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Laws of casting

Ingersoll & Walding (1986) formulated an expanded set of 17 separate


recommendations for spruing, inesting, !urnout, melting & casting
procedures" #ollectiel$ t%ese guidelines are referred to as &t%e laws of
casting'"


1
st
Law of #asting
(ttac% t%e pattern sprue former to t%e t%ic)est portion of t%e wax pattern*
+ ,%is proides t%e molten metal to flow from larger diameter to t%inner
sections
+ -enalt$* cold s%uts, s%ort margins and incomplete casting

.
nd
Law of #asting
/rient wax patterns so all t%e restoration margins will face t%e trailing edge
w%en t%e ring is positioned in t%e casting mac%ine*
+ (dd a wax dot to t%e cruci!le so t%at, it will guide us in placing t%e ring in
casting mac%ine
+ -enalt$* cold s%uts and s%ort margins
0
rd
Law of #asting
-osition t%e patterns in t%e &cold 1one' of t%e inestment and reseroir in
t%e &%eat center' of t%e casting ring*
+ (d%erence to t%is law causes porosit$ in t%e reseroir
+ -enalt$* s%rin)age porosit$
2
t%
Law of #asting
( reseroir must %ae sufficient molten allo$ to accommodate t%e
s%rin)age occurring wit%in t%e restorations*
+ 3olten metal s%rin)s and creates a acuum, for complete casting acuum
must !e a!le to draw additional metal from ad4acent source"
+ -enalt$* s%rin)age porosit$ and5or suc)6!ac) porosit$"
7
t%
law of casting
8o not cast a !utton if a connector !ar or anot%er internal reseroir is used*
+ Wit% indirect spruing t%e largest mass of metal s%ould !e t%e reseroir
+ ( !utton can draw aaila!le molten allo$ from t%e !ar, s%ift t%e %eat centre
and reduce t%e feed of t%e metal to t%e restorations
+ Wax patterns s%ould not !e larger t%an t%e connector !ar
+ Weig% t%e sprued patterns and use t%e wax pattern6allo$ conersion c%art
-enalt$* s%rin)age porosit$ and suc) !ac) porosit$ (potential distortion during
porcelain firing)"
6
t%
law of casting
,ur!ulance must !e minimi1ed, if not totall$ eliminated
+ 9liminate s%arp turns, restrictions, points or impingements t%at mig%t create
tur!ulance and occlude air in t%e casting
+ :estrictions or constrictions can accelerate t%e metals flow and a!rade t%e
mold surface (mold was%)
+ -enalt$6 oids and 5or surface pitting
7
t%
law of casting
;elect a casting ring of sufficient lengt% and diameter to accommodate t%e
patterns to !e inested
+ ,%e casting ring s%ould permit t%e patterns to !e < inc% apart and < inc%
from t%e top of inestment and 058 inc% of inestment !etween pattern and
ring liner
+ -enalt$6 mold fracture, casting fins and s%rin)age porosit$
8
t%
law of casting
Increase t%e wetta!ilit$ of wax pattern
+ Wetting agent s%ould !e !rus%ed or stained on t%e patterns and dried !efore
inesting
+ ,oo muc% wetting can wea)en t%e inestment and produce !u!!les or fins
on t%e casting
+ -enalt$6 !u!!les (due to air entrapment)
9
t%
law of casting
Weig% an$ !ul) inestment and measure t%e inestment li=uid for precise
powder li=uid ratio
+ ( t%ic) mix of inestment increases inestment expansion and produces
loose fitting castings
+ ,%inner mix $ields less expansion wit% tig%ter fitting castings
+ -enalt$6 ill fitting casting
1>
t%
law of casting
9liminate t%e incorporation ofair in t%e casting inestment and remoe t%e
ammonia gas !$ ?product of p%osp%ate !onded inestments !$ mixing under
acuums
+ @acuum mixing remoes air and gas proiding an uniform mix wit%out
large oids
+ 9ntrapped air can affect t%e expansion at arious sites of t%e inestment
+ -enalt$6 small nodules, wee) mold and distortion of t%e casting
11
t%
law of casting
(llow t%e casting inestment to set completel$ !efore initiating t%e !urn out
procedure
+ ,%e mold ma$ not wit%stand steam expansion during !urnout if t%e mold is
not set
+ (dise to wait till t%e recommended setting time !$ t%e manufacturer
+ -enalt$6 mold crac)ing5 !lowout or fins on t%e casting
1.
t%
law of casting
Ase a wax elimination tec%ni=ue t%at is specific for t%e t$pe of patterns
inoled and recommended for t%e particular t$pe of casting allo$ selected
+ -lastic sprues s%ould !e %eated slowl$, so t%e$ can soften graduall$ and not
exert pressure, so use a two stage !urnout
+ :ecommended atleast a 0> min %eat soa)ing at 8>>B for t%e first !urnout
+ -enalt$6 cold s%uts, s%ort margins, cold welds, mold crac)s and5or casting
fins
10
t%
law of casting
(de=uate %eat must !e aaila!le to properl$ melt and cast t%e allo$
+ ;elected %eat source s%ould !e capa!le of melting t%e allo$ to t%e point of
sufficient fluidit$
+ ,oo muc% %eat or %ig% temperature can !urn off minor allo$ing elements
and 5or oxidation (!urned metal)
+ -enalt$6 cold s%uts, s%ort margins and cold welds (too little %eat) or roug%
castings and inestment !rea)down (too muc% %eat)
12t% law of casting
W%en torc% casting, use t%e Creducing 1oneD of t%e to melt t%e allo$ and not
t%e oxidi1ing 1one
+ 3elt ac%ieed !$ t%e exclusie use of reducing 1one minimi1es t%e
li)eli%ood of metal oxidation and gas a!sorption and ensures t%e proper melt
+ -enalt$6 gas porosit$ and5 or a c%ange of allo$s =uotient of t%ermal
expansion
17t% law of casting
-roide enoug% force to cause t%e li=uid allo$ to flow into t%e %eated mold
+ Low densit$ metal generall$ needs four winds of a centrifugal casting arm as
compared to %ig%er densit$, gold !ased allo$s
+ 8o not oer wind
+ -enalt$6 cold s%uts, s%ort margins, cold welds (insufficient force), or mold
fracture and fins (too muc% force)
16t% law of casting
#ast towards t%e margins of wax patterns
+ -lace t%e %eated ring in t%e casting cradle using t%e orientation dot, so t%e
pattern margins face t%e trailing edge
+ -enalt$6 cold s%uts, s%ort margins and ot%erwise incomplete castings
17t% law of casting
8o not =uenc% t%e ring immediatel$ after casting*
+ Aneen cooling and s%rin)age !etween allo$ and inestment can appl$
tensile forces to t%e casting dot
+ It can reduce strengt%
+ -enalt$6 %ot tears

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