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. (ii)
x
x tan
lim
0
0 x
.
(iii)
3
0 x
x
x sin x tan
lim
(iv)
. x 1 x x lim
2
x
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
(v)
x 1
lnx
lim
x 1
. (vi)
( )
2
5
0 x
x 5 x 3
1 x 1
lim
+
+
. (ii)
3 x
e e
lim
3 x
3 x
.
(iii)
(
(
(
3
2
3
1
1 x
x 1
x 1
lim
(iv)
2
x sin
0 x
x
1 x sin e
lim
.
(v)
] x [ lim
1 x
.
(vi)
) x ( f lim
3 x
, where
< +
>
=
3 ifx , 1 x
3 x if , 4
) x ( f
.
3. If f is an odd function and if
0 x
lim
+ +
, when x
=
2.
=K, when x =2
and f(x) is continuous at x =2, find the value of K.
7. If f(x) =[x], where [x] denotes the integral part of x, show that f(x) is discontinuous at all integral
values of x.
8. Test the continuity of the function f(x) at x =0, where
f(x) =
,
e 1
e
x
1
x
1
+
when x
=
0
=0, when x =0.
9. If f (x) =x, when x is rational =1 x, when x is irrational, then
show that f(x) is continuous only at x =
2
1
.
10. If f(x) =
x 1
1
l l l
l l
15. (i) Differentiate tan
1
2
3
x 3 1
x x 3
.
(ii) If x 1 y y 1 x 0, (x y) + + + = = prove that
2
dy 1
dx 1 x
=
+
LEVELII
BRUSH UP YOUR CONCEPTS
1. Evaluate
2
1 k
1 x
) 1 x (
k x ) 1 k ( x
lim
+ +
+
2. Evaluate
n
lim
x n x
x
n
n
m
1
n
m
C
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
3. (i) Evaluate )
2
, 0 ( ,
4 x
2 cos ) (sin ) (cos
lim
x x
4 x
t
e o
o o o
(ii) Evaluate
x / a
x x x x
0 x
n
n ... 3 2 1
lim |
|
.
|
\
| + + + +
= =
>
is continuous at x =0.
5. Let f(xy) =f(x) f(y) for all x and y. If the function f(x) is continuous at x =1, show that f(x) is
continuous for all x
=
0.
6. Find the values of a and b so that
< < |
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
< <
=
+
+
0 x 2 ,
32 x
16 x
sin
2 x , b
2 x 3 ,
e 2
1 ae
) x ( f
5
4
| 2 x | / 1
| 2 x | / 1
may be continuous at x =2
7. Without using series expansions or L hospital rule evaluate:
x x
a b
a sinbx b sinax
lim
tanbx tanax
8. (i) Let R be the set of real numbers and f : R R, such that for all x and y in R.
|f(x) f(y)|
s
|x y|
3
.
Prove that f(x) is a constant function.
(ii) If x =sint, y =sinkt, then show that (1 x
2
)
2
2
dx
y d
y k
dx
dy
x
2
+
=0
9. Examine the function f where
1/ x 1/ x
1/ x 1/ x
e e
x , x 0
f (x)
e e
0 , x 0
=
=
+
\
| +
for all x, y in R. If the function f is differentiable at x =0, then show
that it is differentiable for all x in R.
LEVELIII
CHECK YOUR SKILLS
1. Let (tan o) x +(sino) y =o and (o cosec o) x +(cos o) y =1 be two variable straight lines,
o being a parameter. Let P be the point of intersection of the lines. Find the limiting postion of P
when o 0.
|
2. Let [x] represents the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then find the value of
|
.
|
\
|
(
+
(
x
x tan n
x
x sin n
lim
0 x
.
3. A square is inscribed in a circle of radius R, a circle is inscribed in this square, then a square in this
circle and so on for n times. Find the limit of the sum of areas of all the squares as n .
4. Evaluate (i) |
.
|
\
|
2
x tan
1
x
1
lim
2
0 x
. (ii)
2
x 0
1 1
lim
x sin x
2
| |
|
\ .
.
5. Let
) 3 ( f ) 2 ( f ) ( f
) 3 ( f ) 2 ( f ) ( f
) 3 x ( f ) 2 x ( f ) x ( f
) x (
o ' o ' o '
o o o
o + o + o +
= A for some differentiable function f and constant
o. Find
x
) x (
lim
0 x
A
.
6. If f(x) +f(y) =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
xy 1
y x
f for all R y , x e (xy
=
1) and
2
x
) x ( f
lim
0 x
=
.
Find |
.
|
\
|
3
1
f and ' f (1).
7. If f(x) be a real valued differentiable function on R and f(x +y) =
f (x) f (y)
1 f (x)f (y)
+
. Show that,
1
tan f (x)
x
is constant.
8. Let f : R R be a function satisfying
2
) y ( f . ) x ( f
2
xy
f = |
.
|
\
|
, R y , x e and f(1) = ' f (1)
=
0.
Show that f(x) +f(1x) is constant, for all non-zero real values of x.
9. Let f (x) =x
4
8x
3
+22x
2
24 and
g(x) =
>
s s + s s
1 x ; 10 x
1 x 1 , 1 x t x ); x ( f min
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of g(x) in [1,
).
10. If f(x) be a differentiable function such that
f(x) f(y) +2 =f(x) +f(y) +f(xy) ;
' f
(0) =0,
' f
(1) =2, find f(x).
PROBLEMS ASKED IN IIT-JEE
1. Let f(x) =
t
< <
=
< <
t
+
6
x 0 ; e
0 x ; b
0 x
6
; |} x sin | 1 {
x 3 tan / x 2 tan
| x sin |
a
Determine a and b such that f(x) is continuous at x =0. [1994]
2. Let f[(x +y)/2] ={f(x) +f(y)}/2 for all real x and y. If ' f (0) exists and equals 1 and f(0) =1,
find f(2). [1995]
3. Let f(x) =
=
=
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
0 x 0
0 x
x
1
| x |
1
exp x
Test whether
(a) f(x) is continuous at x =0,
(b) f(x) is differentiable at x =0. [1997]
4. If y =
( )( )( ) ( )( )
1
c x
c
c x b x
bx
c x b x a x
ax
2
+
+
+
, prove that
|
.
|
\
|
=
'
x c
c
x b
b
x a
a
x
1
y
y
.
1998]
5. Suppose P(x) =a
0
+a
1
x +a
2
x
2
+. . . +a
n
x
n
. If |P(x)|
s
|e
x
1| for all x
>
0, prove that
|a
1
+2a
2
+. . . +na
n
|
s
1
[2000]
6. Let o e R. Prove that a function f : R R is differentiable at o if and only if there is a function
g : R R which is continuous at o and satisfies f(x) f(o) =g(x) (x o) for all x e R.
[2001]
7. Let f(x), x
>
0, be a nonnegative continuous function, and let F(x) =
}
x
0
) t ( f dt, x
>
0. If for
some c >0, f (x)
s
cF(x) for all x >0, then show that f(x) =0 for all x
>
0. [2001]
8. Let f(x) =
>
< +
0 x if |; 1 x |
0 x if ; a x
and g(x) =
> +
< +
0 x if ; b ) 1 x (
0 x if ; 1 x
2
where a and b are nonnegative real numbers. Determine the composite function gof. If (gof) (x)
is continuous for all real x, determine the value of a and b. Further, for these values of a and b, is
gof differentiable at x =0? Justify your answer. [2002]
OBJECTIVE
LEVELI
1.
n n
n n
n
b a
b a
lim
+
, where a >b >1, is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) none of these
2.
1 n
) ! n ( sin n
lim
2 p
n
+
, 0 <p <1, is equal to
(a) 0 (b)
4. The graph of the function y =f(x) has a unique tangent at the point (a, 0) through which the graph
passes. Then
x a
ln{1 6f (x)}
lim
3f (x)
+
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 2 (d) none of these
5. Let the rth term, t
r
, of a series is given by
4 2 r
r r 1
r
t
+ +
=
. Then
=
n
1 r
r
n
t lim
is
(a)
4
1
(b) 1
(c)
2
1
(d) none of these
6.
1 x
) 1 x ( 2 cos 1
lim
1 x
\
|
+
+
=e
2
then
(a) 2 , 1 = = (b) 1 , 2 = =
(c) = = , 1 any real constant (d) 1 = =
8. If o is a repeated root of ax
2
+bx +c =0 then
o x
lim
2
2
) x (
) c bx ax ( sin
o
+ +
is
(a) 0 (b) a
(c) b (d) c
9. Let f(x) =
3 x , x 1
2
< +
=
4 x 3 , 1 x 3 < s
=[x], 4
s
x <5, where [x] is the greatest integer
s
x
=|1 x|, x
>
5
The number of points of discontinuity of f(x) in R is
(a) 3 (b) 0
(c) infinite (d) none of these
10. If f(x) =sint[x], where [
\
| t
2
f
is
(a) e (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) none of these
13. If y =cos
1
dx
dy
then ,
2
, 0 x ,
13
x sin 12 x cos 5
|
.
|
\
| t
e |
.
|
\
|
is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) none of these
14. If P(x) is a polynomial such that P(x
2
+1) ={P(x)}
2
+1 and P(0) =0 then ' P (0) is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) none of these
15. If y =log
2
(ln x), then
dx
dy
is
(a)
e log . e log
x
1
x 2
(b)
x log
x
1
2
(c)
x log
x
1
e
(d) none of these
LEVELII
1.
( )
( ) 1 x tan x tan
1 x cot x cot x
lim
2 4
2 4 4
0 x
+
+
is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 2 (d) none of these
2. Let f(x) =
<
>
1 | x | ,
4
1 x
1 | x | , x tan
2
1
, then domain of
f '
(x) is
(a) ( ) } 1 { ~ , (b) ( ) } 1 { ~ ,
(c) ( ) } 1 , 1 { ~ , (d) ( ) } 1 , 0 , 1 { ~ ,
3.
}, x ){ 1 x ( lim
1 x
where {
\
|
+
+
can be made continuous at x =0, is equal to
(a) 1 (b) e
(c) 1 (d) e
1
6. If f(x) =|x
2n+1
|, neN, then at x =0
(a) f(x) is continuous but non-differentiable (b) f(x) is differentiable
(c) f(x) is discontinuous (d) none of these
7. Let f : R
+
R be a continuous function satisfying f |
|
.
\
|
y
x
=f(x) f(y)
x, y
e
R
+
. If f ' (1) =1, then
(a) f is bounded (b)
0
x
1
f lim
0 x
= |
.
|
\
|
(c)
1
x
) x ( f
lim
0 x
=
(d)
0 ) x ( f . x lim
0 x
=
8. If x
2
+y
2
=1, then
(a)
( ) 0 1 y y y
2
= + ' + ' ' (b)
( ) 0 1 y 2 y y
2
= + ' ' '
(c)
( ) 0 1 y y y
2
= + ' ' ' (d)
( ) 0 1 y 2 y y
2
= + ' + ' '
9. Let f(x) =maximum {4, 1 +x
2
, x
2
1}
is equal to
(a)
2
1
(b)
2
1
(c)
3
1
(d) 1
12. If x
1
and x
2
are the real and distinct roots of ax
2
+bx +c =0 then
( ) ( ) 1
1
x x
1
2
x x
c bx ax sin 1 lim
+ + +
(a) e 2 1
x x
(b) 1 2
x x
e
(c)
( )
2 1
x x a
e
(d)
( )
1 2
x x a
e
13. The function f(x)
| |
,
1 x , x 3 x 2
1 x ,
2
x
sin
>
<
t
where [
)
(c) g(x) is differentiable at x =t (d) g(x) is differentiable for x
e
[0,
)
15. If the first derivative of the function f(x) =log
2
(log
3
(log
1/2
(cosx +a))) exists for all real values
of x, then
(a) a
e
|
.
|
\
|
2
3
, 1
(b) a
e
|
.
|
\
|
1 ,
2
1
(c) a
e
|
.
|
\
|
2
5
, 1
(d) none of these
ANSWERS
SUBJECTIVE
LEVELI
1. (i)
6
23
(ii)
180
t
(iii)
2
1
(iv)
2
1
(v) 1 (vi)
3
5
2. (i) 0 (ii)
3
e
(iii)
2
1
(iv)
2
1
(v) limit doesnt exists (vi) 4
6. K =7
8. Discontinuous
10. {1, 0}
11. Not differentiable
12. 1
13. 1/2
15. (i)
2
3
LEVELII
1.
2
) 1 k ( k +
2.
m
x
e
! x
m
3. (i) o o o o sin ln ) (sin ) (cos ln ) (cos
4 4
(ii) (n!)
a/n
4. a =3/2, b =any non zero value, c =1/2
6. a =sin
5
2
, b =sin
|
.
|
\
|
5
2
7. b
x1
[bcosbx sinbx]cos
2
bx
LEVELIII
1. (2, 1)
2. (2n 1)
3. 4R
2
4. (i)
3
2
(ii) 1/3
5. 0
6.
1 ,
3
t
7. (i) (
, 1]
(0, 1] (ii) t
(iii)
I n ,
2
n
e
t
(iv)
I n ,
4
n
e
t
9. Continuous in [1,
> +
< s + +
< + +
0 x , b ) 1 | 1 x (|
0 x a , b ) 1 a x (
a x , 1 ) a x (
2
2
OBJECTIVE
LEVELI
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d)
7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (b)
13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a)
LEVELII
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b)
7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10 (b) 11. (a) 12. (c)
13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d)