Has ai!it" t# su'eri%'#se #'tica! i%'ressi#&s #$ the
're'arati#& a&d the a&ta.#&ists 'er%its #'ti%a! adJust%e&ts #$ the
'r#-i%a! a&d #cc!usa! c#&tacts t# the &ei.h#ri&. a&d #''#si&. teeth*
0rofessor 2orda $r#% u&i(ersit" #$ Grei$s)a!d, 'r#(ided a
rea/ thr#u.h i& )hich a cr#)& )ith suita!e #cc!usa! sur$ace eru'ts
i&t# the #cc!usa! sur$ace #$ the a&ta.#&ists u&ti! it has reached a sta!e
'#siti#& )ith %a-i%u% i&tercus'ati#& ca!!ed 8i#%i%etic 'r#cess*
CEREC sh#)s a !ist #$ a(ai!a!e t##th dataase a$ter
se!ecti#& #$ the %#st a''r#'riate dataase, CEREC aut#%atica!!" $its
the cr#)& et)ee& the &ei.h#ri&. teeth, a&d use the% t# adJust the
'#siti#& a&d hei.ht #$ the #cc!usi#&* Thus a#(e %e&ti#&ed
i#%i%etic 'r#cedure ta/e '!ace*
CEREC tur&s a&d shi$ts the #cc!usa! sur$ace #$ the se!ected
dataase cr#)& i& a!! directi#& u&ti! it $its #'ti%a!!" t# the #''#si&.
teeth*
CEREC BD < 'r#cess &#t #&!" c#'ied $r#% the &ature ut
a!s# is %uch $aster a&d %#re e$$icie&t tha& a!! e-isti&. %eth#d $#r
de(e!#'i&. #cc!usi#&*
Other adantages:
Sec#&d rest#rati#& ca& e desi.&ed )hi!e $irst is ei&.
%i!!ed*
The .ri&di&. u&it is a!s# eGui''ed )ith a !aser sca&&er a&d
ca& a!s# e used $#r i&direct a''!icati#&*
EGui''ed )ith i&tra#ra! (ide# ca%era F di.ita! radi#.ra'h"
u&it $#r 'atie&t educati#& a&d $#r user trai&i&.*
0ROCER/ /## CER/" S&STE": I&(#!(es a& i&dustria!
CADFCAM 'r#cess* The Die is %echa&ica!!" sca&&ed " the tech&icia&,
a&d the data are se&t t# a )#r/ stati#& )here a& e&!ar.ed die is %i!!ed
usi&. a c#%'uter c#&tr#!!ed %i!!i&. %achi&e* This e&!ar.e%e&t is
&ecessar" t# c#%'e&sate $#r the si&teri&. shri&/a.e*
A!u%i&iu% #-ide '#)der is the& c#%'acted #&t# the die,
a&d the c#'"i&. is %i!!ed e$#re si&teri&. at (er" hi.h te%'erature
4K:AA7
7
C5*
The c#'i&. is $urther (e&eered )ith a& a!u%i&#us cera%ic
)ith %atched ther%a! e-'a&si#&*
G##d c!i&ica! 'er$#r%a&ce a&d %ar.i&a! ada'tati#&*
Ma" e suita!e $#r '#steri#r cr#)&s a&d F0D a!th#u.h
!#&. ter% data are &eeded*
0rocedure:
T##th 're'arati#&
Cast %ade i& c#&(e&ti#&a! )a" ut the die is ditched t#
%a/e the %ar.i& easier t# ide&ti$" duri&. sca&&i&.*
Die is %a''ed usi&. c#&tact sca&&er*
Desi.& #$ the rest#rati#& is tra&s$erred t# the %a&u$acturer
(ia c#%'uter !i&e*
0r#ducti#& 'r#cess starts )ith %i!!i&. a& e&!ar.ed die t#
c#%'e&sate $#r the si&teri&. shri&/a.e
A& e&!ar.ed hi.h?a!u%i&a c#'i&. is %i!!ed that shri&/s t#
the desired sha'e a$ter si&teri&.*
The c#'i&. is retur&ed t# the !a#rat#r", a&d #&d" a&d
i&cisa! '#rce!ai& are a''!ied i& the c#&(e&ti#&a! %a&&er*
Cicero Dental Systems 5!,!
Cicer#?c#%'uter i&te.rated cera%ic rec#&structi#& ??%ORN
Netherlands!
Uses #'tica! sca&&i&., cera%ic si&teri&. a&d c#%'uter
assisted %i!!i&. tech&iGues t# $aricate rest#rati#&s )ith %a-i%u%
static a&d d"&a%ic #cc!usa! c#&tacts re!ati#&*
Tech&iGue c#&sists #$ #'tica!!" di.iti3i&. a ."'su% die,
desi.&i&. the cr#)& !a"er ui!d u', a&d suseGue&t 'ressi&.,
si&teri&. a&d %i!!i&. c#&secuti(e !a"ers #$ shaded hi.h stre&.th
a!u%i&a c#re %ateria!, a !a"er #$ de&ti& '#rce!ai&, a&d a $i&a! !a"er #$
i&cisa! '#rce!ai&* Fi&a! $i&ishi&. is 'er$#r%ed i& the de&ta!
!a#rat#r"*
A!!#)s e$$icie&t 'r#ducti#& #$ a!! cera%ic rest#rati#&s
)ith#ut c#%'r#%isi&. #& esthetic #r $u&cti#&*

CONC#USION
A!th#u.h 'redicta!" str#&.er %ateria!s ha(e ee& de(e!#'ed the
u&i(ersa! use #$ a!! cera%ic rest#rati#&s is &#t "et a rea!it"* H#)e(er
c!i&ica! e(a!uati#& #$ rece&t de(e!#'%e&ts %a" i&dicate their )ider
usa.e*
It is &# e-a..erati#& t# state that the !ast ce&tur" sa) a re(#!uti#& i&
de&ta! esthetics a&d is e-'ected t# c#&ti&ue, )hich )i!! e i&$!ue&tia! i&
deter%i&i&. the ra&.e #$ cera%ic 'r#ducts %ade a(ai!a!e*
RE.ERENCES
:5 0hi!!i's scie&ce #$ de&ta! %ateria! ??? A&usa(ice, QI editi#&
@5 Rest#rati(e de&ta! %ateria!OCrai.,0#)ers QI editi#&*
B5 C#&te%'#rar" $i-ed 'r#sth#d#&ticsOR#se&stie!, La&d a&d FuJi%#t#
;5 Fu&da%e&ta!s #$ $i-ed 'r#sth#d#&ticOShi!!i&.er. III edi*
A5 Ad(a&ces i& c!i&ica! 'r#sth#d#&ticsOGe&t, Ge&e(e*
C5 Fi-ed 'r#sth#d#&tics*DCNA@77; (#!;=,&# @*
65 Art a&d scie&ce #$ de&ta! cera%ic???M#h& Mc!ea&*