SDH - Ierarhie digitala sincrona

SDH este o interfata de transmisiune optica la debit inalt, folosita de operator

ii telecom din Europa pentru multiplexarea unor afluenti de ordin imediat inferi
or.
Spre deosbire de vechiul standard PDH acesti afluenti au debite binare riguros i
dentice, de aceea sunt numiti afluenti sincroni.
Debitul digital este transferat folosind lasere si LED-uri.
Standardul este cunoscut in America de Nord - de unde a si fost preluat de Uniun
ea Internationala a Telecomunicatiilor sub denumirea de retea optica sincrona.
Unul dintre obiectivele acestei ierarhii a fost compatibilitatea cu sistemul PDH
(ierarhia digitala plesiocrona), dat fiind ca noul sistem ierarhic urma sa fie
implementat progresiv si trebuia sa convietuiasca in paralel cu ierarhia plesioc
rona deja implementata.
Din acest motiv, departamentul de standardizare al UIT a normat procesul de tran
sfer al cadrelor de tip vechi in noul sistem.
In SDH cadrul bazic este STM-1 (modul de transport sincron 1), cu o viteza de 15
5 Mbps.
A STM-1 frame are o structura orientata pe byte cu 9 randuri si 270 coloane
de bytes, pentru un total de 2,430 bytes
(270 coloane 9 randuri = 2430 bytes). Fiecare byte corespunde unui canal de 64kb
it/sec.
The STM-1 base frame is structured with the following characteristics:
Lungime: 270 coloane 9 randuri = 2430 bytes
Byte: 1 byte = 64kbit/s speech channel
Durata (Frame repetition time): 125 s i.e. 8000 frame/s
Rata (Capacitatea Frame-ului): 2430 8 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s
Payload = 2349bytes 8bits 8000frames/sec = 150.336 Mbit/s
STM-4
The STM-4 (Synchronous Transport Module) is a SDH ITU-T fiber optic network tran
smission standard. It has a bit rate of 622.080 Mbit/s.
The STM-4 specification is designed to carry 7,680 8-bit "voice" frames every 12
5 micro-seconds for a total payload bit rate of 491.520 Mbit/s. The other levels
defined by the SDH standard are STM-1, STM-16 and STM-64. Beyond this we have w
avelength-division multiplexing (WDM) commonly used in submarine cabling.
Although STM-4 is comparable to OC-12 the SDH frame structure allocates more spa
ce to overhead than that of SONET. Because of this, STM-4's payload bandwidth di
ffers from that of OC-12.
SDH Rates
SDH is a transport hierarchy based on multiples of 155.52 Mbit/s. The basic unit
of SDH is STM-1.
Different SDH rates are given below:
STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64
155.520 Mbps 622.080 Mbps 2,488.320 Mbps 9,953.280 Mbps
Each rate is an exact multiple of the lower rate, therefore the hierarchy is syn
chronous. !!!
STM-4 frame structure
The basic STM-4 carrier frame consists of eight overheads, four pointers and a s
pace for the payload. The overheads are the regeneration section overhead (RSOH)
, associated with the regenerators, and the multiplex section overhead (MSOH), a
ssociated with the multiplexers.
The space for the payload carries the VC-4 container, the first byte of which is
signaled by the AU-4 pointer, and which is allowed to move in order to accommod
ate frequency
In previous sections we have looked at an example in which a 140 Mbit/s signal w
as mapped into a VC-4, but the multiplexing map lets the STM-4 signal transport
other types of Plesiochronous signals and even combinations of signals. All the
possibilities are shown in the table below:
Composition 2 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s
1x VC-4 0 0 1
3x VC-3 0 3 0
21xVC-12 + 2xVC-3 21 2 0
42xVC-12 + 1xVC-3 42 1 0
63xVC-12 63 0 0
The basic STM-1 transport rate is 155.520 Mbit/s and is defined in the ITU-T rec
ommendation G.707.
As mentioned above, the overhead of an STM-4 signal (SOH) is divided into two pa
rts: the MSOH and the RSOH. The overheads contain information from the system it
self, which is used for a wide range of management functions, such as monitoring
transmission quality, detecting failures, managing alarms, data communication c
hannels, service channels, etc. These functions will be described in more detail
in the section on network management services.
An STM-4 frame consists of 36 rows each containing 270 bytes. This is a direct m
ultiple of STM-1, which consists of 9 rows each containing 270 bytes. The frame
frequency of 32 kHz has also been chosen as a 4x multiple of that of STM-1, so t
hat one byte of frame corresponds to the transmission capacity of a 64 kbit/s ch
annel.
The first 36 bytes of each row of a frame (with the exception of row 16) contain
a Section OverHead. The first 36 bytes of row 16 contain the AU pointer (payloa
d address). The field consisting of 1044X36 bytes is for payload transmission (T
he STM payload is known as the Virtual Container (VC) and consists of the actual
payload, known as the Container (C) and additional overhead known as Path Over
Head (POH), for path related information).
The Virtual Container is not located rigidly in the frame but can move around fr
eely in the payload section. The pointer indicates the position of the first byt
e of the VC (which is always the first byte of the POH). This allows a VC receiv
ed in the multiplexer to be matched to a pre-specified frame phase of the STM-4.