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Michelle Blouin
Acute Cholecystitis
caused by gallstones in 90% - 95% of the cases (Kimura et al., 2007). According to Fromm and
motility disorders, direct chemical injury, infections with microorganisms, collagen disease and
allergic reactions are just some of the causes of inflammation and obstruction of the gallbladder
(Kimura et al., 2007). When gallstones are present, the degree of inflammation depends on the
According to Bellows and Berger (2005), strong risk factors for symptomatic gallstone
disease are, a family history of a cholecystectomy, in a first-degree relative, and obesity (defined
as body mass index greater than 30 kg per m2. Kimura et al. (2007), states that another risk
factor for ACC, in obese individuals, is dieting or the drastic flunctuations of weight. It is well
documented that the incidence of acute cholecystitis is higher in females than males, with a
female to male ratio of 3:1 (Fromm and Mulagha, 1999). According to Kimura et al. (2007)
levels of estrogen and progesterone are involvded in the formations of gallstones; therefore,
women taking oral contraceptives or pregnant women are at greater risk of developing
gallstones. Kimura et al. (2007) further discusses risk factors termed the termed “4F” or “5F”
(fair, fat, female, fertile, and forty), with progesterone and estrogen levels being the common
factor.
Pathophysiology
With ACC, gallbladder neck distention and gallbladder wall edema, that can progress to
venous lymphatic obstruction, ischemia, and necrosis, is caused by gallbladder neck obstructtion
that causees an increase in intraluminal pressure (Barkun & Yusoff, 2003). Mediators that have
phospholipase A, and prostaglandins (Barkun & Yusoff, 2003). Prostaglandins are believed to
play a key role in mediating inflammation (Barkun and Yusoff, 2003). If the obstruction is partial
and of short duration the patient experiences biliary colic; however, if the obstruction is complete
and of long duration the patient develops acute cholecystitis (Kimura et al, 2007). Fromm and
Mulagha (1999) mentioned that the bile is often sterile initially, but bacterial infection may
develop leading to a more serious disease pathology. The organisms most commonly cultured are
enteric bacteria including Escherichia coli (E. Coli), Klebsiella, and Enterococcus (Burkun
&Yusoff, 2003). Once a patient is symptomatic, the rate of biliary complications rises and
The hallmark signs of ACC are acute onset of right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain (usually
radiating to the shoulder blade), nausea, vomiting, and fever (Fromm and Mulagha, 1999).
Another sign of ACC ,which is explained an an interruption of inspiration during deep palpation
under the liver, is termed Murphy’s sign, and is a direct clinical finding, but not necessarily a
constant one (Fromm & Mulagha, 1999). According to Barkun and Yusoff (2003), a positive
Murphy’s sign is highly sensitive and predictive of ACC. Bellow and Berger (2005) emphasize
that recurrent pain is common once symtpoms begin and serious complications are more likely to
The combination of prolonged, constant right upper quadrant pain and tenderness with
fever are highly suggestive of ACC (Barkun & Yusoff, 2003). For accurate diagnosis, labs should
also be obtained and leukocytosis with increased neutrophils and band forms is usually present
(Barkun & Yusoff, 2003). A definitive diagnosis is usually made with an ultrasound.
Ultrasonagraphy does not always confirm the diagnosis of ACC, but is highly sensitive and
specific for the presence of gallstones greater than 2mm (Barkun & Yusoff, 2003). Walling
(2005) concurs and further reports that ultrasound can visualize the stones, measure the gall
bladder wall thickness, and gallbladder distention commonly used to make the diagnosis of ACC.
According to Fromm and Mulagha (1999), no test by itself is diagnostic; however, ultrasound is
less expensive and easier to obtain. Recent research has shown that ultrasound is the diagnostic
test chosen by physicians because it is non invasive, cost effective, involves no ionizing
radiation, and has a reported specificity of 99 percent for detecting gallstones (Bellow & Berger,
2005).
Conclusion
disease process leading to rupture, sepsis, and death. When a definitive diagnosis is made,
surgical cholecystectomy has been the treatment of choice for ACC (Barkun & Yusoff, 2003).
Cholecystectomy provides 92 percent of patients with complete relief of biliary pain, is safe and
Barkun, J.S. & Yusoff, I.F. (2003). Diagnosis and management of cholecystitis and cholangitis.
8553(03)00090-6
Bellows, C.F. & Berger, D.H. (2005). Management of gallstones. American Family Physician,
Gastroenterology. 2, 144-146.
Kimura, Y., Takada, T., Kawarda, Y., Nimura, Y., Hirata, K., Sekimoto, M.,…Gadacz, T.R.
Doi:10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y.
Walling, A.D. (2005). How well does ultrasonagraphy diagnose cholecystitis. American Family