BGMEA University of Fashion &

Technology
Terms paper of Global warming &
Vulnerability in Bangladesh
Subject: English communication Skill
Course code: ENG-112
Submitted By
Golden Future
Batch: KMT-01
Date: 14-07-2009
Student Name Identity Number
Apul Ghosh 091-212-0-35
Md Nayeeul !sla 091-20"-0-35
Md #al$ullah %$el 091-242-0-35
Md &alaudd$' &h(a)o' 091-231-0-35
Md Maha*u* %asa' 091-209-0-35
Mehed$ %asa' +u*el 091-217-0-35
Submitted To
Md Abu Nayeem
,aculty o- .'/l$sh
B0,T1 0tta(a
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T
F$(st o- all 2e /$)e tha'3s to Al$/hty Allah -o( h$s /(eat e(cy
2e could coplete ou( ass$/'e't o' the date4 &eco'dly1 2e l$3es
to /$)e tha'3s BGMEA university of Fashion &
Technology 2ho o--e(ed us th$s cou(se also /$)es tha'3s ou(
ho'o(a*le -aculty 2ho des$/'ed th$s c(eat$)e pote't$al cou(se -o(
us4 Th$(dly1 2e /$)es tha'3s -(o the co(e o- ou( hea(t to ou(
ho'o(a*le .'/l$sh Teache( M!Abu Nayeem -o( h$s
se($ous'ess a*out us1 2e /ot oppo(tu'$ty to do th$s (esea(ch4
Because h$s ad)a'ce ode(' teach$'/ tech'$5ue /$)es us a'
oppo(tu'$ty to sho2 ou( su*6ecto(y (esea(ch4 %e al2ays helps us to
p(epa(e th$s ass$/'e't4&o h$s help-ul'ess as a teache( $s
u'de'$a*le4
At last *ut 'ot least 2e a(e so /(eat-ul o- ou( cou(se co-o(d$'ato(
a'd B0,T sta-- 2ho has helped us to collect data -(o $'te('et1
'e2spape( a'd othe( sou(ces4
A/a$' /$)e tha'3s all o- ou( -($e'ds a'd /(oup e*e(s -o( the
ha(d2o(3 they ha)e do'e to/ethe(4#e ha)e t($ed ou( *est to
p(o)$de latest1 lo/$cal a'd $po(ta't data a'd also to p(o)e ou(
thou/ht4%o2e)e(12e th$'3 2e a(e success-ul a'd 2e assu(e that
(eade( 2$ll /et a clea( co'cept a*out th$s top$c4
2

ABSTRACT
The average tem"erature of the earth has risen
significantly #hich technically has affected the #hole
"lanet! $o#ever% a more noticeable event is the "olar
ice ca"s at both north and south "oles are being
drastically affected by Global &arming! The change in
tem"erature has caused glaciers and ice sheets to melt%
thus causing the sea levels to rise significantly! 'et as
$uman "roduced Green $ouse Gases (G$G) rise to
dangerous levels Global &arming is ha""ening on a
global scale! *limate *hange% Global &arming and the
Greenhouse
effect are the biggest issues #e face in the #orld today!
This is a +uic, overvie# to sho# #hy #e need to reduce
carbon emissions% and change the #ay #e live!
The over#helming ma-ority of scientists no# agree that
our globe is
undergoing ma-or *limate *hange! They also agree
that the level of carbon
dio.ide in the atmos"here is rising at a terrifying rate!
&e must sto" burning fossil fuels in our "o#er stations
and trans"ort
systems! If #e don/t sto" using fossil fuels% #e face the
most catastro"hic
conse+uences that #ill affect all #ho live on our
beautiful globe!
3
I!E"
Introduction..05
Global warming......06
Cause
Green house..07
Deforestation......09
Man made cause .!
"ffect
#em$erature increase..5
%ea le&el rise.6
'olar (ear...)
*lood.....9
+urricane....,
'roof,5
-ulnerabilit. of (D..,)
%olution.!!
International organi/ation..!9
Dut. of 0%1....20
3atest 4ews....2,
%uggestion..22
Conclusion.26
(ibliogra$h.....27
4
Introduction
Earth is the only planet thats suitable for living.Our atmosphere is a layer
surrounding the earth held in place by gravity andprimarily made up of Nitrogen
(78%),Oygen (!"%), #ith #ater and other gases ma$ing up the remainder.
%his small remainder is made up of thetrace gases &rgon, 'arbon (ioide,
Neon, )elium, *ethane, )ydrogen,Nitrous Oide and O+one. ,cientists no#

realise that the proportion of thesegases has increased significantly over a fe#
hundred years.%he real increase in carbon dioide levelsin our atmosphere
began aroundthe time of the -ndustrial .evolution. %hisis #hen #e began to burn
fossilfuels (coal) in large /uantities to po#er oursteam engines. %he 01reenhouse
1ases0, 'arbon dioide, nitrous oide andmethane have all
increasedeponentially since the "822s.%oday the use of fossil fuel for po#er
andelectricity is thousands of times morethan #hat it #as in the "822s. Global
warming has been in the news for over 40 years, and by this time we
have become complacent. Our scientists have come to the agreement
that global warming will eventually cause major changes and problems
in the world, but in their way of thinking it will be 50 to 00 years
before we will actually have to deal with the effects.
5
The /e'e(al $dea $s that /lo*al 2a($'/ 2$ll *e slo2 a'd the 2o(ld 2$ll -$'d
t$e to d$sco)e( the solut$o's to the p(o*les4
Global Warming
Global &arming0Assupt$o' o- cl$ate cha'/e att($*uted to /(ee'house e--ects4 !t $s
o'e o- the a6o( e')$(o'e'tal $ssues -ac$'/ the 2o(ld today4 !ts $po(ta'ce l$es $' the
-act that the che$cal copos$t$o' o- the ea(th7s atosphe(e $s al(eady 5u$te d$--e(e't
-(o 2hat $t 2as a ce'tu(y a/o a'd the -act that these cha'/es a(e 'ot (e)e(s$*le $' the
-o(eseea*le -utu(e 2$th the p(ese't le)el o- tech'$cal 3'o2-ho24 A)e(a/e /lo*al
tepe(atu(e $s 'o2 a*out 0489: h$/he( tha' $t 2as 100 yea(s a/o4 :opute( odels o-
cl$at$c cha'/e a(e p(ed$ct$'/ that *y the e'd o- the 21st ce'tu(y the /lo*al tepe(atu(e
ay ($se *y a' add$t$o'al 2459 to 5459:4 As a (esult1 the(e ay *e a su*sta't$al cha'/e $'
the &.A ;.<.; caused *y the(al e=pa's$o' o- the ea(th7s su(-ace 2ate(1 a'd -(o a (ap$d
elt$'/ o- alp$'e a'd pola( /lac$e(s a'd $ce caps4 T2o $ll$o' yea(s a/o1 the
ea(th7s tepe(atu(e 2as su*sta't$ally h$/he(4 &$'ce the' the ea(th had e=pe($e'ced
alte('at$)e /lac$al-$'te(/lac$al cycles4 The osc$llat$o's *et2ee' /lac$al-$'te(/lac$al cycles
du($'/ the >le$stoce'e pe($od 2e(e due to )a($at$o's $' the ea(th7s o(*$t a(ou'd the su' as
2ell as due to cha'/es $' the ea(th7s t$lt $' (elat$o' to the su'4 Th$s s2$'/ -(o /lac$al to
$'te(/lac$al cycles occu(( app(o=$ately e)e(y 1001000 yea(s4 Du($'/ the /lac$al pe($ods
the ea(th7s tepe(atu(e 2as 49 to 59: less tha' the $'te(/lac$al pe($od4 A*out 101000 yea(s
a/o1 the latest $ce a/e e'ded a'd the co't$'e'tal /lac$e(s (et(eated4 Du($'/ the last 101000
yea(s1 /lo*al tepe(atu(e -luctuated *y 'ot o(e tha' 29:4
8

Although we are guests on Earth, we behave as if no further visitors would
arrive after us. It's like having a wild party where we destroy beds, the
kitchen as well as the living room of a hotel without ever thinking about our
future staying in the hotel nor about other guests arriving later.
Cause
Greenhouse gas0 !t $s o' the 7(ea$'de(7 that 2e 2$ll -ocus as $t $s the co'ce't(at$o's o-
these t(ace /ases that cause the /(ee'house /as p(o*le4 The t(ace /ases a(e ade up o- A(/o'1
:a(*o' D$o=$de1 Neo'1 %el$u1 Metha'e1 %yd(o/e'1 N$t(ous ?=$de a'd ?@o'e4 A,ollo2 the l$'3
to (ead o(e a*out the ?@o'e %oleB %ua' act$)$t$es (esult $' e$ss$o's o- -ou( p($'c$pal
/(ee'house /ases: ca(*o' d$o=$de A:?2B1 etha'e A:%4B1 '$t(ous o=$de AN2?B a'd the
haloca(*o's Aa /(oup o- /ases co'ta$'$'/ -luo($'e1 chlo($'e a'd *(o$'eB4 All these /ases ha)e
2hat $s 3'o2' as - Glo*al #a($'/ >ote't$al 1 o( G#> 2$th soe uch h$/he( tha' othe(s4 &c$e't$sts
'o2 (eal$se that the p(opo(t$o' o- these /ases has $'c(eased s$/'$-$ca'tly o)e( a -e2 hu'd(ed
yea(s4 The (eal $'c(ease *e/a' a(ou'd the t$e o- the !'dust($al +e)olut$o'4 Th$s $s 2he' 2e
*e/a' to *u(' -oss$l -uels AcoalB $' la(/e 5ua't$t$es to po2e( ou( stea e'/$'es -o( $'dust(y1
/e'e(ate elect($c$ty1 a'd heat ou( hoes4
Cou ca' see -(o the p$ctu(e a*o)e that ca(*o' d$o=$de1 '$t(ous o=$de a'd etha'e ha)e
all $'c(eased s$/'$-$ca'tly s$'ce the 1"00s4 Today the use o- -oss$l -uel -o( po2e( a'd
elect($c$ty $s thousa'ds o- t$es o(e tha' 2hat $t 2as $' the 1"00s4 To e=pla$' 2hy these
7
/ases a(e te(ed /(ee'house /ases1 2e 'eed to u'de(sta'd that du($'/ the day the ea(th
a*so(*s heat -(o the su'1 althou/h uch o- th$s $s (ad$ated *ac3 out $'to space4 The
atosphe(e su((ou'd$'/ ou( ea(th co'ta$'s these /ases1 a'd acts l$3e a *la'3et 3eep$'/
soe o- the heat $'4 !- the(e 2e(e'Dt a' atosphe($c E*la'3etD l$-e ay *e $poss$*le o'
.a(th *ecause e)e(yth$'/ 2ould -(ee@e at '$/ht1 l$3e soe o- the othe( pla'ets o( ou(
oo'4
1o#er 1lants0
!' 2002 a*out 40F o- 04&4 ca(*o' d$o=$de e$ss$o's ste -(o the *u('$'/ o- -oss$l
-uels -o( the pu(pose o- elect($c$ty /e'e(at$o'4 :oal accou'ts -o( 93 pe(ce't o- the
e$ss$o's -(o the elect($c ut$l$ty
$'dust(y4
:oal e$ts a(ou'd .! times as much
carbon per unit of energy 2he' *u('ed
as does 'atu(al /as a'd 1425 t$es as
uch as o$l4 Natu(al /as /$)es o-- 50F
o- the ca(*o' d$o=$de1 the p($'c$pal
/(ee'house /as1 (eleased *y coal a'd
25F less ca(*o' d$o=$de e'/$'eB that
/ets 12 $les pe( /allo' $' the c$ty 2$ll
e$t a' est$ated "00 pou'ds o-
ca(*o' d$o=$de o)e( a d$sta'ce o- 500
c$ty $les4 !' othe( 2o(ds -o( each
/allo' o- /as a )eh$cle co'sues1 1948
pou'ds o- ca(*o' d$o=$de a(e e$tted $'to the a$(4 A 'e2 %o'da !'s$/ht that /ets 81
$les to the /allo' 2$ll o'ly e$t a*out 181 pou'ds o- ca(*o' d$o=$de o)e( the sae
d$sta'ce o- 500 c$ty $les4 &po(ts ut$l$ty )eh$cles 2e(e *u$lt -o( (ou/h te((a$'1 o-- (oad
d($)$'/ $' ou'ta$'s a'd dese(ts4 #he' they a(e used -o( c$ty d($)$'/1 they a(e so uch
o)e(3$ll to the e')$(o'e't4
*ars0
A*out 33F o- 04& ca(*o' d$o=$de e$ss$o's coes -(o the *u('$'/ o- /asol$'e $'
$'te('al-co*ust$o' e'/$'es o- ca(s a'd l$/ht t(uc3s A$'$)a's1 spo(t ut$l$ty )eh$cles1
p$c3-up t(uc3s1 a'd 6eepsB4
<eh$cles 2$th poo( /as
$lea/e co't($*ute the ost
to /lo*al 2a($'/4 ,o(
e=aple1 acco(d$'/ to the
.4>4A7s 2000 ,uel
.co'oy Gu$de1 a 'e2
Dod/e Du(a'/o spo(ts
ut$l$ty )eh$cle A2$th a 549
l$te( e'/$'eB that /ets 12
$les pe( /allo' $' the c$ty
2$ll e$t a' est$ated "00
pou'ds o- ca(*o' d$o=$de
o)e( a d$sta'ce o- 500 c$ty
$les4 !' othe( 2o(ds -o( each /allo' o- /as a )eh$cle co'sues1 1948 pou'ds o- ca(*o'
d$o=$de a(e e$tted $'to the a$(4 A 'e2 %o'da !'s$/ht that /ets 81 $les to the /allo' 2$ll
"
o'ly e$t a*out 181 pou'ds o- ca(*o' d$o=$de o)e( the sae d$sta'ce o- 500 c$ty $les4
&po(ts ut$l$ty )eh$cles 2e(e *u$lt -o( (ou/h te((a$'1 o-- (oad d($)$'/ $' ou'ta$'s a'd
dese(ts4 #he' they a(e used -o( c$ty d($)$'/1 they a(e so uch o)e(3$ll to the
e')$(o'e't4
eforestation
A-te( ca(*o' e$ss$o's caused *y hua's1 de-o(estat$o' $s the seco'd p($'c$ple cause o-
atosphe($c ca(*' d$o=$de4 De-o(estat$o' $s (espo's$*le -o( "0#"5$ of all carbon
emissions entering the atmosphere1 *y the
*u('$'/ a'd cutt$'/ o- a*out 34 $ll$o'
ac(es o- t(ees each yea(4 #e a(e los$'/
$ll$o's o- ac(es o- (a$'-o(ests each yea(1
the e5u$)ale't $' a(ea to the s$@e o- !taly4
The dest(oy$'/ o- t(op$cal -o(ests alo'e $s
th(o2$'/ hu'd(eds o- $ll$o's o- to's o-
ca(*o' d$o=$de $'to the atosphe(e each
yea(4 #e a(e also los$'/ tepe(ate -o(ests4
The tepe(ate -o(ests o- the 2o(ld accou't
-o( a' a*so(pt$o' (ate o- 2 *$ll$o' to's o-
ca(*o' a''ually4 !' the tepe(ate -o(ests o- &$*e($a alo'e1 the ea(th $s los$'/ 10 $ll$o'
ac(es pe( yea(4
*ity Gridloc,
!' 1998 acco(d$'/ to a' a''ual study *y t(a--$c e'/$'ee(s Gas (epo(ted $' the &a'
,(a'c$sco :h(o'$cle Dece*e( 101 1998H -(o Te=as A a'd M 0'$)e(s$ty1 $t 2as -ou'd
that d($)e(s $' ;os A'/eles a'd Ne2 Co(3 :$ty alo'e 2asted 800 $ll$o' /allo's o- /as
a''ually 2h$le 6ust s$tt$'/ $' t(a--$c4 The 800 $ll$o' /allo's o- /as t(a'slates to a*out 745
$ll$o' to's o- ca(*o' d$o=$de $'
6ust those t2o c$t$es4
*arbon in Atmos"here
and 2cean0
The atosphe(e co'ta$'s a*out 750
*$ll$o' to's o- ca(*o'1 2h$le 1020
*$ll$o' to's a(e d$ssol)ed $' the
su(-ace laye(s o- the 2o(ld7s ocea'4

Also:
,o(ests 810 *$ll$o'
to's o- :a(*o'
&o$ls 15"0 I
I I
Deep ?cea' 3"100 I I I
1ermafrost0
>e(a-(ost $s a sol$d st(uctu(e o- -(o@e' so$l1 e=te'd$'/ to depths o- "."00 feet in some
areas o- the a(ct$c a'd su*a(ct$c (e/$o's1 co'ta$'$'/ /(asses1 (oots1 st$c3s1 uch o- $t
dat$'/ *ac3 to 301000 yea(s4
9
Tundra0
A 'ae )e(y su$ted to the e')$(o's o- the a(ct$c a'd su*a(ct$c1 tu'd(a ea's 7t(eeless
pla$'7 $' ,$''$sh4 The tundra is a biome Aa a6o( se/e't o- a pa(t$cula( (e/$o'
ha)$'/ d$st$'ct$)e )e/etat$o'1 a'$als a'd $c(oo(/a'$ss adapted to a u'$5ue
cl$ateB1 hoe to a*out 1700 3$'ds o- pla'ts1 $'clud$'/ sh(u*s1 osses1 /(asses1
l$che's a'd 400 3$'ds o- -lo2e(s4 A*out 50 billion tons of carbon a(e est$ated to *e
held $' a -(o@e' state $' the tu'd(a1 a'd 'o2 the tu'd(a $s *e/$''$'/ to *ecoe a
sou(ce o- ca(*o' d$o=$de4 !' the 19707s %niversity of &alifornia biologist 'alter Oechel
stud$ed ca(*o' d$o=$de e$ss$o's $' the tu'd(a1 2h$ch u't$l th$s t$e had *ee'
thou/ht o- as a ca(*o' s$'34 Do$'/ -u(the( tests $' the 19"07s1 ?echel d$sco)e(ed that
th$s 2as 'o lo'/e( the case1 that 2a($'/ tepe(atu(es had cha'/ed the tu'd(a to a
'et e$tte( o- ca(*o' d$o=$de4 (ays Oechel1 I #e -ou'd to ou( /(eat su(p($se that the
tu'd(a 2as al(eady los$'/ ca(*o' d$o=$de to the atosphe(e4 &o that *y the sta(t o-
these e=pe($e'ts1 2h$ch 2as $' 19"21 the tu'd(a had al(eady 2a(ed a'd d($ed
e'ou/h1 that $ts h$sto($c (ole as a ca(*o' s$'3 had (e)e(sed a'd cha'/ed4 !t 2as 'o2
los$'/ ca(*o' d$o=$de to the atosphe(e4 That 2as totally u'e=pected4
2ver "o"ulation0 ?)e( e$/ht out o- te' Ae($ca' cl$ate sc$e't$sts *el$e)e that
hua' act$)$ty co't($*utes to /lo*al 2a($'/1 acco(d$'/ to a 'e2 su()ey (eleased *y the
&tat$st$cal Assesse't &e()$ce A&TAT&B at Geo(/e Maso' 0'$)e(s$ty4 The (esea(che(s
also (epo(t that *el$e- $' hua'-
$'duced 2a($'/ has o(e tha'
dou*led s$'ce the last a6o(
su()ey o- Ae($ca' cl$ate
sc$e't$sts $' 19914 %o2e)e(1 the
su()ey -$'ds that sc$e't$sts a(e
st$ll de*at$'/ the dy'a$cs a'd
da'/e(s o- /lo*al 2a($'/1 a'd
o'ly th(ee pe(ce't t(ust
'e2spape( o( tele)$s$o' co)e(a/e
o- cl$ate cha'/e4
Nitrous o.ide0 A'othe(
/(ee'house /as $s N$t(ous o=$de
AN2?B1 a colou(less1 'o'-
-laa*le /as 2$th a s2eet$sh
odou(1 coo'ly 3'o2' as Ilau/h$'/ /asI1 a'd soet$es used as a' a'aesthet$c4
N$t(ous o=$de $s 'atu(ally p(oduced *y ocea's a'd (a$'-o(ests4 Ma'-ade sou(ces o-
'$t(ous o=$de $'clude 'ylo' a'd '$t($c ac$d p(oduct$o'1 the use o- -e(t$l$se(s $' a/($cultu(e1
ca(s 2$th catalyt$c co')e(te(s a'd the *u('$'/ o- o(/a'$c atte(4 N$t(ous o=$de $s *(o3e'
do2' $' the atosphe(e *y che$cal (eact$o's that $')ol)e su'l$/ht4
Buildings
Bu$ld$'/s st(uctu(e accou't -o( a*out 12F o- ca(*o' d$o=$de e$ss$o's4

10
Tem"erature from Satellites0The ost (el$a*le /lo*al tepe(atu(e
easu(ee'ts1 s$'ce 19791 a(e those ade *y NA&A satell$tes1 us$'/ M$c(o2a)e
&ou'de( 0'$ts AM&0sB4 The tepe(atu(e o- )a($ous le)els $' the atosphe(e $s easu(ed
-(o the $c(o2a)e a*so(pt$o' o- o=y/e'1 2h$ch $s se's$t$)e to tepe(atu(e cha'/e4
Measu(ee'ts ha)e a /(eate( accu(acy tha' the su(-ace easu(ee'ts (*hristy and
Goodridge 3455)4 They 'ot o'ly p(o)$de the o'ly /e'u$'e /lo*al a)e(a/e1 *ut they a(e a*le
to supply a tepe(atu(e (eco(d -o( a'y des$/'ated (e/$o' o' the ea(thDs su(-ace4The latest
M&0 satell$te (eco(d -o( the lo2e( atosphe(e $s sho2' ' ,$/u(e 94 !t 2$ll *e see' that $t
sho2s 'o o)e(all 2a($'/ s$'ce 19794 The e=cept$o'ally h$/h -$/u(e -o( 199"1 2h$ch 2as
also e)$de't $' the 2eathe( *alloo' a'd su(-ace (eco(ds1 2as thou/ht *y soe to $'d$cate
a' o)e(all ($se $' the satell$te (eco(d4 !t has1 ho2e)e( *ee' e)$de't -(o su*se5ue't
easu(ee'ts that $t (ep(ese'ted a' e=cept$o'ally h$/h1 *ut tepo(a(y depa(tu(e -(o a
@e(o t(e'd1 att($*uted to the .l N$Jo e)e't o- 199"4 The su*se5ue't easu(ee'ts
$'d$cate the coplete a*se'ce o- a'y pos$t$)e t(e'd4
,$/u(e 12 /$)es a copa($so' *et2ee' the 2eathe( *alloo'1 satell$te1 a'd t2o d$--e(e't
su(-ace easu(ee'ts1 -o( the pe($od -(o 1979 to 2000
Figure 9. Global monthly temperature anomalies in the lower atmosphere as
measured by MSU units on NASA satellites.
!t 2$ll *e 'oted that the -ou( sets o- easu(ee'ts sho2 a close a/(eee't 2$th
tepe(atu(e -luctuat$o's -(o yea( to yea(4 They all sho2 ($ses $' 19"11 19"41 19"71 1998
a'd 199"4 They all sho2 -alls $' 19"31 19"81 19901 1997 a'd 20004 Th$s sho2s that all
-ou( easu(ee'ts a(e (espo's$)e to e=actly the sae $'-lue'ces $' the cl$ate4
%o2e)e(1 the su(-ace easu(ee'ts sho2 a steady t(e'd up2a(ds 2h$ch $s 'ot see' $' the
*alloo' a'd M&0 easu(ee'ts4 Th$s t(e'd ust *e att($*uta*le to soe $'-lue'ce o' the
su(-ace $tsel-1 a'
&ater 6a"or Increasing
#ate( )apo( $s the ost p(e)ale't a'd ost po2e-ul /(ee'house /as o' the pla'et1 *ut $ts
11
$'c(eas$'/ p(ese'ce $s the (esult o- 2a($'/ caused *y ca(*o' d$o=$de1 etha'e a'd othe(
/(ee'house /ases4 #ate( )apo( holds o'to t2o-th$(ds o- the heat t(apped *y all the
/(ee'house /ases4 As the .a(th heats up (elat$)e hu$d$ty $s a*le to $'c(ease1 allo2$'/ the
pla'et7s atosphe(e to hold o(e 2ate( )apo(1 caus$'/ e)e' o(e 2a($'/1 thus a
pos$t$)e -eed*ac3 sce'a($o4 Because the a$( $s 2a(e(1 the (elat$)e hu$d$ty ca' *e h$/he(
A$' esse'ce1 the a$( $s a*le to 7hold7 o(e 2ate( 2he' $ts 2a(e(B1 lead$'/ to o(e 2ate(
)apo( $' the atosphe(e1 says the )&*&4 The(e $s uch sc$e't$-$c u'ce(ta$'ty as to the
de/(ee th$s -eed*ac3 loop causes $'c(eased 2a($'/1 $'asuch as the 2ate( )apo( also
causes $'c(eased cloud -o(at$o'1 2h$ch $' tu(' (e-lects heat *ac3 out $'to space4
Air"lanes
The 0N7s !'te(/o)e('e'tal >a'el o' :l$ate :ha'/e est$ates that a)$at$o' causes 345
pe(ce't o- /lo*al 2a($'/1 a'd that the -$/u(e could ($se to 15 pe(ce't *y 20504
Methane
#h$le ca(*o' d$o=$de $s the p($'c$pal /(ee'house /as1 etha'e $s seco'd ost $po(ta't4
Acco(d$'/ to the !>::1 Metha'e $s o(e tha' 20 t$es as
e--ect$)e as :?2 at t(app$'/ heat $' the atosphe(e4 ;e)els o- atosphe($c etha'e ha)e
($se' 145F $' the last 100 yea(s4 Metha'e $s de($)ed -(o sou(ces such as ($ce padd$es1
*o)$'e -latule'ce1 *acte($a $' *o/s a'd -oss$l -uel p(oduct$o'4 Most o- the 2o(ldDs ($ce1
a'd all o- the ($ce $' the 0'$ted &tates1 $s /(o2' o' -looded -$elds4 #he' -$elds a(e
-looded1 a'ae(o*$c co'd$t$o's de)elop a'd the o(/a'$c atte( $' the so$l decoposes1
(eleas$'/ :%4 to the atosphe(e1 p($a($ly th(ou/h the ($ce pla'ts4
Natural *auses0 Natu(al causes a(e causes c(eated *y 'atu(e4 ?'e 'atu(al cause $s a
(elease o- etha'e /as -(o a(ct$c tu'd(a a'd 2etla'ds4 Metha'e $s a /(ee'house /as4 A
/(ee'house /as $s a /as that t(aps heat $' the ea(th7s atosphe(e4 A'othe( 'atu(al cause $s
that the ea(th /oes th(ou/h a cycle o- cl$ate cha'/e4 Th$s cl$ate cha'/e usually lasts
a*out 401000 yea(s4
12
Man7made *auses: Ma'-ade causes p(o*a*ly do the ost daa/e4 The(e a(e
a'y a'-ade causes4 >ollut$o' $s o'e o- the *$//est a'-ade p(o*les4 >ollut$o'
coes $' a'y shapes a'd s$@es4 Bu('$'/ -oss$l -uels $s o'e th$'/ that causes pollut$o'4
,oss$l -uels a(e -uels ade o- o(/a'$c atte( such as coal1 o( o$l4 #he' -oss$l -uels a(e
*u('ed they /$)e o-- a /(ee' house /as called :?24 Also $'$'/ coal a'd o$l allo2s
etha'e to escape4 %o2 does $t escapeK Metha'e $s 'atu(ally $' the /(ou'd4 #he' coal o(
o$l $s $'ed you ha)e to d$/ up the ea(th a l$ttle4 #he' you d$/ up the -oss$l -uels you d$/
up the etha'e as 2ell4 A'othe( a6o( a'-ade cause o- Glo*al #a($'/ $s
populat$o'4 Mo(e people ea's o(e -ood1 a'd o(e ethods o- t(a'spo(tat$o'1 ($/htK
That ea's o(e etha'e *ecause the(e 2$ll *e o(e *u('$'/ o- -oss$l -uels1 a'd o(e
a/($cultu(e4 No2 you( p(o*a*ly th$'3$'/1 I#a$t a $'ute1 you sa$d a/($cultu(e $s /o$'/ to
*e daa/ed *y Glo*al #a($'/1 *ut 'o2 you7(e say$'/ a/($cultu(e $s /o$'/ to help cause
Glo*al #a($'/KI #ell1 ha)e you e)e( *ee' $' a *a(' -$lled 2$th a'$als a'd you sell
soeth$'/ te(($*leK Cou7(e sell$'/ etha'e4 A'othe( p(o*le 2$th the $'c(eas$'/
populat$o' $s t(a'spo(tat$o'4 Mo(e people ea's o(e ca(s1 a'd o(e ca(s ea's o(e
pollut$o'4 Also1 a'y people ha)e o(e tha' o'e ca(4 &$'ce :?2 co't($*utes to /lo*al
2a($'/1 the $'c(ease $' populat$o' a3es the p(o*le 2o(se *ecause 2e *(eathe out
:?24 Also1 the t(ees that co')e(t ou( :?2 to o=y/e' a(e *e$'/ deol$shed *ecause 2e7(e
us$'/ the la'd that 2e cut the t(ees do2' -(o as p(ope(ty -o( ou( hoes a'd *u$ld$'/s4
#e a(e 'ot (eplac$'/ the t(ees Aa' $po(ta't pa(t o- ou( eco systeB1 so 2e a(e co'sta'tly
ta3$'/ ad)a'ta/e o- ou( 'atu(al (esou(ces a'd /$)$'/ 'oth$'/ *ac3 $' (etu('4
Industriali8ation0 +ap$d /(o2th o- $'dust(y $s )astly (espo's$*le -o( /lo*al
2a($'/4Because th$s $'dust(y p(oduce hu/e aou't o- ca(*o'-d$-o=$de4

S9N0 T2o 'e2 (epo(ts cast dou*t o' the a'ade /lo*al 2a($'/ theo(y a'd $'stead
po$'t to a'othe( cause -o( the (ece't 2a($'/ o- .a(th L cha'/es $' the su'4 ?'e (epo(t
-(o Nat$o'al Geo/(aph$c Ne2s asse(ts1 I&$ulta'eous 2a($'/ o' .a(th a'd Ma(s
13
su//ests that ou( pla'etDs (ece't cl$ate cha'/es ha)e a 'atu(al L a'd 'ot a hua'-
$'duced L cause1 acco(d$'/ to o'e sc$e't$stDs co't(o)e(s$al theo(y4M Data -(o NA&ADs
Ma(s Glo*al &u()eyo( a'd ?dyssey $ss$o' $' 2005 d$sclosed that the ca(*o' d$o=$de
I$ce capsM 'ea( Ma(sD south pole had *ee' sh($'3$'/ -o( th(ee co'secut$)e sue(s4
evelo" country0 &oe -o(e$/'e(s a'd othe( cou't($es )$e2 Ae($ca as sel-$sh1
la@y o( see that 2e a(e o'e o- the *$//est p(o*les1 a'd a(e 'ot do$'/ as uch as 2e
could to help /lo*al 2a($'/4 A'd althou/h that7s 6ud/$'/ e)e(yo'e $' ou( cou't(y
2$thout eet$'/ h$ o( he( a'd e)e' thou/h 'ot e)e(yo'e $' Ae($ca $s l$3e th$s1 ! ha)e
to say th$s
assupt$o' $s pa(t$ally
t(ue to soe e=te't4
No2 ! 3'o2 you7(e
/ett$'/ a'y lette(s
l$3e th$s1 *ut that7s
p(o*a*ly *ecause
ce(ta$' $ssues a(e
$po(ta't a'd
p(o$'e't to a'y
Ae($ca' c$t$@e's4
>e(so'ally1 y *$//est
co'ce(' -o( 'ot 6ust ou(
cou't(y1 *ut ou( 2hole
2o(ld Aa'd ! 3'o2
you7)e hea(d th$s
*e-o(eB $s ou(
e')$(o'e't a'd ou(
cou't(y7s e--ect o'
/lo*al
2a($'/4 The 0&
'eeds to $p(o)e
ou( e')$(o'e'tal ha*$ts4 #e 'eed to cut do2' o' a6o( causes o- /lo*al 2a($'/ a'd
sta(t cutt$'/ do2' -e2e( t(ees4.)e' thou/h $t sou'ds old--ash$o'ed1 2e (eally 'eed to
sta(t cutt$'/ do2' -e2e( t(ees4 !t ta3es a2ay a'$als7 hoes1 a'$als7 -ood a'd ta3es
a2ay a MAN?+ sou(ce o- o=y/e'4 .)e' thou/h all pla'ts /$)e o-- o=y/e'1 'o o'e (eally
cuts do2' salle( pla'tsO they o'ly cut do2' t(ees4 >lus1 s$ply e'ou/h1 t(ees a(e soe
o- the *$//est pla'ts o' .a(th1 a'd the(e-o(e a(e o'e o- the *$//est sou(ces o- o=y/e'4 !
su//est 2e ha)e .P0A; aou'ts o- a(eas -o( protection o- t(ees1 a'd e5ual aou't
N0&T -o( cutt$'/ do2' t(ees to use -o( *u$ld$'/ a'd a3$'/ p(oducts a'd such4 Bas$cally
! th$'3 lea)$'/ the .a(th /(ee'e( helps a3e the o@o'e laye( clea'e(4 !t 2ould lo2e(
aou'ts o- p(oducts 2e ca' /et out o- t(ees1 *ut 2e st$ll 'eed to lea(' to actually give a
l$ttle -o( ou( .a(th4! also *el$e)e that the Kyoto >(otocol could !MM.N&.;C $p(o)e
ou( u'healthy ha*$ts -o( ou( e')$(o'e't1 e)e' thou/h $t 2ould at -$(st cha'/e so uch $'
ou( cultu(e $t $/ht *e d$--$cult to /et used to4 But the 0& $s o'e o- the *$//est1
co's$ste't co't($*uto(s to /lo*al 2a($'/1 a'd 2e a(e o'e o- the -e2 cou't($es 2ho
ha)e'7t s$/'ed th$s p(otocol4 Ces1 the l$$t$'/ o- ca(*o' e$ss$o' 2ould slo2 do2'
$'dust(y a'd p(oduct$o'1 *ut $- othe( cou't($es ca' do $t1 2hy ca'7t 2eK ! t(uly *el$e)e $t7s
*ecause a'y Ae($ca's A'ot allB a(e sl$/htly sel-$sh1 la@y o( u'a2a(e o- the -acts--'o
atte( ho2 uch 2e de'y $t1 $t7s t(ue1 a'd $t sho2s4 #e 'eed to (eal$@e ho2 uch ou(
cou't(y $s hu(t$'/ the .a(th a'd e=actly ho2 uch 2e7(e add$'/ to /lo*al 2a($'/44
14
Effect
Tem"erature increase0 Th$s /(aph sho2 the 2o(ld tepe(atu(e $s $'c(eas$'/ e)e(y
yea(4!- $t 2$ll 'ot cha'/e the 2o(ld tepe(atu(e 2$ll *e h$/he( tha' p(ese't4
+igure ", #em$erature increase until the .ear ,00.
.a(th 2a($'/ $s a' $'c(ease $' the a)e(a/e tepe(atu(e o- .a(th7s su(-ace4 &$'ce the late
1"007s1 the /lo*al a)e(a/e tepe(atu(e has $'c(eased a*out 047 to 144 de/(ees , A044 to
04" de/(ees :B4 Ma'y e=pe(ts est$ate that the a)e(a/e tepe(atu(e 2$ll ($se a' add$t$o'al
245 to 1044 de/(ees , A144 to 54" de/(ees :B *y 21004 That (ate o- $'c(ease 2ould *e uch
la(/e( tha' ost past (ates o- $'c(ease4 &c$e't$sts 2o((y that hua' soc$et$es a'd 'atu(al
ecosystes $/ht 'ot adapt to (ap$d cl$ate cha'/es4 A' ecosyste co's$sts o- the l$)$'/
o(/a'$ss a'd phys$cal e')$(o'e't $' a pa(t$cula( a(ea
Fo( the past couple o- yea(s1 /lo*al 2a($'/ s3ept$cs ha)e *ee' *ash$'/ cl$ate
(esea(che( M$chael Ma''1 cla$$'/ that -(aud o( e((o(s c(eated h$s so-called Ihoc3ey
st$c3I /(aph sho2$'/ d(aat$c $'c(eases $' the tepe(atu(e o- the ea(th $' the last decade4
15
:ise sea ;evel0 &ea le)el ($se $s the /(eatest p(o*le4 Tu)alu7s h$/hest ele)at$o' $s
448 ete(s -- 15 -eet -- *ut ost o- $t $s 'o o(e tha' a ete( a*o)e the sea4 &e)e(al
t$es each yea( the (e/ula( lu'a( cycle o- t$des1 ($d$'/ o' the e)e( h$/he( ea' sea le)el1
*($'/s the >ac$-$c slosh$'/ o)e( o'to (oads a'd $'to 'e$/h*o(hoods4 !' the ce'te( o- the
la(/e( $sla'ds the sea -loods out o- old *a((o2 p$ts a'd e)e' s5u$(ts up out o- the co(al
*ed(oc34 >uddles *u**le up that e)e'tually co)e( pa(t o- the a$(po(t o' the a$' $sla'd o-
,u'a-ut$ a'd $'u'date hoes that a(e 'ot alo'/ the ocea'4

Th$s ,e*(ua(y1 the t$des 2e(e d($)e' a/a$'st the sho(e *y u'usual 2este(ly 2$'ds1 a'd
the(e 2as $'c(eas$'/ e(os$o'4 The a$' asphalt (oad $s o'ly a*out 10 3 lo'/1 yet $t (u's
($/ht alo'/ the la/oo' $' a'y places a'd 2as co)e(ed $' 2ate( a'd co(al (oc3s th(o2'
up *y the t$de4 %u'd(eds o- 2ood -(ae a'd co((u/ated etal (oo-ed hoes a'd se)e(al
chu(ches1 *u$lt ($/ht o' the la/oo'1 2e(e d(e'ched *y the 2$'d 2a)es ($d$'/ o' the
1acific *oast *rabs
#$th o'co$'/ /lo*al 2a($'/1 soe c(a* spec$es alo'/ the >ac$-$c coast ay -ace
e=t$'ct$o'4 A study sho2s that sall c(a*s 2ho l$)e $' 2a(e( 2ate(s 'ea( >ac$-$c
*eaches a(e th(eate'ed *y ($s$'/ tepe(atu(es4 !' a study *y No'atho' %4 &t$lla'1 a
a($'e *$olo/$st at &ta'-o(d 0'$)e(s$ty1 the sc$e't$st deo'st(ated the lo2 tole(a'ce -o(
$'ute cha'/es $' tepe(atu(es $' c(a*s located $' the Gul- o- :al$-o('$a4 &t$lla'7s
-$'d$'/s 2e(e pu*l$shed $' the Nuly 41 2003 $ssue o- the 6ou('al &c$e'ce4 &t$lla' sa$d
othe( stud$es ha)e al(eady 'oted that at least o'e c(a* spec$es alo'/ No(th Ae($ca7s
#est :oast has d$sappea(ed -(o a t(ad$t$o'al ha*$tat4 &tud$es also ha)e sho2' that soe
othe( coastal spec$es ha)e o)ed -a(the( 'o(th to escape the tepe(atu(e ($se $' southe('
AG:I*9;T:E: ?'e o- the a6o( causes o- /lo*al 2a($'/ $s a' $'c(ease $' :?24
?'e o- the th$'/s that 2$ll help pla'ts $s the 2eathe( 2$ll *e 2a(e(1 a3$'/ a lo'/e(
/(o2$'/ seaso'4 !- the pla'ts ha)e a lo'/e( /(o2$'/ seaso' they 2$ll p(oduce o(e -(u$t4
18
A'othe( th$'/ $s that o(e p(ec$p$tat$o' $s a't$c$pated4 The 0'$ted &tates .')$(o'e'tal
>(otect$o' A/e'cy A04&4.4>4AB p(ed$cts a 7F $'c(ease $' p(ec$p$tat$o' *y the yea( 2080
A'd a 5 de/(ee $'c(ease $' the tepe(atu(e4
!' the dese(t the(e a(e places called -($'/e la'ds4 ,($'/e la'ds a(e st($ps o- la'd that a(e
l$3e a dese(t 2he' $t $s )e(y hot1 *ut ca' /(o2 th$'/s 2he' the(e $s e'ou/h (a$'4 #he'
/lo*al 2a($'/ occu(s the(e 2$ll *e 'o -($'/e la'ds1 the(e-o(e a3$'/ the dese(ts la(/e(4
?)e(all1 /lo*al 2a($'/ 2$ll e--ect a/($cultu(e )e(y uch4
*oastal0 The coastal (e/$o's 2$ll -lood *ecause o- all the e=t(a (a$'4
Th$s 2$ll cause a'y $'ha*$ta'ts to lea)e the$( hoes a'd -lee4
Forest: &oe -o(ests 2$ll d(y up a'd *ecoe dese(ts *y the $ddle o- th$s 'e2
ce'tu(y4 Also *ecause o- the $'c(ease $' thu'de(sto(s the(e could *e o(e
-o(est -$(es *ecause o- the l$/ht'$'/ a'd the d(y 2ood -(o the t(ees4
1olar Ice0 A la(/e po(t$o' o- the >ola( !ce :ap $/ht elt a3$'/ sea le)el ($se 18-20
-eet4 A ($se o- 20 -eet $' the sea le)el could co)e( ost o- the state o- ,lo($da4
Mountains0 The s'o2 co)e(ed ou'ta$' pea3s 2$ll p(o*a*ly elt caus$'/ -loods a'd
)e(y da'/e(ous udsl$des4
17
Human Deaths:A study1 *y sc$e't$sts at the #o(ld %ealth ?(/a'$@at$o' A#%?B
dete($'ed that 1541000
people d$e e)e(y yea( -(o
the e--ects o- /lo*al
2a($'/1 -(o ala($a to
al'ut($t$o'1 ch$ld(e' $'
de)elop$'/ 'at$o's see$'/ly
the ost )ul'e(a*le4 These
'u*e(s could alost dou*le
*y 20204
Species:The(e a(e
est$ates ao'/ sc$e't$sts
that o'e $ll$o' spec$es a(e
th(eate'ed 2$th e=t$'ct$o' *y
cl$ate cha'/e4 !' the The(e
a(e est$ates ao'/
sc$e't$sts that o'e $ll$o'
spec$es a(e th(eate'ed 2$th
e=t$'ct$o' *y cl$ate cha'/e4
6ou('al Natu(e (esea(che(s say $' the$( study1 .=t$'ct$o' +$s3 ,(o :l$ate :ha'/e1
co'cluded that -(o 15 to 37F o- all the spec$es $' the (e/$o's stud$ed could *e d($)e' to
e=t$'ct$o' *y the cl$ate cha'/es *et2ee' 'o2 a'd 20504
1olar Bears0 !' Nu'e1 20051 40 e*e(s o- the pola( *ea( spec$al$st /(oup o- the
#o(ld :o'se()at$o' 0'$o' co'cluded that pola( *ea(s Q
the 2o(ld7s la(/est *ea( -- should 'o2 *e class$-$ed as a I)ul'e(a*leI spec$es*ased o' a
l$3ely 30 pe(ce't
decl$'e $' the$(
2o(ld2$de
populat$o' o)e( the
'e=t 35 to 50 yea(s4
The(e a(e 'o2 201000
to 251000 pola( *ea(s
ac(oss the A(ct$c4
A(ct$c sea $ce has
decl$'ed o)e( o'e
M$ll$o'
s5ua(e $les1 the s$@e o-
No(2ay1 De'a(3 a'd
&2ede' co*$'ed4
Birds0
!' No(th Ae($ca1 the
A(ct$c tu'd(a $s e=pected to (et(eat 'o(th2a(ds a'd *e (eplaced *y -o(est4 The /lo*ally
th(eate'ed spoo'-*$lled sa'dp$pe( could lose 80 pe(ce't o- $ts 'est$'/ s$tes4
uc,s0
Acco(d$'/ to o'e study1 /lo*al 2a($'/ could cause *(eed$'/ populat$o's o- duc3s $' the
1"
'o(th-ce't(al 0'$ted &tates to decl$'e *y o(e tha' hal-L-(o 5 $ll$o' *$(ds today to
*et2ee' 241 a'd 247 $ll$o' *y the yea( 2080

1enguins0
Bet2ee' 1950 a'd 2001 A'ta(ct$ca7s epe(o( pe'/u$' populat$o' has dec(eased *y 50F4
Sooty Shear#ater :
The &ooty &hea(2ate(1 a 04& 2est coast *$(d that at o'e t$e 'u*e(ed 5 $ll$o'1 'o2
'u*e(s a*out 45010004
Adelie 1enguin0
#ay'e T($)elp$ece12ho d$(ects
A'ta(ct$c sea*$(d (esea(ch -o( the
04&4 A'ta(ct$c +esea(ch D$)$s$o'
at the &outh2est ,$she($es &c$e'ce
:e'te( $' ;a Nolla1 'oted $' 2004 a
50$ dropoff in -delie penguin
populations o' the A'ta(ct$c
>e'$'sula s$'ce 1994
The *a"ercaillie:
!' the 04K the cape(ca$ll$e-the
2o(ld7s la(/est /(ouse-$s p(ed$cted
to lose 99 pe(ce't o- $ts p$'e -o(est
ha*$tat1 $- e=pected tepe(atu(es
$'c(ease (eaches 447 de/(ees
,ah(e'he$t *y $d-ce'tu(y
#hales:
#hales ha)e less success *(eed$'/ $'
2a(e( 2ate(s4 :a' 2hales adapt o(
2$ll the$( 'u*e(s *e challe'/ed as
/lo*al 2a($'/ p(oceeds4
D(ou/ht:Some country of our
#orld #ill drought very soon cause
of global #arming!
Floods
Nat$o'al :l$at$c Data :e'te( AN?AAB d$(ecto( Thoas Ka(l p(ed$cts that /lo*al
2a($'/ 2$ll p(oduce o(e -loods due to $'c(eases $' p(ec$p$tat$o' e=t(ees4 Glo*al
2a($'/ 2$ll d$s(upt p(ec$p$tat$o'
patte('s4 #e7(e /o$'/ to see yet
o(e e=t(ee p(ec$p$tat$o' e)e'ts4
A (epo(t $ssued $' the -all o- 1999
A&a' ,(a'c$sco .=a$'e(1
No)e*e( 71 1999B *y B($ta$'7s
Meteo(olo/$cal ?--$ce 2a('s that
-lood$'/ 2$ll $'c(ease a*out
'$'e-old o)e( the 'e=t decades1 a'd
"0F o- the $'c(eased -lood$'/ 2$ll
occu( $' &outh a'd &outheast
As$a4 The (epo(t 'oted that 199"
sa2 (eco(d -lood$'/1 2$th 98
19
-loods $' 55 cou't($es4 The !>:: 'o2 est$ates that tepe(atu(es $/ht (each as h$/h as
11 de/(ees ,ah(e'he$t *y the e'd o- th$s ce'tu(y4 &uch tepe(atu(e $'c(eases ay lead to
the -lood$'/ o- o(e tha' 2 $ll$o' s5ua(e $les o- coastal la'ds1 d$splac$'/ $ll$o's o-
people $' Ba'/ladesh1 ./ypt1 :h$'a1 !'do'es$a a'd )e(y l$3ely a'y $' the 04&41 o-
2h$ch 50F o- the 04& populat$o' l$)es o' o( 'ea( coastal a(eas
$urricane0 The 2a(e( th$s pla'et /ets1 the 2a(e( the Atla't$c ?cea' /ets1
*($'/$'/ 2a(e( a'd o(e o$st ocea' a$(1 the -uel o- hu(($ca'es4 Th$s $s 2hy sc$e't$sts
a'd $'su(e(s -ea( cl$ate cha'/e 2$ll 2o(se' hu(($ca'es4 The deadl$est hu(($ca'es1 that $s1
cate/o(y 4 a'd 5 hu(($ca'es1 ha)e1 du($'/ the pe($od 1990 th(ou/h 20041 alost dou*led1
s$'ce the pe($od 1970 - 19"54 That $s1 /lo*ally the(e has *ee' a' $'c(ease o- a' a''ual
a)e(a/e o- 10 to a' a''ual (ate o- 1"
cate/o(y 4 a'd 5 hu(($ca'es1 du($'/
the yea(s 1990 th(ou/h 4
#eathe(-+elated Daa/e
!' No)e*e(1 199" #o(ld2atch
!'st$tute1 a' e')$(o'e'tal th$'3-
ta'3 $' #ash$'/to' D4: a'd Mu'$ch
+e1 2o(ld7s la(/est $'su(e(
a''ou'ced soe sta(tl$'/ -$/u(es4
The dolla( daa/es du($'/ 199"
-(o 2eathe(-(elated d$saste(s
A-loods1 sto(s1 d(ou/hts1 -$(esB
totaled o)e( R93 *$ll$o'4 #eathe(-
(elated daa/es -o( the e't$(e decade
o- the 19"07s 2as less tha' R"9
*$ll$o'4 &o -a(1 2eathe(-(elated
'atu(al d$saste( daa/e totals ha)e
soa(ed $' the 19907s to R340 *$ll$o'1 a 300F $'c(ease o)e( the 19"07s4
Im"act on 9S *ities
As o- Ma(ch 241 2008 2$th the co*$'ed (esea(ch o- No'atha' T4 ?)e(pec31 Bette ;4
?tto-Bl$es'e( y$eld$'/ the$( -o($da*le p(o6ect$o's1 A$' the 6ou('al &c$e'ce1
Paleoclimatic Evidence for uture !ce"Sheet !nstability and #apid Sea"$evel #ise)% o- a
poss$*le 20 -oot $'c(ease $' sea le)el1 2e ha)e to (ecal$*(ate the $pacts o' 0& c$t$es4 The
-ollo2$'/ p(o6ect$o's
2e(e 2($tte' *e-o(e the
&c$e'ce study:
&tud$es *y .>A a'd
othe(s ha)e est$ated
that alo'/ the Gul- a'd
Atla't$c coasts1 a one
foot ./0 cm0 rise $' sea
le)el $s l$3ely *y
2050 a'd could occu(
as soo' as 20254 The
.>A says that a6o(
po(t c$t$es 2$th lo2
a(eas $'clude 1oston, )ew 2ork, &harleston, 3iami, and )ew Orleans 4 The a)e(a/e
20
ele)at$o' o- Ne2 ?(lea's $s a*out 2 ete(s *elo2 sea le)el1 a'd pa(ts o- Te=as :$ty1 &a'
Nose1 a'd ;o'/ Beach1 :al$-o('$a a(e a*out o'e ete( *elo2 sea le)el4 &ays -o(e(
N?AA Ad$'$st(ato(1 D(4 Naes Ba3e(1 S!' -act1 a' $'te('at$o'al o(/a'$@at$o' o-
sc$e't$sts (a'3ed )ew Orleans as the No(th Ae($ca' c$ty ost )ul'e(a*le to cl$ate
cha'/e4 The(e-o(e1 the top$c o- /lo*al 2a($'/ $s espec$ally (ele)a't he(e4M &ea le)el ($se
alo'/ the 04&4 coasts $s l$3ely to *e soe2hat /(eate( tha' the /lo*al a)e(a/e4 The .>A
study $'cludes a set o- p(o6ect$o's that coastal (es$de'ts ca' use to calculate ho2 uch
sea le)el 2$ll ($se $' spec$-$c cou'$t$es4 Alo'/ the coast o- Ne2 Co(31 2h$ch typ$-$es
the 04&4 :oastl$'es1 sea le)el $s l$3ely to ($se 10 $'ches *y 2050 a'd alost 2 -eet *y
21004 the(e $s also a 1 pe(ce't cha'ce o- a t2o -oot ($se *y 20501 a 4 -oot ($se *y 21001
a'd a 15 -oot *y the yea( 22004 The .>A also says that a o'e -oot ($se $' sea le)el could
occu( The coast o- :al$-o('$a1 2h$ch s$ts h$/he( o-- the 2ate( tha' ost Atla't$c
coastl$'es1 -o( $'sta'ce1 could eas$ly 2eathe( a sea-le)el ($se o- se)e(al $'ches4 :oastl$'es
alo'/ the Gul- o- Me=$co T ,lo($da1 o' the othe( ha'd1 2ould *e de)astated4
isa""earing Beaches
Th$s pla'et has 2a(ed o)e( the past 100 yea(s *y a*out 1 de/(ee ,ah(e'he$t1 (esult$'/ $'
a' $'c(eas$'/ sea le)el o- soe2he(e *et2ee' 4 a'd 10 $'ches4 The !'te(/o)e('e'tal
>a'el o' :l$ate :ha'/e has up to (ece'tly p(ed$cted that 2$th a 2 to 8 de/(ee ,ah(e'he$t
$'c(ease1 the(e 2ould *e a co((espo'd$'/ $'c(ease $' sea le)el o- 8 to 37 $'ches4 But as o-
Nu'e1 2000 sc$e't$sts a(e p(ed$ct$'/ a' est$ated tepe(atu(e $'c(ease $' the 04&4o)e( the
'e=t 100 yea(s o- a*out 5 to 10 de/(ees ,4 Th$s ay (esult $' a co((espo'd$'/ $'c(ease o-
sea le)el p(o6ect$o's1 2$th uch h$/he( est$ates tha' the 8 to 37 $'ches p(oposed *y the
!>::4 ?' a typ$cal .ast :oast *each a o'e -oot ($se $' sea le)el (esults $' a loss o- 50 to
100 -eet o- la'd *ecoes pe(a'e'tly su*e(/ed4 These latest p(o6ect$o's ay ea'
that 2ell *e-o(e 100 yea(s elapse1 2e 2$ll *e los$'/ uch o- ou( pu*l$c *eaches4
amage & ;oss of &orld/s Ecosystems & Biomes
Acco(d$'/ to a (ece't (epo(t *y the #o(ld #$ldl$-e ,u'd1 a
dou*l$'/ o- atosphe($c ca(*o' d$o=$de ay lead to loss of
/5$ of the world4s e5isting terrestrial habitats1 2$th 'o ce(ta$'ty
the(e 2$ll *e (eplacee't ecosystes *($'/$'/ s$$la( spec$es
d$)e(s$ty4
21
Effect on &orld/s Food 1roduction
+o*e(t #atso'1 cha$(a' o- the !'te(/o)e('e'tal >a'el o' :l$ate :ha'/e 2a('ed
($s$'/ tepe(atu(es 2$ll Icause dec(eases $' a/($cultu(al p(oduct$)$ty $' the t(op$cs a'd
su*-t(op$cs 444 a(eas 2he(e 2e al(eady ha)e hu'/e(4I The th(eat to -utu(e -ood suppl$es
-(o cl$ate cha'/e 2e$/hs hea)$ly o' a' e=pected 2050 2o(ld populat$o' o- 9 *$ll$o'
people4 ;este( +4 B(o2'1 -ou'de( o- the .a(th >ol$cy !'st$tute a'd a 'oted e')$(o'e'tal
a'alyst 2ho spe't 10 yea(s as a pol$cy ad)$se( $' the Depa(te't o- A/($cultu(e1 says1
IThe )ast co(' *elt o- the No(the(' %e$sphe(e1 -o( e=aple1 2$ll *ecoe hotte( a'd
d(ye(1 a'd that cha'/e ca'7t *e (esol)ed e(ely *y c(eat$'/ 'e2 co(' *elts -u(the( 'o(th1
*ecause the so$ls -u(the( 'o(th a(e 'ot the sae at all4I444B(o2' /oes o'to say1 I.ach
/lo*al $'c(ease o- 1 de/(ee :els$us A14"
de/(ees ,ah(e'he$tB a(ou'd the 2o(ld
2$ll (educe /(a$' y$elds l$3e ($ce a'd
2heat1 as 2ell as co('1 *y at least
10F4I444B(o2'1 'ot$'/ the th(eat o- 2ate(
sho(ta/es -(o d2$'dl$'/ a5u$-e(s1 says1
ITh$s d$s(upt$o' *y a co*$'at$o' o-
cl$ate cha'/e a'd 2ate( sho(ta/es has
the pote't$al -o( c(eat$'/ pol$t$cal
$'sta*$l$t$es o' a scale thsat 2e ca'7t e)e'
-o(see4I The !'te(/o)e('e'tal >a'el o'
:l$ate :ha'/e p(o6ects a' $'c(ease $' /lo*al ea' su(-ace tepe(atu(es o- a*out 145 to
840 de/(ees : A245 to 1044 de/(ees ,B *y 2100! A10B &c$e't$sts ha)e $ssued a 2a('$'/ that
$'c(eas$'/ tepe(atu(es 2$ll d$$'$sh the y$eld o- *as$c c(ops o- co('1 soy*ea' a'd ($ce 4
2ceans0-ll life on earth ultimately depends on the oceans, which cover ! per
cent of the planet. 6hese vast
basins of water provide most of
the o5ygen in our atmosphere, and
microscopic plants absorb millions of
tons of carbon dio5ide each
day. 6his watery region is also
home to the coral reefs which are
e5tremely important for
biodiversity, providing habitats to
over "5$ of all marine life. . &oral
bleaching is threatening many of
the world4s coral reefs which could
be killed within our lifetime.0
Earth/s atmos"here and oceans0 The .a(th7s a)e(a/e tepe(atu(e (ose a*out
0489 :els$us A1419 ,ah(e'he$tB $' the 20th ce'tu(y1 see tepe(atu(e /(aphs *elo24
22

+igure 5 #em$erature increase in the last 6000 .ears.
The a)e(a/e tepe(atu(e o- the ea(th has ($se' s$/'$-$ca'tly 2h$ch tech'$cally has
a--ected the 2hole pla'et4 %o2e)e(1 a o(e 'ot$cea*le e)e't $s the pola( $ce caps at *oth
'o(th a'd south poles a(e *e$'/ d(ast$cally a--ected *y Glo*al #a($'/4 The cha'/e $'
tepe(atu(e has caused /lac$e(s a'd $ce sheets to elt1 thus caus$'/ the sea le)els to ($se
s$/'$-$ca'tly4 Cet as %ua' p(oduced G(ee' %ouse Gases AG%GB ($se to da'/e(ous
le)els Glo*al #a($'/ $s happe'$'/ o' a /lo*al scale4
Tem"erature increase: Th$s /(aph sho2 the 2o(ld tepe(atu(e $s $'c(eas$'/
e)e(y yea(4!- $t 2$ll 'ot cha'/e the 2o(ld tepe(atu(e 2$ll *e h$/he( tha' p(ese't4 .a(th
2a($'/ $s a' $'c(ease $' the a)e(a/e tepe(atu(e o- .a(th7s su(-ace4 &$'ce the late
1"007s1 the /lo*al a)e(a/e tepe(atu(e has $'c(eased a*out 047 to 144 de/(ees , A044 to
04" de/(ees :B4
Im"acts of Sea ;evel :ise :+ap$d u(*a'$sat$o' $' lo2-ly$'/ coastal a(eas o- *oth the
de)elop$'/ a'd de)eloped 2o(ld $s $'c(eas$'/ populat$o' de's$t$es a'd the )alue o-
hua'-ade assets e=posed to coastal climatic e5tremes such as t(op$cal cyclones.
23
!>:: odel *ased p(o6ect$o's o- the a)e(a/e a''ual 'u*e( o- people 2ho 2ould *e
-looded *y coastal sto( su(/es $s est$ated to $'c(ease se)e(al -old1 c(eat$'/ 200 $ll$o'
climate refugees. Th$s $s *ased o' 2hat $s called a E$d-(a'/e sce'a($oD o- a 40-c sea-
le)el ($se *y 20"01 2h$ch $s p(etty co'se()at$)e4 The 04&4 .')$(o'e'tal >(otect$o'
A/e'cy A.>AB 'otes that the sea le)el has ($se' 15 to 20 c A8 to " $'chesB $' the past
100 yea(s1 a'd $t $s p(ed$cted to co't$'ue a'othe( 50 ce't$ete(s A20 $'chesB o)e( the 'e=t
ce'tu(y A2$th soe est$ates as h$/h as 90 ce't$ete(s1 o( 3 -eetB4
6he sea level is definitely rising, and it is jeopardi7ing rapidly growing coastal
communities. Official decisions on evacuation of whole populations from some atolls
in the 8acific Ocean have been taken or are being considered. +or e5ample, 9:0
people, the entire population of the &arteret -toll, will need to be evacuated by
"05, and the island is destined to become history. - similar fate awaits the small
nation of 6uvalu and 3ajuro in the 3arshall ;slands.
6he potential of damage to infrastructure in coastal areas from sea#level rise will be
tens of billions %(< for individual countries like= >gypt, 8oland, and ?ietnam.
'roof
The -$(st $a/e a*o)e o' the -a( le-t 2as ta3e' o' 12 Au/ust 1997 o- a house at ,lo(alto'
Beach1 ,lo($da4 #he' @urricane ,(a'ces cae th(ou/h o' " &epte*e( 2004 all
)e/etat$o' a'd du'e l$'es 2e(e 2$ped out A$ddle $a/eB4 As a (esult1 the house 2as
d$(ectly e=posed a'd copletely dest(oyed 2he' coastal su(/es -(o %u(($ca'e Nea''e
h$t o' 29 &epte*e( 20044
24
1"75 photo cou(tesy %4 &lupet@3yU0'$)e(s$ty o- &al@*u(/
The >aste(@e1 Aust($a7s lo'/est /lac$e(1 2as a*out 2 3$loete(s lo'/e( $' the 19th :4 *ut $s 'o2
copletely out o- s$/ht -(o th$s o)e(loo3 o' the G(oss/loc3'e( %$/h +oad4 The Ma(/a($t@e'-
&t(ausee1 a daed a(t$-$c$al la3e1 'o2 $s $' the place 2he(e the /lac$e( te($'us 2as $' 1"754
Measu(ee'ts o- the >aste(@e *e/a' $' 1""9 a'd $t has *ee' pull$'/ *ac3 the e't$(e t$e1 $'
app(o=$ate step 2$th (e/$o'al tepe(atu(es that ha)e *ee' $'c(eas$'/4 The /lac$e( $s 'o2 a*out
e$/ht K lo'/ a'd loses a*out 15 ete(s pe( yea(4 %o2e)e( $' 2003 the >aste(@e dec(eased 30
ete(s $' le'/th a'd 845 ete(s $' th$c3'ess4 G1"75 $a/e1 photo/(aphe( u'3'o2'1 $s cou(tesy %4
&lupet@3y1 -(o the 0'$)e(s$ty o- &al@*u(/ a(ch$)es4 Ga(y B(aasch photo ade Au/ 141 2004H

Alas3a7s /lac$e(s a(e (eced$'/ at t2$ce the (ate p(e)$ously thou/ht1 acco(d$'/ to a 'e2 study
pu*l$shed $' the Nuly 191 2002 Science 6ou('al4 These t2o $a/es sho2 >o(ta/e Glac$e(1 'ea(
A'cho(a/e1 Alas3a1 $' a*out 1950 a'd $' Nuly 20014 The $ce has pulled *ac3 'ea(ly out o- s$/ht4
>o(ta/e Glac$e( 1950 Ah$sto($c photo -(o the
;ulu ,a$(*a'3s :ollect$o'1 0'$)e(s$ty o- Alas3a
;$*(a(y1 used *y pe($ss$o'4B
>o(ta/e Glac$e( 2002
25
>o(ta/e Glac$e( 1914 >o(ta/e Glac$e( 2004

Glac$e(s $' the No(th2est 0'$ted &tates ha)e also *ee' sh($'3$'/4 &tud$es *y the :l$ate
!pacts G(oup at 0'$)e(s$ty o- #ash$'/to' sho2 (e/$o'al tepe(atu(e has *ee' 1459 , 2a(e(
$' the 20th ce'tu(y1 2$th ($s$'/ s'o2 l$'es1 dec(eas$'/ ou'ta$' s'o2pac31 a'd ea(l$e( sp($'/
(u'o--4 These photos o- Mt4 %ood ?(e/o' copa($'/ late seaso' s'o2 a'd $ce o'ly 1" yea(s
apa(t $'d$cate the p(o*le: uch less late sue( $ce -(o 2h$ch the (e/$o' /ets 2ate( -o(
$(($/at$o'1 d($'3$'/1 a'd -$sh ha*$tat4
28
The -$(st photo/(aphs ade -o( #o(ld <$e2 o- Glo*al #a($'/1 te' yea(s a/o1 2e(e o-
/lac$e(s $' A'ta(ct$ca a'd >e(u4 Th$s pa/e sho2s a select$o' o- th2he(e 2e
ha)e docue'ted /lac$e( a'd $ce cap (et(eat -- a sall set o- $a/es
$llust(at$'/ the
o)e(2hel$'/ e)$de'ce
-(o hu'd(eds o- /lac$e(s
a'd $ce caps o' e)e(y
co't$'e't that /lo*al
2a($'/ $s se)e(ely
a--ect$'/ the 2ate( a'd
/lac$al cycles o- the
pla'et4 Th$s $s a
p(o-ou'd cha'/e that
u'l$3e 'atu(al cycles
l$3e the ;$ttle !ce A/e o- the
18th a'd 17th ce'tu($es $s
p(oceed$'/ )e(y (ap$dly
a'd appea(s t$ed to 'o 'atu(al cycles4 The *est co((elat$o' -o( th$s cha'/e
to all *ut a ha'd-ul o- the 1801000 la'd /lac$e(s a'd pa(ts o- the /(eat $ce
caps $s to ($s$'/ atmospheric temperatures tied to increasing amounts of
greenhouse gases.
-n other parts of the #orld, glacier #ater $eeps streams cool and full for salmon and
other important #ildlife. &nd as more and more #ater reaches the ocean,
it is increasing sea level at a faster rate 333 #hich threatens every coastal
city and shoreline. Ne# scientific pro4ections sho# at least a three foot
(one meter) rise in ocean levels by the end of this century, part of #hich is
also due to the epansion of #arming sea #ater. %his #ill inundate rice
fields and estuaries that feed billions, and push into the heart of the
#orlds largest cities 333 and ma$e each storm a threat of more devastating
#aves and surges.1lacier 5rurashra4u, at about "6,222 feet in
'ordillera 7lanca of 8eru. 8hotographed in "98: by 8eruvian glaciologist
&lcides &mes, #hose studies and direction allo#ed 1ary 7raasch to
rephotograph it in "999. .etreat of about 622 *. &mes studies confirms
the very rapid deglaciation of the 'ordillera 7lanca, #hich is the most ice3
covered mountain range in the tropics.8erhaps the most dramatic glacier
#ithdra#al has been in the &lps, #here it has occured in full vie# of
residents, tourists and scientists. %his is a "869 etching of the .hone
glacier in the ;anton of <alais, ,#it+erland, #hen the ice filled the valley
right to the tiny crossroads of 1letsch. -n !22" the glacier #as nearly out
of sight, !.6 $m distant and =62 * higher. ('iceri etching courtesy ,tefan
>agner, from 5ber die ?ur$a @"999, Aimburg aBdB Aahn
27
Around the globe1 sea le)el $s o(e tha'
8 $'ches h$/he( tha' $t 2as 100 yea(s a/o1
due p($a($ly to 2a(e( sea 2ate( a'd
(u'o-- -(o elt$'/ /lac$e(s4 The (ate o-
($se $s 'o2 12 $'ches pe( ce'tu(y a'd
$'c(eas$'/4 The !>:: p(o6ected $' $ts 2007
(epo(t a sea le)el up to 2 -eet h$/he( *y
21004 %o2e)e(1 lead$'/ /lac$olo/$sts ha)e
lo'/ a$'ta$'ed that accepted est$ates o-
sea le)el ($se 2e(e u'de(est$ated1 due to
the (ap$d (et(eat o- ou'ta$' /lac$e(s a'd
the u'p(ed$cta*le cha'/e to $ce caps $'
G(ee'la'd a'd #est A'ta(ct$ca4 &tud$es (eleased $' 200" a'd 2009 us$'/ )a($ous satell$te
se'so(s o- the sea su(-ace plus est$ates o- co't$'u$'/ $ce cap a'd /lac$e( elt $'d$cate
sea le)el 2$ll *e th(ee -eet o( o(e h$/he( *y the e'd o- the ce'tu(y4 Th$s $s a de)astat$'/
-o(ecast -o( lo2 ly$'/ a(eas -(o >ac$-$c $sla'ds1 to Ba'/ladesh1 to ,lo($da7s lo2-ly$'/
2"
coast a'd .)e(/lades Asee 'e=tB1 a'd pa(ts o- all a6o( coastal c$t$es4 !' Alas3a1 the 'at$)e
)$lla/e o- (hishmaref1 $' the photo to the
Greenland/s0 %u/e $cecap1 seco'd o'ly to A'ta(ct$ca1 $s also sho2$'/ s$/'s o-
cha'/e1 althou/h easu(ee'ts a(e p(el$$'a(y4 ?ut-lo2 /lac$e(s l$3e th$s o'e o' the
ce't(al east coast1 as easu(ed *y NA&A a$(*o('e (ada( a'd lase(1 appea( to *e th$''$'/
a'd -lo2$'/ o(e (ap$dly4 The Nat$o'al :l$ate Data :e'te( AN?AAB (epo(ts that 2002
sa2 the /(eatest easu(ed su(-ace elt o- G(ee'la'd $ce $' 24 yea(s o- satell$te (eco(ds4
T2o deep $ce co(es -(o the(e p(o)$de a deta$led No(the(' %e$sphe(e cl$ate (eco(d
e=te'd$'/ *eyo'd the last $ce20044 The $'c(ease $' $'te's$ty o- hu(($ca'es $s the d$(ect
(esult o- a' $'c(ease $' 2ate( tepe(atu(e o- 45 to 1 de/(ee ,ah(e'he$t says
(esea(che( >(o-esso( >ete( #e*ste( a'd othe( (esea(che(s4 As the Nat$o'al ?cea'$c a'd
Atosphe($c Ad$'$st(at$o' AN?AAB Ad$'$st(ato( D4 Naes Ba3e( says1 S?u( cl$ate
$s 2a($'/ at a -aste( (ate tha' e)e( *e-o(e (eco(ded4 !/'o($'/ cl$ate cha'/e a'd the
ost (ece't 2a($'/ patte('s could *e costly to the 'at$o'4 &all cha'/es $' /lo*al
tepe(atu(es ca' lead to o(e e=t(ee 2eathe( e)e'ts $'clud$'/1 d(ou/hts1 -loods a'd
hu(($ca'es4M !- sall cha'/es $' tepe(atu(es ca' e--ect ou( cl$ate $' such a *$/ 2ay1
co's$de( that the !'te(/o)e('e'tal >a'el o' :l$ate :ha'/e 'o2 says that the
tepe(atu(e $'c(ease *y the e'd o- th$s ce'tu(y $/ht (each 11 de/(ees ,ah(e'he$t4
Saffir7Sim"son Scale
:ate/o(y 1 -#$'ds 74-95 ph4 &to(
su(/e /e'e(ally 4-5 -t a*o)e 'o(al
:ate/o(y 2 - #$'ds 98-110 ph4 &to(
su(/e /e'e(ally 8-" -eet a*o)e 'o(al
:ate/o(y 3 - #$'ds 111-130 ph4 &to(
su(/e /e'e(ally 9-12 -t a*o)e 'o(al
:ate/o(y 4 - #$'ds 131-155 ph4 &to(
su(/e /e'e(ally 13-1" -t a*o)e 'o(al
:ate/o(y 5 - #$'ds /(eate( tha' 155
$les a' hou(
Forests and &ildfires
As cl$ate cha'/e p(o/(esses1 2ea3e'ed
-o(ests 2ould /$)e 2ay to /(assla'ds1
a'd a'y -o(est spec$es1 soe al(eady
e'da'/e(ed1 2ould -ade a2ay4 As soe stud$es $'d$cate1 Ne2 .'/la'd 2$ll *ecoe too
2a( to susta$' aple -o(ests4 The .>A e=pects that *y 2050 the (a'/e o- su/a( aple
2$ll e=te'd so -a( 'o(th1 that o'ly a -(act$o' o- $t 2$ll (ea$' $' Ne2 .'/la'd4 !- ca(*o'
d$o=$de le)els dou*le $' the atosphe(e1 the(e $s a l$3el$hood that the 0'$ted &tates could
e=pe($e'ce a loss o- 40F o- $ts -o(ests4 !- 2a($'/ *ecoes se)e(e1 la(/e a(eas o- -o(est
could *ecoe st(essed *y
lac3 o- 2ate(1 $'c(eas$'/
$ts )ul'e(a*$l$ty to pests
a'd d$sease1 thus
$'c(eas$'/ the$( e=posu(e
to -$(e4 ;oss o- -o(ests *y
-$(e 'ot o'ly th(o2s
$ll$o's o- to's o- ca(*o'
d$o=$de $'to the
atosphe(e1 *ut o*)$ously
29
loses the capac$ty to a*so(* ca(*o' d$o=$de4 ,$(e seaso's ay )e(y 2ell *ecoe lo'/e(4
?)e( the lo'/e( te(1 cha'/es $' la(/e(-scale p(ocesses such as -$(e1 $'sects1 d(ou/hts1
a'd d$sease 2$ll poss$*ly
Vulnerability in Bangladesh
Sea of Bangladesh: The state o- the 2o(ldDs ocea's co't$'ues to dete($o(ate4 As 'e2 th(eats to
the health a'd )$a*$l$ty o- the ocea's ee(/e1 ost o- the p(o*les $de't$-$ed decades a/o ha)e
st$ll 'ot *ee' sol)ed a'd a'y ha)e *ecoe 2o(se1 acco(d$'/ to a study ca(($ed out $' 2001 *y
the 0'$ted Nat$o's No$'t G(oup o- .=pe(ts o' the &c$e't$-$c Aspects o- Ma($'e .')$(o'e'tal
>(otect$o'4 At ($s3 a(e the )ast (esou(ces o- the ocea's a'd the a'y eco'o$c *e'e-$ts that
hua'$ty de($)es -(o the1
est$ated to *e a*out R7
t($ll$o' pe( yea(4 :u((e'tly
o(e tha' hal- o- the 2o(ldDs
populat$o' l$)es 2$th$' 100
3$loete(s o- the coast1 2$th
t2o th$(ds o- all c$t$es 2$th
o)e( 245 $ll$o' $'ha*$ta'ts4
By 20251 $t $s e=pected that 75
pe( ce't o- the 2o(ldDs
populat$o' 2$ll l$)e $' coastal
a(eas4 The la(/e-scale
o)ee'ts o- populat$o's to
coastal a(eas ha)e *ee'
coupled 2$th a s$/'$-$ca't $'c(ease $'
30
eco'o$c act$)$ty a'd $'dust($al$@at$o' alo'/ the coastl$'e such as o$l a'd /as e=plo(at$o'1
$'$'/1 -$sh -a($'/1 tou($s1 de)elope't o- po(ts1 a($'as a'd coastal de-e'ses putt$'/
e'o(ous p(essu(e o' coastal a(eas4 >ollut$o'1 the o)e(e=plo$tat$o' o- a($'e (esou(ces a'd the
dest(uct$o' o- a($'e e')$(o'e'ts a(e the /(eatest th(eats to the ocea's4 A*out "0 pe( ce't o- all
pollut$o' e'te($'/ the ocea's coes -(o la'd-*ased sou(ces: th$s $'cludes *oth la'd-*ased
d$scha(/es a'd d$scha(/es th(ou/h the atosphe(e4 The e--ects o- class$cal co'ta$'a'ts Ase2a/e1
etals1 pe(s$ste't o(/a'$c su*sta'ces1 pet(oleu hyd(oca(*o's1 (ad$o 'ucl$desB The e--ects o-
de-o(estat$o'
The e--ects o- $'c(eased o( dec(eased o*$l$@at$o' o- sed$e'ts4 Decl$'es $' a'/(o)e4s 4The
t(a's-e( o- ha(-ul spec$es $'to coastal a(eas 4:l$ate cha'/e &ea-le)el ($se4 !'u'dat$o' as a
co'se5ue'ce o- phys$cal alte(at$o'4 !'c(eased ($s3s to hua' health4 +educed *$od$)e(s$ty 4?)e(
-$sh$'/ 4Dest(uct$)e -$sh$'/ p(act$ces 4The e--ects o- the e=plo$tat$o' o- coastal $'e(al (esou(ces1
Natural isaster
*yclone Sidor0 #he' $t coes to
/lo*al 2a($'/ $pacts1 Ba'/ladesh $s
o-te' a -ocal po$'t *ecause $t $s a 'at$o'
o- 142 $ll$o' people l$)$'/ $' lo2-
ly$'/1 -lood-p(o'e ($)e( deltas -- a'd
*ecause $t7s a p(edo$'a'tly Musl$
'at$o' $' a )olat$le1 -ast-/(o2$'/
'e$/h*o(hood4 Ba'/ladesh $s e=pected to
/(o2 $' populat$o' *y a sta//e($'/ 100
$ll$o' people $' the co$'/ decades --
the sae t$e -(ae du($'/ 2h$ch those
sto(s that a3e la'd-all 2$ll *e o(e
dest(uct$)e4
F;22S0 6he floods of 954, 955,
9!4, 9:!, 9:: all caused enormous
damages to properties and considerable loss
of life. 6he consecutive floods of 9:! and
9:: caused heavy damage. -gain during
99: 1angladesh e5perienced most
devastating and prolonged flood in the history
and caused serious disruption on the
economy of the country. -reas of 1angladesh
was flooded in 99: is shown in +igure#".4.
-ccording to government sources, the 99: flood inundated about
00,000 km". 6he 99: floods affected A:$ of the country, and seriously
impacted the livelihoods of /0 million people. Overall damage was
estimated at two to three billion %.(. dollars. +inal estimates showed that
5 districts and /0! %pa7ilas were inundated, about 400 people were
killed, .!! million houses were damaged, and "/,45,:!/ people became
homeless. 6he 99: floods lasted for over 0 weeks .'1, "0000.
6he origin and wide#ranging impacts of the 99: flood, which began in
Buly and ended in (eptember, are summari7ed below.
31
6he magnitude and duration of the 99: flood can be e5plained in large part by the
simultaneous reali7ation of the impacts from three factors,
@eavy rainfallCsnowmelt in ;ndia and )epal .which increased the flow in the rivers entering
1angladesh.0
;ncreased Buly rainfall within critical river basins in 1angladesh .Ganges, 1rahmaputra,
3eghna, (outheastern 1asin0 .
6idal surges in the 1ay of 1engal.
6he first and second factors help e5plain the magnitude of the 99: flood. ;n this respect, it is worth
noting the e5tent to which the 99: Buly rainfall totals within some of 1angladesh4s critical river
basins e5ceeded the typical Buly average.
6he third factor, tidal surge levels in the 1ay of 1engal, with back water effects, reduced the 1ay4s
capacity to receive the floodwaters. 6his, in part, contributed to the duration of the flooding.
32
*yclone Nargis0 Th$s cyclo'e h$t 2 ay
200" $' Maye'a(4But Ba'/ladesh also
dest(y *y th$s cyclo'e4
*yclone :esmi0 Th$s cyclo'e *ecoe
2eac3 *e-o(e h$t us4
*yclone Bi8le0 Th$s po2e(-ul cyclo'e
h$t ou( cou't(y o' 17 ap($l 20094dest(oy a'y
a(ea o- Ba'/ladesh4
*yclone Aila0 :yclo'e A$la h$t south 2este(' coast o- Ba'/ladesh T 2est *e'/al o-
!'d$a4o' 25 May 20094 T$dal 2ea)e chu('ed *y st(o'/ 2$'ds $'u'date )ast s2atheso-
la'd4
33
Solution
Ta,e 1ersonal Action 7 %here are many #ays to
reduce
global #arming, some very simple #hilst others re/uire
a
more focussed approach. %his boo$ has do+ens of
practical
#ays to cut carbon dioide output in your home, #hich
#ill
reduce global #arming. .ead it, and commit to these simple
yet po#erful actions around your home.
Alert and Motivate 2ur ;eaders 7 *ost
politicians and
leaders #ill not act unless they believe a significant
number of
their constituency are supportive of their actions. -f
enough
people sho# concern and communicate this concern,
politicians are forced into action. 'ontact you local
politician
and as$ #hat policies are in place to reduce carbon
emissions in your country and #hat the government is doing to address
climate change.
Encourage 2thers 7 %here is no /uestion, #e
must act no#C
Dust li$e you are underta$ing these actions,
encourage others
to do li$e#ise.
>e need to act locally but thin$ globally to turn the
tide, and
#ind bac$ our carbon emissions. -f each of us #ithin
our o#n
home, neighbourhood, and to#n encourage each other to adopt practices that
reduce our greenhouse gas emissions then #e are ta$ing the first steps to a
34
*ette( -utu(e4
6ehicles0 'hoose an efficient vehicleE 'hoose the most fuel3efficient
vehicle to meet your needs. %his might mean changing from a
sporty vehicle, or four #heel drive to a mid si+e car.
7uy a )ybrid car if you are in the ne# car mar$et. )ybrids run on petroleum
and self3charging electric engines that dont have to be plugged in. %here is a
huge difference in the fuel efficiency of cars.
&im for a car that emits less than "F2 grams 'O!Blitre. &void sports cars,
=G=s, ,5<s, and people carriers
*onvert 'our *ar to Electric0
'ith gas prices skyrocketing and out ofcontrol, there is a solution. Convert
yourgas car to run ONLY on
electricity for afew cents per mile.
6his is not as hard asyou think,
and really is an easy process
youcan do on your own with a little
work.6he gas#to#electric manual
shows you howeasy this is. -ll the
steps are numbered withdiagrams
to be easy to follow.6he conversion
does not take too long, allyou have
to do is follow the simple plans
;provide and in a month, you will
cut yourgas bill to 7eroD
Smarter riving0
H ;eep your car tuned up (e.g. change air filters regularly)
H ;eep your tires properly inflated
H Insure your #heels are properly aligned.
&ll these measures save fuel. ,oft tyres and badly aligned steering increases
friction and drag, using more energy, and therefore more fuel is burned to
propel a vehicle.
.educing your driving speed from ""2 $ilometres per hour
(appro 72 mph) to 82 $ilometres per hours (appro 62 mph)
produces !6% less 'O! emissions.
(rive less, carpool and use public transport #henever possible.
Su""lement 'our Fuel #ith $ydrogen0
-f you are li$e me, you are you sic$ and tired of rising fuel prices. - simply
cannot believe #hat #e are no# payingC &nd #e are still polluting our
atmosphere.
Jou can ma$e your o#n onboard hydrogen generator. %his unit #ill produce
hydrogen #hile travelling through electrolysis of #ater using the po#er
generated from the electrical system. & small amount of hydrogen added to
the vehicles inta$e airBfuel miture allo#s the engine to operate #ith less fossil
fuel.Jou can assemble this )ydrogen3On3(emand system from simple hard#are
in one #ee$end.
.oad tests have achieved 62% increase on a heavy F62 <8 van, 6:% on a
?ord truc$, "27% on a %oyota 'orolla, !86% on a 'hevy =>( pic$up and
(ece'tly 430F Ath$s $s 'ot a typoB o' a'othe( :he)y $' :al$-o('$a4
Ma,e 'our 2#n Biodiesel0
35
B$od$esel $s the 'ae o- a clea' *u('$'/ alte('at$)e
-uel1 p(oduced -(o doest$c1 (e'e2a*le (esou(ces4
B$od$esel co'ta$'s 'o pet(oleu1 *ut $t ca' *e *le'ded
at a'y le)el 2$th pet(oleu d$esel to c(eate a *$od$esel
*le'd4!t ca' *e used $' cop(ess$o'-$/'$t$o' Ad$eselB e'/$'es
2$th l$ttle o( 'o od$-$cat$o's4 B$od$esel $s s$ple to
use1 *$ode/(ada*le1 'o'to=$c1 a'd esse't$ally -(ee o-
sulphu( a'd a(oat$cs4
No2 you ca' a3e you( o2' *$od$esel -uel -(o used coo3$'/ o$l1 -(ye(
/(ease1 a'$al -ats a'd la(dV All you 'eed a(e a -e2 easy to -$'d che$cals
a'd soe *as$c e5u$pe't that you ca' eas$ly *uy o( a3e you(sel-4 By
-ollo2$'/ the d$(ect$o's $' .'cylcoped$a o- B$od$esel eBoo3 you 2$ll *e a*le to
a3e a cheap1 clea'-*u('$'/1 'o'-to=$c1 (e'e2a*le1 h$/h-
11
Ma,e 'our 2#n Algae Biodiesel at $ome0
The(e7s 'o dou*t1 al/ae *$od$esel $s p(o*a*ly the ost theo(et$cal a'd e=pe($e'tal aspect
o- *$od$esel4 &oe o- the *est $'ds o' the pla'et1
$'clud$'/ .==o'-Mo*$l1 &hell1 e)e' the Depa(te't o- De-e'ce a(e (ac$'/ to *e the -$(st
to ass p(oduce al/al *$od$esel4The *$/ p(o*le $s the(e s$ply a(e 'o *oo3s o' the
su*6ect4 To /et all the $'-o you ha)e to collect a
do@e' d$--e(e't *oo3s1 -(o a do@e' d$--e(e't a'd copet$'/ -$elds1 soe h$/hly
tech'$cal1 a'd 2ade h$p-deep $'to the la'd o- the tech'o-6a(/o'1 $c(o-*$olo/y1
cell cult$)at$o' tech'$5ues1 pet(o-che$cal e'/$'ee($'/4 %o2e)e(1 Ma3$'/ Al/ae
B$od$esel at %oe $s the 5u$c3est a'd eas$est 2ay to lea(' a*out al/ae *$od$esel4 Th$s
cop(ehe's$)e *oo3 has o)e( 550 pa/es o- /old-$'e $'-o a'd a*solutely e)e(yth$'/
a'yo'e $'te(ested $' al/ae *$od$esel 2ould 'eed4Th$s $s (eally $s the ult$ate tuto($al -o(
a3$'/ al/ae *$od$esel *ut u't$l 'o2 $t 2as 'e)e( a)a$la*le Ae)e' $- you7(e a )ete(a'
*$od$esle( you7ll *e'e-$t $e'sely -(o u'de(sta'd$'/ a*out al/ae *$od$esel *ecause
th$s $s the cutt$'/-ed/e -utu(e o- *$o-uelsB4
Air Trans"ort
+educe you( pla'e 6ou('eys4
T(a)ell$'/ *y a$( $s the 2o(st 2ay
you ca' t(a)el4 Most 6et a$(c(a-t -ly at
o)e( 81000 et(es o)e( the /(ou'd
a'd the !'te(/o)e('e'tal >a'el o'
:l$ate :ha'/e says ca(*o'
p(oduced at 81200 et(es $s th(ee t$es o(e
daa/$'/
tha' $t 2ould *e $- p(oduced o' the /(ou'd4
The !'te('at$o'al A$( T(a)el Assoc$at$o' ad$ts
a$(c(a-t o)ee'ts c(eate 2 pe( ce't o-
/(ee'house /as e$ss$o's4 D$d you 3'o2 that t(a)ell$'/ *y a$( p(oduces
a*out 19 t$es o(e /(ee'house /ases tha' (a$l t(a)elV
*arbon credits0By pu(chas$'/ ca(*o' c(ed$ts you ca' help st$ulate clea' e'e(/y
upta3e a'd
38
cut e$ss$o's co't($*ut$'/ to /lo*al 2a($'/4 A'yo'e
ca' cope'sate the$(
/(ee'house /as e$ss$o's *y /o$'/ ca(*o' 'eut(al4
:a(*o' 'eut(al ea's
that all you( ca(*o' d$o=$de A:?2B e$ss$o's a(e o--set
*y ca(*o' c(ed$ts4 Cou
ca' pu(chase these -o( you( hoe1 ca( o( a$( -l$/hts1
cope'sat$'/ -o( all you(
pe(so'al :?2 e$ss$o's4 ,o( $'d$)$duals o(
households th$s $s ho2 $t 2o(3s: ,$(stly1 a ca(*o'
calculato( $s used to 2o(3 out you( pe(so'al o(
-a$ly ca(*o' -ootp($'t *ased o' you( a''ual
e'e(/y act$)$ty4 Th$s calculat$o' $s the total o- ho2
uch ca(*o' d$o=$de you a(e (eleas$'/ $'to the
atosphe(e th(ou/h you( act$)$t$es4 The aou't
o- ca(*o' d$o=$de you e$t $s the' o--set *y the pu(chase o- :a(*o' :(ed$ts4
The(e a(e 5u$te a -e2 (eta$le(s o--e($'/ u'ce(t$-$ed ca(*o' o--sets4 Cou should
a)o$d ca(*o' o--sets that do'7t coe 2$th a ce(t$-$cat$o' as they p(o)$de 'o
/ua(a'tees that you a(e /ett$'/ 2hat you a(e pay$'/ -o(4
4?--sets4co a(e -$/ht$'/ /lo*al 2a($'/ a'd p(o)$de a )a($ety o- 2ays -o(
you to o--set you( /(ee'house /as e$ss$o's a'd /o Go :a(*o' Neut(al4
#he' you pu(chase ca(*o' c(ed$ts1 you ta3e (espo's$*$l$ty -o( you(
co't($*ut$o' to cl$ate cha'/e4
$eating<*ooling
;eep doo(s closed $- you ha)e heat$'/ o( a$(-
co'd$t$o'$'/ o'4?pe' doo(s a'd 2$'do2s ca' 2aste up to
50F o- cool$'/ o(heat$'/4 %a)e you( heat$'/ o( a$(-
co'd$t$o'$'/ se()$ced1 a'd 3eep -$lte(s clea'4:hec3
the(ostats o' a$( co'd$t$o'e( a'd heat$'/ appl$a'ces4
#$'te( tepe(atu(es should *e a(ou'd 1"-209: A84-8"9,B
2h$le $' sue( a
tepe(atu(e o- 24-279: A75-"09,B should *e co-o(ta*le4
0se t$e(s so the heat$'/ o( cool$'/ $s 'ot le-t o' -o(
hou(s4 0se $t 2e you
'eed $t4 >ut o' cloth$'/ $'stead o- tu('$'/ up the heate(4
1elmets or *urtain Bo.es
&top a$( c$(culat$'/ a(ou'd 2$'do2s1 d(apes o' 2$'do2s a(e esse't$al $'
colde( a(eas o( 2$'te( a'd 3eep the closed du($'/ the day $' 2$'te(4 Cou
$/ht use a' e=t(a l$/ht /lo*e1 *ut th$s $s o(e e--$c$e't tha' tu('$'/ the
heat$'/ upV >ull do2' *l$'ds $' sue( to 3eep
heat out4 Do'Dt t(y a'd
coolUheat the 2hole house1 3eep th$s lu=u(y -o(
you( l$)$'/ a(eas4
9se Self7Sealing E.traction Fans
-n summer if the ambient temperature is
lo#er outside
your house, turn on the fan and purge the
hot air. & ('
37
fan, run off po#er stored from solar is a real alternative
here. %hey are simple to install and solar po#ered.
Insulate Your House or Unit
Jou can cut your heating and cooling epenses at the same time as reducing
the burning of fossil fuels by using #eather strips to seal drafts around
#indo#s and doors. -f drafts come through from outside #alls, install foam
draft bloc$ers behind the cover plates. 8lace covers (inside or outside) on air
conditioners during cold months.
*a$e sure your home is insulated ade/uately. *any of our older homes have
little insulation, especially in ceilings or the attic. Jou can chec$ the insulation
yourself or have it done as part of an energy audit, provided by many utility
companies. 'all your energy company to see if it offers this service, or visit
7lac$ Inergy for more ideas and products.
Lighting
5se natural light, it is freeC ,#itch lights off,
especially those in rooms no one is using.
%a$e out unnecessary lighting. *any
hall#ays and entrances are over lit..eplace
light bulbs #ith compact fluorescent
bulbs.%hese bulbs use at least !BF less
energy than standard
incandescent bulbs and provide the same
amount of
light, lasting
up to "2
times longer.
Jou0ll save hundreds of $ilograms of carbon
dioide. Over a
period of 8222 hours, a !2 > long3life bulb
produces about
:22 $g less carbon dioide than a "22 >
incandescent bulb (if
the elect($c$ty $s /e'e(ated $' a coal-*u('$'/ po2e(
pla'tB4
Carbon %e7uestration5 @ow to
&lean &oal
Eenewable energies wonFt be able to fully substitute fossil fuels for years to come. +iltering
&O" from coal power plants, known as carbon capture and storage, will be crucial. 6he first
pilot project is online in Germany. &an Gclean coalH be a reliable solution to climate change
'rotecting *orests5 &utting &O",
not 6rees
6rees are worth more dead than alive, despite being
critical stores of carbon and generators of life#giving
rainfall. 6hat must change to avoid accelerated
3"

climate change and catastrophic loss of biodiversity.
8rotecting +orests, &utting &O", not 6rees
6rees are worth more dead than alive, despite being critical stores of carbon and generators of
life#giving rainfall. 6hat must change to avoid accelerated climate change and catastrophic loss
of biodiversity.
-dapting to &limate &hange, &an 'e *o ;t -gainI
*angerous climate change will not be prevented by reduced emissions. 6he damage is already
done. +or many vulnerable societies, the priority must be adaptation.
Geoengineering, 3anipulating )ature for a &ooler 8lanet
'ith greenhouse gas emissions still rising sharply, some scientists say itFs time to think about
Jlast resortJ options to stop and reverse global warming. 1ut most geoengineering proposals
have risks of their own.
more


International !rgani"ation
39
I1**0The !'te(/o)e('e'tal >a'el o' :l$ate :ha'/e A!>::B1 2h$ch $s cop($sed
o- soe o- the top sc$e't$sts $' the 2o(ld1 last yea( (eleased a (epo(t stat$'/ that 2$th 90F
ce(ta$'ty hua's a(e to *lae -o(
Glo*al #a($'/4 &pec$-$cally1 the
$'c(ease $' e$ss$o's o-
/(ee'house /ases a(e to *lae -o(
the $'c(ease $' tepe(atu(es1
th(eate'$'/ ou( pla'et4,oss$l -uels
l$3e etha'e a'd ca(*o' d$o=$de
t(ap heat 'ea( the su(-ace1 a p(ocess
3'o2' as the /(ee'house e--ect4
The /(ee'house e--ect $s a 'atu(al
phe'oe'o'1 *ut hua' act$)$t$es1
l$3e the *u('$'/ o- -oss$l -uels1 ca'
pou( e'o(ous )olues o- these
/ases $'to the atosphe(e1 (a$s$'/
the pla'et7s tepe(atu(e a'd
desta*$l$@$'/ the cl$ate4 IThe
(epo(t -ou'd $t 2as Il$3elyI --
Io(e l$3ely tha' 'otI $' soe cases -- that a'ade /(ee'house /ases ha)e co't($*uted
to hotte( days a'd '$/hts1 a'd o(e o- the1 o(e 3$lle( heat 2a)es tha' *e-o(e1 hea)$e(
(a$'-all o(e o-te'1 a6o( d(ou/hts $' o(e (e/$o's1 st(o'/e( a'd o(e -(e5ue't cyclo'es
a'd I$'c(eased $'c$de'ceI o- e=t(eely h$/h sea le)els4The (epo(t 'oted that 11 o- the last
12 yea(s ha)e (a'3ed ao'/ the 12 2a(est yea(s o' (eco(d 2$th the ocea's a*so(*$'/
o(e tha' "0 pe(ce't o- the heat added to the cl$ate syste4 Add $' the elt-o-- o-
/lac$e(s a'd sea $ce a'd sea le)els a(e ($s$'/4The !>:: p(ed$cted /lo*al tepe(atu(e
$'c(eases o- 14" to 4 de/(ees :els$us A342 to 741 de/(ees ,ah(e'he$tB *y 2100 a'd sea
le)els to ($se *et2ee' 7 a'd 23 $'ches A1" a'd 5" ce't$ete(sB *y the e'd o- the ce'tu(y4
A' add$t$o'al 349-74" $'ches A10-20 ce't$ete(sB a(e poss$*le $- (ece't1 su(p($s$'/ elt$'/
o- pola( $ce sheets co't$'ues1I the (epo(t stated4I#h$le 90F $s 'ot copletely co'clus$)e1
$t $s )e(y e)$de't -(o the data /athe(ed that the(e ha)e *ee' e=t(ee $'c(eases $' the
aou't o- ca(*o' d$o=$de -ou'd $' the e')$(o'e't o)e( the past 30 yea(s4 &tudy$'/ the
ca(*o' d$o=$de le)els $' $ce co(es sho2s that 2h$le :?2 co'ce't(at$o' $s cycl$cal1 the(e
has *ee' a' e'o(ous $'c(ease $' the aou't o- :?2 -ou'd $' these $ce co(es that $s 2ell
outs$de o- the (a'/e o- I'o(al cycl$cal -luctuat$o'sI4 Acco(d$'/ to the The .u(opea'
>(o6ect -o( !ce :o($'/ $' A'ta(ct$ca A.>!:ABI;e)els o- :?2 a(e 'o2 27F pe(ce't h$/he(
tha' at a'y po$'t $' the past 8501000 yea(s1 acco(d$'/ to (esea(ch $'to A'ta(ct$c $ce
co(es4The study1 2h$ch p(o)$des o(e e)$de'ce o- hua' $'te(-e(e'ce $' the cl$ate
syste1 pushes *ac3 ou( /(ee'house /as (eco(d *y 2101000 yea(s a'd 'o2 e'copasses
-ou( /lac$al cycles4ITh$s d$sp(o)es the theo(y that these a(e Icycl$cal :?2 -luctuat$o'sI4
A'y pe(so' that has ta3e' &tats 101 ca' tell you that *e$'/ th$s a'y &ta'da(d
De)$at$o's outs$de o- the Mea' $'d$cates the(e $s soeth$'/ a'oalous a*out the :?2
le)els 2e a(e cu((e'tly e=pe($e'c$'/4 &$'ce the $'c(ease $' -oss$l -uel co'supt$o'
u'$sta3a*ly $'c(eases the aou't o- :?2 -ou'd $' the atosphe(e1 a'd $'c(eases $'
:?2 u'$sta3a*ly a(e d$(ectly co((elated to $'c(eases4
uty of America
40
U S A: &o he *$//est p(o*les1 a'd a(e 'ot do$'/ as uch as 2e could to help
/lo*al 2a($'/4 A'd althou/h that7s 6ud/$'/ e)e(yo'e $' ou( cou't(y 2$thout eet$'/
h$ o( he( a'd e)e' thou/h 'ot e)e(yo'e $' Ae($ca $s l$3e th$s1 ! ha)e to say th$s
assupt$o' $s pa(t$ally t(ue to soe e=te't4 No2 ! 3'o2 you7(e /ett$'/ a'y lette(s l$3e
th$s1 *ut that7s p(o*a*ly *ecause ce(ta$' $ssues a(e $po(ta't a'd p(o$'e't to a'y
Ae($ca' c$t$@e's4 >e(so'ally1 y *$//est co'ce(' -o( 'ot 6ust ou( cou't(y1 *ut ou(
2hole 2o(ld Aa'd ! 3'o2 you7)e
hea(d th$s *e-o(eB $s ou(
e')$(o'e't a'd ou( cou't(y7s
e--ect o' /lo*al 2a($'/4 The 0&
'eeds to $p(o)e ou(
e')$(o'e'tal ha*$ts4 #e 'eed to
cut do2' o' a6o( causes o- /lo*al
2a($'/ a'd sta(t cutt$'/ do2'
-e2e( t(ees4.)e' thou/h $t sou'ds
old--ash$o'ed1 2e (eally 'eed to
sta(t cutt$'/ do2' -e2e( t(ees4 !t
ta3es a2ay a'$als7 hoes1
a'$als7 -ood a'd ta3es a2ay a
MAN?+ sou(ce o- o=y/e'4 .)e'
thou/h all pla'ts /$)e o-- o=y/e'1
'o o'e (eally cuts do2' salle(
pla'tsO they o'ly cut do2' t(ees4
>lus1 s$ply e'ou/h1 t(ees a(e
soe o- the *$//est pla'ts o'
.a(th1 a'd the(e-o(e a(e o'e o- the *$//est sou(ces o- o=y/e'4 ! su//est 2e ha)e .P0A;
aou'ts o- a(eas -o( protection o- t(ees1 a'd e5ual aou't N0&T -o( cutt$'/ do2' t(ees to
use -o( *u$ld$'/ a'd a3$'/ p(oducts a'd such4 Bas$cally ! th$'3 lea)$'/ the .a(th
/(ee'e( helps a3e the o@o'e laye( clea'e(4 !t 2ould lo2e( aou'ts o- p(oducts 2e ca'
/et out o- t(ees1 *ut 2e st$ll 'eed to lea(' to actually give a l$ttle -o( ou( .a(th4e
-o(e$/'e(s a'd othe( cou't($es )$e2 Ae($ca as sel-$sh1 la@y o( see that 2e a(e o'e 4
#any $orld Threat
OLC!NOES "
#NDONES#! " ?'e o- !'do'es$a7s ost act$)e )olca'os $s
41
th(eate'$'/ to e(upt1 o--$c$als sa$d Mo'day1 as they o(de(ed (es$de'ts $' 'ea(*y )$lla/es to
lea)e4 The ale(t status o- Mou't Ka(a'/eta'/ 2as (a$sed to the h$/hest le)el a-te( $t
sta(ted spe2$'/ la)a a'd hot ash hu'd(eds o- ya(ds Aete(sB $'to the a$(4 The )olca'o o'
&$au1 pa(t o- the &ula2es$ $sla'd cha$'1 last sho2ed s$/'s o- $'te'se act$)$ty $' Nuly 20081
2he' 41000 people 2e(e e)acuated4 !t has sp$t out ash a'd la)a se)e(al t$es s$'ce the'1
*ut 'o se($ous $'6u($es ha)e *ee' (epo(ted4 The last deadly e(upt$o' 2as $' 19921 2he'
s$= )$lla/e(s 2e(e 3$lled4
HE!Y SNO$ % E&'(E)E COLD
C!L#*O(N#! " Na'ua(y a'd Nu'e ay *e s2app$'/ 2eathe( patte('s $' &a' ;u$s ?*$spo
:ou'ty th$s yea(4 #h$le (es$de'ts h$t the *eaches du($'/ (eco(d-*(ea3$'/ heat the -$(st
o'th o- th$s yea(1 Nu'e $s sta(t$'/ 2$th a #.AT%.+ >ATT.+N M?+. TC>!:A;;C
&..N !N #!NT.+4 :louds1 (a$' a'd s'o2 $' the ou'ta$'s a(e -o(ecast late( th$s 2ee3
Latest +ir, flu news -(o the :e'te( -o( !'-ect$ous D$sease +esea(ch T >ol$cy44
!ustralia-s health ,epartment has confirme, ./0 novel flu cases1 $'clud$'/ 308 $' the
south2este(' state o- <$cto($a4 The 'u*e( $s dou*l$'/ e)e(y 2 days1 2$th e)$de'ce o-
cou'$ty sp(ead that M!G%T >+?M>T T%. #?+;D %.A;T% ?+GAN!WAT!?N
T? +A!&. T%. >AND.M!: A;.+T LEEL 'O 2.
3S or,ers intranasal vaccine for novel flu " 0& o--$c$als ha)e a2a(ded Med!u'e1 !'c41
*ased $' Ga$the(s*u(/1 Md41 a' $'$t$al R90 $ll$o' co't(act to p(oduce a l$)e atte'uated
'asal-sp(ay )acc$'e to p(otect p($o($ty /(oups $de't$-$ed $' the 'at$o'7s pa'de$c -lu pla'
a/a$'st the 'o)el %1N1 )$(us4 The 0& $s the o'ly cou't(y that has l$ce'sed Med!u'e7s
$'t(a'asal )acc$'e tech'olo/y4
Seventy"seven percent of 3S influen4a virus isolates tested du($'/ the 2ee3 o- May 17 to 23
2e(e the 'o)el %1N1 type4 ,ou( states (epo(ted 2$desp(ead act$)$ty: A($@o'a1 :al$-o('$a1
Ne2 Ne(sey1 a'd <$(/$'$a4 The p(opo(t$o' o- deaths -(o p'euo'$a a'd -lu 2as *elo2
the ep$de$c th(eshold1 a'd outpat$e't )$s$ts -o( -lu-l$3e syptos 2e(e *elo2 the
'at$o'al *asel$'e4
'he num+er of confirme, an, pro+a+le novel H0N0 cases in the 3S cl$*ed to 1010531 2$th all
states a'd the D$st($ct o- :olu*$a 'o2 (epo(t$'/ cases4 The /lo*al 'u*e( o- co'-$(ed
'o)el %1N1 cases (ose to 1714101 $'clud$'/ 115 deaths1 -(o 82 cou't($es4
%atest Ne$s
*urrent Ne#s on Global
&arming
Ma(ch 25 1 200"444&atell$te $a/e(y
-(o the 0'$)e(s$ty o- :olo(ado at
Boulde(7s Nat$o'al &'o2 a'd !ce Data
:e'te( sho2s a po(t$o' o- A'ta(ct$ca7s
ass$)e #$l3$'s !ce &hel- has *e/u'
to collapse *ecause o- (ap$d cl$ate
cha'/e $' a -ast-2a($'/ (e/$o' o- the
42
co't$'e't4 &o *e/$'s a p(ess (elease -(o (esea(che(s at N&!D:4 Ted &ca*os1 lead
sc$e't$st at N&!D:1 says I!- the(e $s a l$ttle *$t o(e (et(eat1 th$s last 7$ce *utt(ess7 could
collapse a'd 2e7d l$3ely lose a*out hal- the total $ce shel- a(ea $' the 'e=t -e2 yea(s4I (ee
)(;*& 8ress Eelease
Na'ua(y 151 200"444The yea( 2007 t$ed 199" as the seco'd 2a(est yea( o' (eco(dO 2005
*e$'/ the 2a(est yea(4 A' a'alys$s *y NA&A7s Godda(d !'st$tute -o( &pace &tud$es
AG!&&B sho2ed that Ithe u'usual 2a(th $' 2007 $s 'ote2o(thy *ecause $t occu(s at a
t$e 2he' sola( $((ad$a'ce $s at a $'$u a'd the e5uato($al >ac$-$c ?cea' $s $' the cool
phase o- $ts 'atu(al .l N$'o Q ;a N$'a cycle4I (ee G;(( "00! 6emperature -nalysis
Au/ust 301 2007444N?AA (eco(ded that last yea( cae )e(y close to *e$'/ the 2a(est
o' (eco(d1 s$'ce 199"4 ?- the past 12 yea(s 11 o- the ha)e *ee' -ou'd to *e the 2a(est
o' (eco(d1 s$'ce (eco(d-3eep$'/ *e/a' $' 1"954 (ee )O-- web page
Nu'e 211 2007444:h$'a $s 'o2 p(oduc$'/ the ost :?2 o- a'y cou't(y $' the 2o(ld1
su(pass$'/ the 0'$ted &tates4 %o2e)e(1 pe( cap$ta the 04& $s e$tt$'/ o)e( 4 t$es as
uch as :h$'a1 21 to's pe( Ae($ca' )s 5 to's pe( :h$'ese4
Ma(ch 221 2007444!' a h$sto($c e)e't $' :o'/(ess today -o(e( <$ce->(es$de't Al Go(e
spo3e *e-o(e the &e'ate .')$(o'e't a'd >u*l$c #o(3s :o$ttee1 2a('$'/ the pa'el o-
the o'(ush$'/ $pacts o- cl$ate cha'/e4 Go(e also spo3e *e-o(e the %ouse &c$e'ce a'd
Tech'olo/y :o$ttee1 2he(e he sa$d1 (e-e(($'/ to ou( /(a'dch$ld(e' a'd -utu(e
/e'e(at$o's: I.$the( they 2$ll as31 7#hat $' God7s 'ae 2e(e they A:o'/(ess a'd the
>(es$de'tB do$'/K7 I o( Ithey7ll say1 7%o2 d$d they -$'d the u'coo' cou(a/e to ($se
a*o)e pol$t$cs a'd (edee the p(o$se o- Ae($ca' deoc(acyK7
Dece*e( 121 2008444A(ct$c sue( sea $ce $s p(o6ected to d$sappea( *y 20404 (ee 11&
)ews Online
No)e*e( 101 2008444IThe /lo*al /(o2th $' ca(*o' d$o=$de e$ss$o's -(o -oss$l -uels
2as 4 t$es /(eate( $' the pe($od *et2ee' 2000 to 2005 tha' $' the p(eced$'/ 10 yea(s4444
Desp$te e--o(ts to (educe ca(*o' e$ss$o's1 the /lo*al /(o2th (ate $' :?2 2as 342F $'
the -$)e yea(s to 2005 copa(ed to 04"F $' the pe($od 1990 to 19994I >arth (ystem
(cience 8artnership 8ress Eelease
?cto*e( 301 2008444A (epo(t *y B($t$sh /o)e('e't eco'o$st N$cholas &te(' says that
cl$ate cha'/e $'act$o' could lead to eco'o$c uphea)al th(ou/hout the 2o(ld1 decades
*e-o(e the e'd o- the ce'tu(y4 (ee 8lanet -rk article Eead (tern Eeport&epte*e( "1
2008444Acco(d$'/ to )O--1 Ithe -$(st se)e' o'ths o- 2008 2as the 2a(est Na'ua(y-Nuly
o- a'y yea( the 0'$ted &tates s$'ce (eco(ds *e/a' $' 1"954I
Au/ust 311 2008444:al$-o('$a passed la'da(3 cl$ate cha'/e le/$slat$o'1 (educ$'/ -utu(e
/(ee'house /as e$ss$o's *y a*out 25F1 *y 20204 Au/ust 111 2008444G(ee'la'd $ce $s
elt$'/ at a' asto'$sh$'/ pace1 acco(d$'/ to data collected -(o satell$te $a/es4 (ee (an
+rancisco &hronicle article
Nu'e 211 2008444The 0& >nergy ;nformation -dministration sa$d $' $ts a''ual -o(ecast that
Ica(*o' d$o=$de A:?2B e$ss$o's -(o e'e(/y use a(e p(o6ected to $'c(ease -(o 51900
$ll$o' et($c to's A14593 *$ll$o' to's o- ca(*o'B $' 2004 to 715"7 $ll$o' et($c to's
A24049 *$ll$o' to's o- ca(*o'B $' 2025 a'd "1114 $ll$o' et($c to's A21191 *$ll$o' to's o-
ca(*o'B $' 20304I
Ap($l 281 2008444 Tepe(atu(es at the .a(th7s su(-ace $'c(eased *y a' est$ated 1449,
A04"9:B *et2ee' 1900 a'd 20054 The past decade 2as the hottest o- the past 150 yea(s
43
a'd pe(haps the past $lle''$u4 The hottest 22 yea(s o' (eco(d ha)e occu((ed s$'ce
19"01 a'd 2005 2as the hottest o' (eco(d4 8ew Global &limate &hange &enter
Ma(ch 141 2008444Atosphe($c :?2 has cl$*ed to 3"1 pa(ts pe( $ll$o' AppB1 100 pp
a*o)e p(e-$'dust($al t$es44
,e*(ua(y 171 2008444A 'e2 study deo'st(at$'/ the accele(ated pace o- /lac$e(s
eltdo2' $' G(ee'la'd has ala(ed cl$ate sc$e't$sts4 !' 19981 the aou't o- 2ate(
p(oduced *y elt$'/ $ce $' G(ee'la'd 2as a*out 90 t$es the aou't co'sued *y ;os
A'/eles $' a yea(4 ;ast
yea(1 the elted $ce
aou'ted to 225 t$es
the )olue o- 2ate(
that ;4A4 uses a''ually4

Suggestion
Ti"s on *utting Energy 9se0
>la't o(e t(ees as you ca'4
:opact -luo(esce't *ul*s4
#he' (eplac$'/ hoe appl$a'ces1
use e'e(/y e--$c$e't odels4 ,o(
e=aple1 (eplac$'/ a' old
(e-($/e(ato( us$'/ 320 2atts
2$th a 'e2 o'e us$'/ "5 2atts
could a3e a *$/ d$--e(e'ce4
#he' *uy$'/ appl$a'ces1 loo3
-o( the .>AUDepa(te't o-
.'e(/yDs 'e2 .'e(/y &ta( la*el4
44
0se ca(s a'd l$/ht t(uc3s that /et /ood /as $lea/e4 !' -act tell you( -($e'ds that
d($)$'/ a spo(ts ut$l$ty )eh$cle adds to /lo*al 2a($'/ a'd pollut$o'4 &0<s
e$t 43F o(e /lo*al-2a($'/ polluta'ts A2" pou'ds o- ca(*o' d$o=$de pe(
/allo'B a'd 47F o(e a$( pollut$o' tha' the a)e(a/e ca(4 A' &0< $s 4 t$es as
l$3ely to (ollo)e( $' a' acc$de't4 !- ca( a'u-actu(e(s 2e(e to $'c(ease the$(
-leets7 a)e(a/e /as $lea/e a*out 3 $les pe( /allo'1 th$s cou't(y could sa)e a
$ll$o' *a((els o- o$l e)e(y day1 2h$le 0& d($)e(s 2ould sa)e R25 *$ll$o' $'
-uel costs a''ually4
:hoose a copa'y that o--e(s -o( hoes elect($c$ty /e'e(ated *y (e'e2a*le
e'e(/y sou(ces4
!- poss$*le1 as3 eploye( $- you( 2o(3 could *e do'e at hoe4 .)e' $- soe o- the
2o(3 could *e copleted at you( (es$de'ce1 th$s 2ould help (el$e)e t(a--$c
co'/est$o'1 2h$ch adds to o(d$'a(y ca( e$ss$o's4
>(oote the co'st(uct$o' o- *$3e la'es1 espec$ally *$3e la'es that ha)e a' outs$de
cu(* sepa(at$'/ auto t(a--$c a'd *$3es4 .sta*l$sh 'ue(ous *$3e (outes $'to
ce'te( o- c$ty1 l$$t$'/ auto speed o' these (outes to 10 $les pe( hou(1 du($'/
cout$'/ hou(s o'ly4 :opa'$es could p(o)$de sho2e($'/ -ac$l$t$es1
to/ethe( 2$th *$3e sta'ds to e'cou(a/e *$3$'/ eployees4
>lace a' $'sulat$'/ co)e( a(ou'd 2ate( heate(4
!'sulate 2alls a'd ce$l$'/s1 a'd lo2e( heat$'/ *$lls4
#he' (eplac$'/ 2$'do2s1 choose those that a(e the *est e'e(/y sa)$'/ odels1
such as dou*le pa'e 2$'do2s4
A ca( 'eeds o'ly a*out 2 $'utes to 2a( up4 Ta3$'/ o(e t$e o'ly 2astes -uel
a'd co't($*utes to /lo*al 2a($'/4
Keep the doo( shut to a'y (oo that $s 'ot *e$'/ used1 sa)$'/ the e'e(/y to heat
that (oo4
Ta3e pu*l$c t(a's$t 2he'e)e( poss$*le4
#he' shopp$'/ -o( /(oce($es1 *($'/ you( o2' cloth *a/ to the a(3et4 Not us$'/
pape( /(oce(y *a/s help sa)es t(ees1 that a*so(* ca(*o' d$o=$de4
Suggested Safety 1recautions In the Event of a Severe $eat
&ave
#ea( loose1 p(e-e(a*ly l$/ht cotto' cloth$'/4 #ea( a hat to p(otect the head -(o
the su'4
.at l$/ht1 cool1 eas$ly d$/ested -oods - a)o$d hot1 hea)y1 /(easy eals4 A)o$d
us$'/ o)e's4
D($'3 lots o- 2ate( a'd 'atu(al 6u$ces4
A)o$d alcohol$c *e)e(a/es1 co--ee a'd cola4
Ta3e a cool *ath o( sho2e( pe($od$callyO use cool to2els4
Keep elect($c l$/hts do2' lo2 o( tu('ed o--4
Keep shades d(a2' a'd *l$'ds closed1 *ut 2$'do2s sl$/htly ope'4
>(otect a/a$'st su'*u('4 A su'*u(' 2$ll (educe the *ody7s a*$l$ty to cool $tsel-4
45
Do'7t e)e( use a -a' $' a closed (oo 2$thout 2$'do2s o( doo(s ope' to the
outs$de4XX !'c(eased a$( o)ee't A$4e1 2$th -a'sB $s assoc$ated 2$th $'c(eased
heat st(ess 2he' the a*$e't tepe(atu(e e=ceeds app(o=$ately 100 de/(ees
,ah(e'he$t Athe e=act tepe(atu(e )a($es 2$th the hu$d$tyB4 The(e-o(e1 -a's
a(e 'ot p(otect$)e at tepe(atu(es h$/he( tha' 90 de/(ees ,ah(e'he$t1 2$th
hu$d$ty /(eate( tha'
35F4
+ee*e(1 ch$ld(e' u'de(
5 yea(s old a(e
espec$ally se's$t$)e to
h$/h tepe(atu(es4
Do 'ot lea)e ch$ld(e' $' a
ca(4 Ba*$es a(e
espec$ally )ul'e(a*le4
!- you a(e elde(ly a'd -eel
u'usually 2ea31 d$@@y o(
co'-used1 call 911
$ed$ately4
:all you( -a$ly a'd
-($e'ds4 :hec3 o'
elde(ly o( $'capac$tated pe(so's as -(e5ue'tly as poss$*le4
Ta3e ad)a'ta/e o- a$(-co'd$t$o'$'/4 The use o- a$(-co'd$t$o'$'/ (educes the ($s3
-o( heatst(o3e a'd heat-(elated $ll'ess1 e)e' $- $t $s a)a$la*le -o( o'ly pa(t o- the
day4
>e(so's 2$thout hoe a$( co'd$t$o'$'/ should *e e'cou(a/ed a'd ass$sted $'
ta3$'/ ad)a'ta/e o- a$(-co'd$t$o'ed e')$(o'e'ts $' p($)ate o( pu*l$c places
such as l$*(a($es1 shopp$'/ alls1 theate(s4
Th$s c$ty 2$ll o'$to( 'u(s$'/ hoes a'd othe( s$$la( -ac$l$t$es se()$'/ se'$o(
c$t$@e's1 a3$'/ su(e a$(-co'd$t$o'e(s a(e $' 2o(3$'/ o(de(O that the(e a(e
ple'ty o- -a's $' the 'u(s$'/ -ac$l$tyO that outs$de co'c(ete 2al3s a'd pat$os1
pe(haps (ad$at$'/ heat $'s$de the -ac$l$ty1 2e(e cooled o-- 2$th 2ate(4 All
'u(s$'/ hoes should ha)e $'depe'de't elect($c$ty-/e'e(at$'/ e5u$pe't o'
ha'd $' case o- lo'/-te( po2e( outa/es4
A)o$d phys$cal act$)$ty1 espec$ally outs$de 2o(3 a'd (ec(eat$o'al act$)$ty
At last $e $ant to say that& to sa'e
our earth $e ne'er need a su(erman
but if $e com(lete our o$n duty
accordingly this $ill be su(erior $or)
than a su(erman* We must ha'e to
48
a$are about our lo'ely (lanet* If
e'eryone $or) together it $ill ta)e no
longer time to sa'e our earth++++++**
, Time for change+no$ or ne'er-
Bibliogra#hy
#e collect ou( all $'-o(at$o' -(o th$s sou(ce4 #e a(e /(ate-ul to
the o2'e( o- th$s $'st$tut$o'YZZZZZZZ
47
http,CCwww.john#daly.com
http,CCwww.greeningearthsociety.orgC-rticlesC"000Csurface.htm
. htt$588www.9ohn:
dal..com8gra.tem$8surftem$.htm
www.google .com
www.globalwarming.com
www.worlddisaster.com
www.globalwarmingphoto.com
www.bangladeshvulnerability.com
www.prothomalo.com
www.bbcnews.com
www.cnnnews.com
www.threatof globalwarming.com
www.nicephoto.com
www.globaldisaster.com
www.askKuestion.com
www.freelibrar..com
.....T/AN0 1!233333
4"