Nebuchadnezzar II

Nab-kudurri-usur
King of Babylon
An engraving on an eye stone of onyx
with an inscription of Nebuchadnezzar
II
[1]
Reign ca. 605 562 BC
Born ca. 634 BC
Died ca. 562 BC
Predecessor Nabopolassar
Successor Amel-Marduk
Father Nabopolassar
Nebuchadnezzar II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Nebuchadnezzar" redirects here. For other uses, see Nebuchadnezzar
(disambiguation).
Nebuchadnezzar II (
i
/nbjkdnzr/;
Aramaic: ; Hebrew:
Nanear; Ancient Greek:
Naboukhodonsr;
Arabic: nibaniar; c 634 562
BC) was king of the Neo-Babylonian
Empire, who reigned c. 605 BC 562 BC.
He is credited with the construction of the
Hanging Gardens of Babylon and for the
destruction of the First Temple. He is
featured in the Book of Daniel and is
mentioned in several other books of the
Bible.
The Akkadian name, Nab-kudurri-uur,
means "O god Nabu, preserve/defend my
rstborn son". Nabu, son of the god
Marduk, is the Babylonian deity of wisdom.
In an inscription, Nebuchadnezzar styles
himself as Nabu's "beloved" and "favourite".
[2][3]
His name has previously been
mistakenly interpreted as "O Nabu, defend
my kudurru",
[4]
in which sense a kudurru is
an inscribed stone deed of property.
However, when contained in a ruler's title,
kudurru approximates to "rstborn son" or
"oldest son".
[5]
Variations of the Hebrew
form include and (Nuarear). He is also known as Bakhat
Nasar, which means "winner of the fate", or literally, "fate winner".
[citation needed]
Contents
1 Life
2 Construction activity
3 Portrayal in the Bible
3.1 Bout of insanity
Nebuchadnezzar II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nebuc...
1 of 13 2014-05-09 21:03
3.2 Helel, Son of the Morning
4 Portrayal in medieval Muslim sources
4.1 Destruction of Jerusalem
4.2 Sources
5 Nebuchadnezzar in ction
6 Named after Nebuchadnezzar
7 Notes and references
7.1 Notes
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Life
Nebuchadnezzar was the oldest son and successor of Nabopolassar, who delivered
Babylon from its three centuries of vassalage to its fellow Mesopotamian state
Assyria, and in alliance with the Medes, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians, laid
Nineveh in ruins. According to Berossus, some years before he became king of
Babylon, Babylonian dynasties were united. There are conicting accounts of
Nitocris of Babylon being either his wife or daughter.
Nabopolassar was intent on annexing the western provinces of Syria (ancient Aram)
from Necho II (whose own dynasty had been installed as vassals of Assyria, and who
was still hoping to help restore Assyrian power), and to this end dispatched his son
westward with a large army. In the ensuing Battle of Carchemish in 605 BC, the
Egyptian and Assyrian army was defeated and driven back, and the region of Syria
and Phoenicia were brought under the control of Babylon. Nabopolassar died in
August that year, and Nebuchadnezzar returned to Babylon to ascend to the throne.
After the defeat of the Cimmerians and Scythians, previous allies in the defeat of
Assyria, Nebuchadnezzar's expeditions were directed westward, although the
powerful Median empire lay to the north. Nebuchadnezzar's political marriage to
Amytis of Media, the daughter of the Median king, had ensured peace between the
two empires.
Nebuchadnezzar engaged in several military campaigns designed to increase
Babylonian inuence in Aramea (modern Syria) and Judah. An attempted invasion of
Egypt in 601 BC was met with setbacks, however, leading to numerous rebellions
among the Phoenician and Canaanite states of the Levant, including Judah.
Nebuchadnezzar soon dealt with these rebellions, capturing Jerusalem in 597 BC
and deposing King Jehoiakim, then in 587 BC due to rebellion, destroying both the
2 of 13 2014-05-09 21:03
Nebuchadnezzar faces o
against Zedekiah, the last king
of Judah, who holds a plan of
Jerusalem, in a Baroque era
depiction in Zwiefalten Abbey,
Germany.
city and the temple, and deporting many of the
prominent citizens along with a sizable portion of
the Jewish population of Judea to Babylon.
[6]
These
events are described in the Prophets (Nevi'im) and
Writings (Ketuvim), sections of the Hebrew Bible
(in the books 2 Kings and Jeremiah, and 2
Chronicles, respectively). After the destruction of
Jerusalem, Nebuchadnezzar engaged in a
thirteen-year siege of Tyre (circa 586573) which
ended in a compromise, with the Tyrians accepting
Babylonian authority.
[7][8]
Following the pacication of the Phoenician state of
Tyre, Nebuchadnezzar turned again to Egypt. A
clay tablet,
[9]
now in the British Museum, states:
"In the 37th year of Nebuchadnezzar, king of the
country of Babylon, he went to Mitzraim (Egypt) to
wage war. Amasis, king of Egypt, collected [his
army], and marched and spread abroad." Having
completed the subjugation of Phoenicia, and a campaign against Egypt,
Nebuchadnezzar set himself to rebuild and adorn the city of Babylon, and
constructed canals, aqueducts, temples and reservoirs.
According to Babylonian tradition, towards the end of his life, Nebuchadnezzar
prophesied the impending ruin of the Chaldean Dynasty (Berossus and Abydenus in
Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelica, 9.41). He died in Babylon between the second
and sixth months of the forty-third year of his reign, and was succeeded by
Amel-Marduk.
Construction activity
During the last century of Nineveh's existence, Babylon had been greatly
devastated, not only at the hands of Sennacherib and Assurbanipal, but also as a
result of her ever renewed rebellions. Nebuchadnezzar, continuing his father's work
of reconstruction, aimed at making his capital one of the world's wonders. Old
temples were restored; new edices of incredible magnicence were erected to the
many gods of the Babylonian pantheon (Diodorus of Sicily, 2.95; Herodotus, 1.183).
To complete the royal palace begun by Nabopolassar, nothing was spared, neither
"cedar-wood, nor bronze, gold, silver, rare and precious stones";
[10]
an underground
passage and a stone bridge connected the two parts of the city separated by the
Euphrates; the city itself was rendered impregnable by the construction of a triple
line of walls. The bridge across the Euphrates is of particular interest, in that it was
supported on asphalt covered brick piers that were streamlined to reduce the
upstream resistance to ow, and the downstream turbulence that would otherwise
undermine the foundations. Nebuchadnezzar's construction activity was not
3 of 13 2014-05-09 21:03
Building Inscription of King
Nebuchadnezar II at the
Ishtar Gate. An abridged
excerpt says:
"I (Nebuchadnezzar) laid the
foundation of the gates down
to the ground water level and
had them built out of pure
blue stone. Upon the walls in
the inner room of the gate
are bulls and dragons and
thus I magnicently adorned
them with luxurious
splendour for all mankind to
behold in awe."
Daniel Interpreting
Nebuchadnezzar's Dream
conned to the capital; he is credited with the
restoration of the Lake of Sippar, the opening of a
port on the Persian Gulf, and the building of the
Mede wall between the Tigris and the Euphrates to
protect the country against incursions from the
north. These undertakings required a considerable
number of laborers; an inscription at the great
temple of Marduk suggests that the labouring force
used for his public works was most likely made up of
captives brought from various parts of western Asia.
Nebuchadnezzar is credited by Berossus with the
construction of the Hanging Gardens, for his
homesick wife Amyitis (or Amytis) to remind her of
her homeland, Medis (Media) in Persia. He is also
credited for the construction of the Ishtar Gate, one
of the eight gates leading into the city of Babylon.
[11]
However, some scholars argue that the Gardens may
have been constructed by the Assyrian king
Sennacherib in his capital city, Nineveh.
[12][13]
Portrayal in the Bible
Nebuchadnezzar is widely known through his
portrayal in the Bible, especially the Book of Daniel.
The Bible discusses events of his reign and his
conquest of Jerusalem. Daniel 2 contains an account
attributed to the second year of his reign, in which
Nebuchadnezzar dreams of a huge image made of
various materials (gold, silver, bronze, iron and clay).
The prophet Daniel tells him God's interpretation,
that it stands for the rise and fall of world powers,
starting with Nebuchadnezzar's own as the golden
head.
Daniel 3 is an account of Nebuchadnezzar
erecting a large idol made of gold for worship
during a public ceremony on the plain of Dura.
When three Jews, whose names were Hananiah,
Mishael, and Azariah (respectively renamed
Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego by their
captors, to facilitate their assimilation into
Babylonian culture), refuse to take part, he has
them cast into a ery furnace. They are protected
by what Nebuchadnezzar describes as "a son of
the gods" (Daniel 3:25 NIV) and emerge unscathed without even the smell of
4 of 13 2014-05-09 21:03
Nebuchadnezzar, by William
Blake, depicting the king during
his bout of insanity
smoke.
[14]
Daniel 4 contains an account of Nebuchadnezzar's dream about an
immense tree, which Daniel interprets to mean that Nebuchadnezzar will go insane
for seven years because of his pride. The chapter is written from the perspective of
king Nebuchadnezzar.
Bout of insanity
While boasting about his achievements,
Nebuchadnezzar is humbled by God. The king
loses his sanity and lives in the wild like an animal
for seven years. After this, his sanity and position
are restored and he praises and honors God.
Theologians have interpreted this story in several
ways. Origen attributed the metamorphosis as a
representation of the fall of Lucifer, Bodin and
Cluvier maintained it was a metamorphosis of
both soul and body, Tertullian conned the
transformation to the body only, without the loss
of reason, cases of which Augustine stated were
reported in Italy, but gave them little credit.
Gaspard Peucer asserted that the transformation
of men into wolves was common in Livonia. Some Jewish Rabbins asserted there
was an exchange of souls between the man and ox, while others argued for an
apparent or docetic change which was not real. The most generally received
opinion, which was also held by Jerome, was that the madman was under the
inuence of hypochondriachal monomania by which God could humble the pride of
kings.
[15]
There has been speculation by modern writers that the Biblical account might
preserve memories of an illness that had a natural organic cause. Some consider it
to have been an attack of clinical lycanthropy or alternatively porphyria.
[16]
Psychologist Henry Gleitman has claimed that Nebuchadnezzar's insanity was a
result of general paresis or paralytic dementia seen in advanced cases of
syphilis.
[17]
Some scholars
[18]
think that Nebuchadnezzar's portrayal by Daniel is a mixture of
traditions about Nebuchadnezzar and about Nabonidus (Nabuna'id) who became
confused with him. For example, Nabonidus was the natural, or paternal father of
Belshazzar, and the seven years of insanity could be related to Nabonidus' sojourn
in Tayma in the desert. Fragments from the Dead Sea Scrolls, written from 150 BC
to 70 AD
[19]
state that it was Nabonidus (N-b-n-y) who was smitten by God with a
fever for seven years of his reign while his son Belshazzar was regent.
The Book of Jeremiah contains a prophecy about the arising of a "destroyer of
nations", commonly regarded as a reference to Nebuchadnezzar (Jer. 4:7),
[20]
as
5 of 13 2014-05-09 21:03
well as an account of Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Jerusalem and looting and
destruction of the temple (Jer. 52).
Helel, Son of the Morning
Chapter 14 of the Book of Isaiah refers to what Jewish exegesis of the prophetic
vision of Isaiah 14:12-15 identies as King Nebuchadnezzar II; the Hebrew text
says "Helel ben Shaar" ("the shining one, son of the dawn").
[21]
It is a taunting
prophecy against an oppressive king.
[22]
In Isaiah 14,
[23]
the king is being mocked,
as he is struck through with a sword, killed, and thrown into a common grave.
Mainstream Christianity attributes this passage to the fall of Lucifer because verse
20 says that this king will not be joined with the others in burial, but rather be cast
out of the grave. "Helel ben Shaar" may refer to the Morning Star, but Isaiah gives
no indication that Helel is a star.
[24]
Portrayal in medieval Muslim sources
According to Tabari, Nebuchadnezzar, whose Persian name was Bukhtrashah, was
of Persian descent, from the progeny of Jdharz. Some believe he lived as long as
300 years.
[25]
While much of what is written about Nebuchadnezzar depicts a
ruthless warrior, some texts show a ruler who was concerned with both spiritual
and moral issues in life and was seeking divine guidance.
[26]
Nebuchadnezzar was seen as a strong, conquering force in Islamic texts and
historical compilations, like Tabari. The Babylonian leader used force and
destruction to grow an empire. He conquered kingdom after kingdom, including
Phoenicia, Philistia, Judah, Ammon, Moab, Jerusalem, and more.
[27]
The most
notable events that Tabaris collection focuses on is the destruction of
Jerusalem.
[25]
Destruction of Jerusalem
Nebuchadnezzar was sent from Balkh by Luhrsb, a Persian ruler, to defeat the
Jews in Jerusalem. Some sources believe that Luhrsbs son, Bahman, is the one
who sent Nebuchadnezzar to exile the Jews from Jerusalem.
[28]
According to one
source in Tabari, at the time Nebuchadnezzar was summoned to defeat Jerusalem,
he was nishing a peace agreement with the people of Damascus. Because of this,
he sent an ocer to ease the tension in Jerusalem and create a peace treaty. The
ocer successfully met with the king of Jerusalem and made a peace treaty. As was
custom for the Babylonians, the ocer took hostages with him as and began the
return journey to Nebuchadnezzar. When the ocer reached Tiberias, he heard that
the Israelites had revolted against their king and killed him because the king had
given the Babylonians hostages. The hostages were then beheaded and
6 of 13 2014-05-09 21:03
Nebuchadnezzar made his way to Jerusalem. Most of the sources agree that
Nebuchadnezzar was sent to Jerusalem by God to punish the Jews for their sinful
behavior.
[citation needed]
After Nebuchadnezzar ravaged the town, killing and enslaving the people, he came
upon the prophet Jeremiah in a prison. He had been jailed for about three years
because God told him what Nebuchadnezzar would do to Jerusalem. He tried to
warn the Israelites and told them to repent, but they jailed him instead. God sent an
angel to ask Jeremiah if the Israelites must be destroyed and Jeremiah agrees,
beginning the attack by Nebuchadnezzar. When Jeremiah reveals all of this to
Nebuchadnezzar, he replies, Wretched people, they deed their Lords messenger
10. He then released Jeremiah. This encounter gives evidence that there were still
many dierent gods being worshipped, as Nebuchadnezzar does not refer to God as
his own god, and displays a sort of interfaith understanding between religions.
Nebuchadnezzar does not worship the god of the Bible but Marduk, a Babylonian
god most often related to judgement.
[25][29]
Nebuchadnezzar has respect for
Jeremiah and his beliefs
[28]
that allows Jeremiah to be an ally and help
Nebuchadnezzar with policy.
[30]
Nebuchadnezzar then goes on to attack Egypt. After releasing Jeremiah from
prison, the remaining Israelites apologized to Jeremiah but still do not listen to him
when he tells them to stay in Jerusalem. They instead ee to Egypt, where the king
takes them in even after Nebuchadnezzar has asked that they be returned.
Nebuchadnezzar then conquers Egypt and moves further north in Africa before
returning home with treasures and hoards of slaves. Nebuchadnezzars victories
display the period of growth that Babylonians were experiencing. Every new victory
resulted in a further accumulation of wealth and prisoners of war, both of which
were used to strengthen the empire even more. It is also suggested that
Nebuchadnezzar took royals hostage but treated them well so that when they were
released, they would be supportive and complimentary of the Babylonian
Empire.
[31]
After Nebuchadnezzar leaves, there is a disconnect between the sources. One says
that Jeremiah speaks to God, who tells him that the city will be rebuilt. He then puts
Jeremiah to sleep for a hundred years. The Israelites return and begin to rebuild the
city and then God wakes Jeremiah from his slumber.
[25]
Other sources say that Nebuchadnezzar puts Zedekiah in power. Jeremiah provides
support and counsel to Zedekiah for the two years he is in charge because Zedekiah
knows that the city is doomed.
[32]
Jeremiah stays by his side, realizing that it is
better to be Babylons ally than enemy. After ruling for two years, Zedekiah tried to
make an alliance with Egypt, leading to his demise.
[33]
Nebuchadnezzar puts an
end to the alliance and the cities.
Some accounts say that Bahman took over after Nebuchadnezzar conquered
7 of 13 2014-05-09 21:03
Jerusalem, eventually passing o the power to Cyrus. These accounts do not say a
lot about Nebuchadnezzar or make him seem as powerful.
Yet another source say that God let Nebuchadnezzar rule as long as he wanted.
Near the end of his reign, and life, Nebuchadnezzar has a dream but he cannot
remember it when he awakes. He calls Daniel to pray and talk to God to gure out
what he had dreamed. He comes back and tells Nebuchadnezzar about his dream:
He saw a statue, made up of many dierent materials. The feet were formed out of
clay and the materials got stronger and stronger the higher they were on the body,
with the head and neck being made from iron. These dierent substances
symbolized the dierent reigns of rulers. Then, a rock was sent down from heaven
and smashed the statue. This was meant to symbolize God sending a prophet to
smash the reign of Nebuchadnezzar.
[34]
Soon after this, Nebuchadnezzar addressed
the Israelites. He talked about how powerful he was, so powerful that he had
destroyed Gods house and people and that when he died, he would take over Gods
kingdom. God, having heard this, pitied his people. He allowed them to return to
Judea and multiply. One of the captives, Ezra, was distraught about the fact that the
Israelites scripture had been destroyed with the temple. God returns the scripture
to him and his people
[35]
and the Israelites live on under their own leadership.
Sources
While researchers rely mostly on rsthand accounts to learn about
Nebuchadnezzar, that is not the only way they can get information. Much of the
autobiographical information collected by historians about Nebuchadnezzar is
taken from inscriptions on buildings that were erected during the rebuilding of
Babylon.
[36]
Nebuchadnezzar in ction
Voltaire interprets the legacy of Nebuchadnezzar and his relationship with Amasis
in a short story entitled The White Bull.
Named after Nebuchadnezzar
The opera Nabucco (1842) by Giuseppe Verdi.
The Nabucco pipeline, a planned natural gas pipeline that will transport
natural gas from Turkey to Austria, via Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary.
Saddam Hussein considered himself to be the reincarnation of
Nebuchadnezzar
[37]
and had the inscription "To King Nebuchadnezzar in the
reign of Saddam Hussein" inscribed on bricks inserted into the walls of the
ancient city of Babylon during a reconstruction project he initiated;
[38]
he
8 of 13 2014-05-09 21:03
named one of his Republican Guards divisions after Nebuchadnezzar.
[39]
A bottle of wine with a volume equivalent to 20 standard bottles (15 litres) is
called a Nebuchadnezzar.
"Nebuchadnezzar's Furnace" is a type of daylily.
The name of Morpheus' vessel in the lms The Matrix and The Matrix
Reloaded.
Nebuchadnezzar II is a playable character in Civilization V.
Nebuchadnezzar II is mentioned in the Microsoft computer game Age of
Empires in the eighth Babylon campaign "Nineveh" in the history section and
after the campaign is won.
Nebuchadnezzar is a card in Magic: The Gathering.
[40]
Notes and references
Notes
^ Anton Nystrm, Allmn kulturhistoria
eller det mnskliga lifvet i dess
utveckling, bd 2 (1901)
1.
^ Harper, R. F. quoted in Peet, Stephen
Denison (editor). 1900. Editorial
Notes, The American Antiquarian and
Oriental Journal. New York: Doubleday,
vol. XXII, May and June, p. 207.
2.
^ Lamb, Harold. 1960. Cyrus the Great.
New York: Doubleday, p. 104.
3.
^ Schrader, Eberhard. 1888. The
Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old
Testament. London: Williams and
Norgate, p. 48 (footnote).
4.
^ Chicago Assyrian Dictionary sub
Kudurru Ca5'
5.
^ Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the
Jews, Book VIII, ch. 68.
6.
^ Ronald F. Youngblood, F. F. Bruce, R.
K. Harrison, ed. (2012). Unlock the
Bible: Keys to Exploring the Culture and
Times. Thomas Nelson. p. 347.
ISBN 1418547263.
7.
^ Allen, Leslie C. (2008). Jeremiah: A
Commentary. Westminster John Knox
Press. p. 472. ISBN 978-0664222239.
8.
^ Elgood, Percival George. 1951. Later
Dynasties of Egypt. Oxford: Basil
Blackwell, p. 106.
9.
^ Smith, William and Fuller, J.M. 1893.
A Dictionary of the Bible: Comprising
Its Antiquities, Biography, Geography,
and Natural History. London: John
Murray, vol. I, p. 314.
10.
9 of 13 2014-05-09 21:03
^ Foster, Karen Polinger (1998).
"Gardens of Eden: Flora and Fauna in
the Ancient Near East"
(http://environment.yale.edu/documents
/downloads/0-9/103foster.pdf).
Transformations of Middle Eastern
Natural Environments: Legacies and
Lessons. New Haven: Yale University.
pp. 320329. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
11.
^ Dalley, Stephanie, (2013) The
Mystery of the Hanging Garden of
Babylon: an elusive world Wonder
traced, OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5
12.
^ Rollinger, Robert, (2103) "Berossos
and the Monuments" p155, ed J
Haubold et al, The World of Berossos
Harrassowitz ISBN 978-3-447-06728
13.
^ Kjvonly.org (http://www.kjvonly.org
/doug/kutilek_son_of_god.htm)
14.
^ Samuel Fallows, The Popular and
Critical Bible Encyclopaedia and
Scriptural Dictionary
(http://books.google.com
/books?id=JbJUAAAAYAAJ&) The
Howard-Severance Company (1920)
Vol.2 p.302
15.
^ Kroeger, Catherine Clark; Evans,
Mary J. (2009). The Women's Study
Bible: New Living Translation
(http://books.google.co.uk
/books?id=hKT7ftnh0xYC&
pg=PA1003&
dq=King+Nebuchadnezzar+%2B+Clini
cal+lycanthropy&hl=en&
sa=X&ei=W0AET9GLF5PC8QOTuKX_D
w&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&
q=King%20Nebuchadnezzar%20%2B
%20Clinical%20lycanthropy&f=false)
(Second ed.). Oxford University Press.
ISBN 978-0-19-529125-4.
16.
^ Henry Gleitman, Psychology (New
York: W W Norton, 2007), 219.
17.
^ Wolfram von Soden: "Eine
babylonische Volksberlieferung von
Nabonid in den Danielerzhlungen". In:
Zeitschrift fr die alttestamentliche
Wissenschaft 53 (1935), pp. 8189.
18.
^ Bruce, F. F. "The Last Thirty Years"
(http://www.worldinvisible.com/library
/kenyon/storyofbible/2ck11.htm). Story
of the Bible. ed. Frederic G. Kenyon.
Retrieved June 19, 2007.
19.
^ Calvin's Bible Commentaries:
Jeremiah and Lamentations, Part I, John
Calvin, translated by John King,
Forgotten Books, 2007, p. 168.
20.
^ "ASTRONOMY - Helel, Son of the
Morning."
(http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com
/articles/2052-astronomy). The unedited
full-text of the 1906 Jewish
Encyclopedia. JewishEncyclopedia.com.
Retrieved 1 July 2012.
21.
10 of 13 2014-05-09 21:03
^ Wilken, Robert (2007). Isaiah:
Interpreted by Early Christian and
Medieval Commentators. Grand Rapids
MI: Wm Eerdmans Publishing. p. 171.
ISBN 978-0-8028-2581-0.
22.
^ "Bible" (http://kingjbible.com/isaiah
/14-1.htm).
23.
^ Gunkel, "Schpfung und Chaos," pp.
132 et seq.
24.
^
a b c d
abar, Muammad Ibn-arr
A- (1987). The History of Al-Tabar.
State Univ. of New York Pr. pp. 4370.
25.
^ Wiseman, D.J. (1985).
Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon. Oxford.
26.
^ Tabouis, G.R. (1931).
Nebuchadnezzar. Whittlesey House.
p. 3.
27.
^
a b
Calkins, Raymond (1930).
Jeremiah the Prophet: A Study in
Personal Religion. New York:
Macmillan.
28.
^ Tabouis, G.R. (1931). Nebuchadnezzr.
New York: Whittlesey House. p. 130.
29.
^ Gordon, T. Crouther (1932). The
Rebel Prophet: Studies in the
Personality of Jeremiah. New York and
London: Harper and Bros. p. 65.
30.
^ Wiseman, D.J. (1985).
Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon. Oxford:
Oxford UP. pp. 8184.
31.
^ Gordon, T. Crouther (1932). The
Rebel Prophet: Studies in the
Personality of Jeremiah. New York and
London: Harper and Bros. p. 117.
32.
^ Tabouis, G.R. (1931).
Nebuchadnezzar. New York: Whittlesey
House. pp. 130166.
33.
^ Redditt, Paul L. (1999). Daniel: Based
on the New Revised Standard Version.
Sheeld: Sheeld Academic.
pp. 4963.
34.
^ Grabbe, Lester L. (1998).
Ezra-Nehemiah. London: Routledge.
pp. 143153.
35.
^ Wiseman, D.J. (1985).
Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon. Oxford:
Oxford UP. p. 42.
36.
^ Encyclopedia of the Developing
World, edited by Thomas M. Leonard, p.
793.
37.
^ Archeology Under Dictatorship,
Michael L. Galaty and Charles
Watkinson, p. 203.
38.
^ Fontenot, Gregory; Degen, E. J.; Tohn,
David. 2005. On point: the United
States Army in Operation Iraqi
Freedom. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval
Institute Press, p. 263. ISBN
978-1-59114-279-9
39.
^ http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages
/Card/Details.aspx?multiverseid=201212
40.
See also
Babylonia
Kings of Babylonia
References
11 of 13 2014-05-09 21:03
Chapter 23, "The Chaldaean Kings" in Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq (3rd ed.).
London: Penguin Books, 1992. ISBN 0-14-012523-X
ABC 5 (http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html): Chronicle
Concerning the Early Years of Nebuchadnezzar
Nabuchodonosor (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10666c.htm) on the
Catholic Encyclopedia
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public
domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Nebuchadnezzar". Easton's Bible
Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public
domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Nabuchodonosor". Catholic
Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
Nos anctres de l'Antiquit, 1991, Christian Settipani, p.
Stefan Zawadski, "Nebuchadnezzar's Campaign in the 30th Year (575 BC): A
Conict with Tyre?" in Mordechai Cogan and Dan`el Kahn (eds), Treasures on
Camels' Humps: Historical and Literary Studies from the Ancient Near East
Presented to Israel Eph'al (Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 2008).
T. E. Gaston, Historical Issues in the Book of Daniel, Oxford: Taanathshiloh,
2005
External links
Inscription of Nabuchadnezzar. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature
(http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10887) old translation
Nabuchadnezzar Ishtar gate Inscription (http://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS
/meso/meso.html)
Jewish Encyclopedia on Nebuchadnezzar (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com
/view.jsp?artid=154&letter=N&search=Nebuchadnezzar)
Nebuchadnezzar II (http://www.ancientopedia.com/Nebuchadnezzar_II/) on
Ancient History Encyclopedia
Preceded by
Nabopolassar
King of Babylon
605 BC 562 BC
Succeeded by
Amel-Marduk
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&
oldid=607808654"
Categories: 630 BC births 562 BC deaths 6th-century BC biblical rulers
12 of 13 2014-05-09 21:03
7th-century BC biblical rulers Babylonian kings Book of Daniel
National symbols of Iraq History of Purim Nebuchadnezzar II
This page was last modied on 9 May 2014 at 18:40.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use
and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-prot organization.
13 of 13 2014-05-09 21:03

Nebuchadnezzar II

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Nebuchadnezzar II

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Nab-kudurri-usur

S-ar putea să vă placă și