USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 1: To study different types of transmission and get orientation
of the Transmission line (TX-LINE) and antenna trainer.
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 1: To study different types of transmission and get orientation
of the Transmission line (TX-LINE) and antenna trainer.
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 1: To study different types of transmission and get orientation
of the Transmission line (TX-LINE) and antenna trainer.
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION
Two-Wire Open Line:
This line consists of two wires that are generally spaced from 2
to 6 inches apart by insulating spacers. This type of line is most
often used for power lines, rural telephone lines, telegraph lines,
and as a transmission line between a transmitter and an antenna
or between an antenna and a receiver. An advantage of this type
of line is its simple construction. The principal disadvantages of
this type of line are the high radiation losses and electrical noise
pickup because of the lack of shielding.
Parallel two-wire line:
This type of transmission line is commonly used to connect a
television receiving antenna to a home television set. This line
is essentially the same as the two-wire open line except that
uniform spacing is assured by embedding the two wires in a
low-loss dielectric, usually polyethylene. Since the wires are
embedded in the thin ribbon of polyethylene, the dielectric
space is partly air and partly polyethylene.
Twisted Pair: .
As the name implies, the line consists of two insulated wires
twisted together to form a flexible line without the use of
spacers. It is not used for transmitting high frequency because
of the high dielectric losses that occur in the rubber insulation.
When the line is wet, the losses increase greatly.
Shielded Pair:
Consists of parallel conductors separated from each other
surrounded by a solid dielectric, the conductors are contained
within braided copper tubing that acts as an electrical shield.
The assembly is covered with a rubber or flexible composition
coating that protects the line from moisture and mechanical
damage.
The principal advantage of the shielded pair is that the
conductors are balanced to ground; that is, the capacitance
between the wires is uniform throughout the length of the line.
This balance is due to the uniform spacing of the grounded
shield that surrounds the wires along their entire length. The
braided copper shield isolates the conductors from stray
magnetic fields.
Coaxial Lines
There are two types of COAXIAL LINES, RIGID (AIR) COAXIAL LINE and FLEXIBLE
(SOLID) COAXIAL LINE. The physical construction of both types is basically the same; that
is, each contains two concentric conductors.
Rigid (Air) Coaxial Line
The rigid coaxial line consists of a central, insulated wire
(inner conductor) mounted inside a tubular outer conductor.
In some applications, the inner conductor is also tubular. The
inner conductor is insulated from the outer conductor by
insulating spacers or beads at regular intervals. The spacers
are made of Pyrex, polystyrene, or some other material that
has good insulating characteristics and low dielectric losses at
high frequencies.
The chief advantage of the rigid line is its ability to minimize
radiation losses.. The fields are confined to the space between
the two conductors, resulting in a perfectly shielded coaxial
line. Another advantage is that interference from other lines is
reduced. The rigid line has the following disadvantages: (1) it
is expensive
to construct; (2) it must be kept dry to prevent excessive leakage between the two
conductors; and (3) high-frequency losses are less. Leakage caused by the condensation of
moisture is prevented in some rigid line applications by the use of an inert gas, such as
nitrogen, helium, or argon. It is pumped into the dielectric space of the line at a pressure that
can vary from 3 to 35 pounds per square inch. The inert gas is used to dry the line when it is
first installed and pressure is maintained to ensure that no moisture enters the line.
Flexible coaxial line:
Lines are made with an inner conductor that consists of
flexible wire insulated from the outer conductor by a solid,
continuous insulating material. The outer conductor is made
of metal braid, which gives the line flexibility. Early attempts
at gaining flexibility involved using rubber insulators
between the two conductors. However, the rubber insulators
caused excessive losses at high frequencies. Because of the
high-frequency losses associated with rubber insulators,
polyethylene plastic was developed to replace rubber and
eliminate these losses. Polyethylene plastic is a solid
substance that remains flexible over a wide range of
temperatures.
It is unaffected by seawater, gasoline, oil, and most other liquids
that may be found aboard ship. The use of polyethylene as an insulator results in greater high-
frequency losses than the use of air as an insulator. However, these losses are still lower than
the losses associated with most other solid dielectric materials.
ANTENNA
Reflectometric Bridge:
Used for the measurement of forward and reflected power in transmission lines; this usually
being expressed in terms of SWR or return loss (to be defined shortly).
Dipole Antenna:
A dipole antenna is a radio antenna that can be made of a simple wire, with a center-fed driven
element. It consists of two metal conductors of rod or wire, oriented parallel and collinear with
each other (in line with each other), with a small space between them. They are used alone as
antennas, notably in traditional "rabbit ears" television antennas, and as the driven element in
many other types of antennas, such as the Yagi.
Slot Antenna:
A slot antenna consists of a metal surface, usually a flat plate, with a hole or slot cut out. The
shape and size of the slot, as well as the driving frequency, determine the radiation distribution
pattern. Slot antennas are widely used in radar antennas, for the sector antennas used for cell
phone base stations.
Spiral Antenna:
It is shaped as a two-arm spiral, or more arms may be used. Spiral antennas belong to the class
of frequency independent antennas which operate over a wide range of frequencies.
Polarization, radiation pattern and impedance of such antennas remain unchanged over large
bandwidth.
Yagi-Uda Antenna:
It is a directional antenna system consisting of an array of a dipole and additional closely
coupled parasitic elements (usually a reflector and one or more directors). The dipole in the
array is driven, and another element, typically 5% longer, effectively operates as a reflector.
Other parasitic elements shorter than the dipole may be added in front of the dipole and are
referred to as directors. This arrangement increases antenna directionality and gain in the
preferred direction over a single dipole. Yagi antennas are commonly used for reception of
television broadcasts.
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 2: Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of
transmission line trainer (ST2266)
Characteristics of the line
Input impedance of the line
Attenuation of the line
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 2: Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of
transmission line trainer (ST2266)
Characteristics of the line
Input impedance of the line
Attenuation of the line
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 2: Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of
transmission line trainer (ST2266)
Characteristics of the line
Input impedance of the line
Attenuation of the line
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
BASIC PROPERTIES OF THE COAXIAL CABLE
(used in the trainer)
Type: RU 174
Length: 100 meters
Series Inductance: 280uh (Frequency 1 KHz, 100 m) approx.
Parallel capacitance: 1pF (Frequency 1 KHz, 100 m) approx.
Conductance: 0.4 p mhos
Impedance: 50 approx.
INSTRUMENTS REOUIRED FOR EXPERIMENTATION
1. 20 MHz Dual Trace Oscilloscope ST201.
2. 31/2 Digits Digital Multimeter.
3. L C R Q Meter or Universal L C R Bridge.
4.
Important points to note:
1. The coaxial line used in the trainer is placed in the coiled form of 25 meters each. This is
done for space saving. In practice the lines are straight. The coil form has caused some
deterioration. For the convenience of the students the basic properties given above are of
coiled form.
2. The attenuation of RU 174 cable is 40dB / 100 m at 200 MHz But due to coiled form it
will show 3dB/ 100 in at 3.6 MHz
3. In place of internal sine wave test generator you may use other generator of higher
frequency.
OBJECT # 01: MEASURING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A LINE
A coaxial line can be considered as cascaded of line trunk. Each of them can be represented as
being composed of resistive, inductance and capacitive circuit element.
L = inductance for unit length
G = conductance for unit length
C = capacitance for unit length
The transmission characteristics of a line are described in terms of propagation (constant )
these parameters are typical values for each single line. The same is true for the capacitance,
the inductance, the resistance and the conductance for length unit. In the telecommunications
field, these values are generally expressed per meter or kilometer, for practical reasons. In this
case, the symbol used to indicate these magnitudes are the common symbols. This experiment
measures the characteristic parameters such as R, L, C, G, Zo and r for the transmission line
included in this trainer.
PROCEDURE:
1. Figure shows the modalities for the measurement to be performed.
2. Make connections as in Fig 1.
3. Both the inductance and the ohmic resistance of the line are measured in series by short
circuiting end of the line and connecting the measuring instruments to the start of the line. The
capacitance and the conductance are measured in parallel by operating on the open line.
4. The resistance R and the conductance G can be measured with an ohmmeter or DMM. For
the conductance to be measured an ohmmeter is required which is able to perform resistance
measurements with a range greater than 100 M.
5. For the measurement of series inductance L and the parallel capacitance C, a LCR meter or
measuring bridge is required. The results of these measurements give values of R, L, C and G
referred to the cable length that, in our case, is of 100 meters. Zo can be measured by using the
following formula:
Z
0
= (L/C)
4. The resistance R and the conductance G can be measured with an ohmmeter or DMM. For
the conductance to be measured an ohmmeter is required which is able to perform resistance
measurements with a range greater than 100 M.
5. For the measurement of series inductance L and the parallel capacitance C, a LCR meter or
measuring bridge is required. The results of these measurements give values of R, L, C and G
referred to the cable length that, in our case, is of 100 meters. Zo can be measured by using the
following formula:
Z
0
= (L/C)
4. The resistance R and the conductance G can be measured with an ohmmeter or DMM. For
the conductance to be measured an ohmmeter is required which is able to perform resistance
measurements with a range greater than 100 M.
5. For the measurement of series inductance L and the parallel capacitance C, a LCR meter or
measuring bridge is required. The results of these measurements give values of R, L, C and G
referred to the cable length that, in our case, is of 100 meters. Zo can be measured by using the
following formula:
Z
0
= (L/C)
OBJECT # 02: MEASURING THE INPUT IMPEDANCE OF THE LINE.
The input impedance of the line depends on features like the ohmic resistance, the
conductance, the inductance and the capacitance. It is also related to the resistance that loads
the line at the opposite end and to both the frequency and voltage of the signal. The purpose of
the first part of the test is to measure the 1/P impedance of the line under different load
conditions:
1. Line terminated with matched load
2. Open line
3. Short-circuited line.
In the second part of the test we will measure the phase displacement between the input voltage
and current; under the 3 conditions of line termination. When the modulus and the phase
displacement are known the impedance vector is fully identified.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust R
I
and RL for 18 and 68 respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make connections as shown in Fig. 2b.
3. A 1 resistance in series between the generator and the transmission line.
4. Set the input at 0.4V
p-p
and freq 100 KHz of sine wave (both measurement on CRO).
5. Take readings of V
in
and V
m
(across 1K) on oscilloscope.
6. Calculate the input impedance according to the following formula:
Z
in
= V
in
/ I= (V
in
/V
m
) x 1
7. Change the frequency of 1 MHz and note the values of V
in
and V
m
at this frequency.
8. Note down these results. The input impedance at 100 KHz is around 80 and at 1MHz is
around
50
Parameter V
in
V
m
Z
in
Low Frequency
High Frequency
OBJECT # 02: MEASURING THE INPUT IMPEDANCE OF THE LINE.
The input impedance of the line depends on features like the ohmic resistance, the
conductance, the inductance and the capacitance. It is also related to the resistance that loads
the line at the opposite end and to both the frequency and voltage of the signal. The purpose of
the first part of the test is to measure the 1/P impedance of the line under different load
conditions:
1. Line terminated with matched load
2. Open line
3. Short-circuited line.
In the second part of the test we will measure the phase displacement between the input voltage
and current; under the 3 conditions of line termination. When the modulus and the phase
displacement are known the impedance vector is fully identified.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust R
I
and RL for 18 and 68 respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make connections as shown in Fig. 2b.
3. A 1 resistance in series between the generator and the transmission line.
4. Set the input at 0.4V
p-p
and freq 100 KHz of sine wave (both measurement on CRO).
5. Take readings of V
in
and V
m
(across 1K) on oscilloscope.
6. Calculate the input impedance according to the following formula:
Z
in
= V
in
/ I= (V
in
/V
m
) x 1
7. Change the frequency of 1 MHz and note the values of V
in
and V
m
at this frequency.
8. Note down these results. The input impedance at 100 KHz is around 80 and at 1MHz is
around
50
Parameter V
in
V
m
Z
in
Low Frequency
High Frequency
OBJECT # 02: MEASURING THE INPUT IMPEDANCE OF THE LINE.
The input impedance of the line depends on features like the ohmic resistance, the
conductance, the inductance and the capacitance. It is also related to the resistance that loads
the line at the opposite end and to both the frequency and voltage of the signal. The purpose of
the first part of the test is to measure the 1/P impedance of the line under different load
conditions:
1. Line terminated with matched load
2. Open line
3. Short-circuited line.
In the second part of the test we will measure the phase displacement between the input voltage
and current; under the 3 conditions of line termination. When the modulus and the phase
displacement are known the impedance vector is fully identified.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust R
I
and RL for 18 and 68 respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make connections as shown in Fig. 2b.
3. A 1 resistance in series between the generator and the transmission line.
4. Set the input at 0.4V
p-p
and freq 100 KHz of sine wave (both measurement on CRO).
5. Take readings of V
in
and V
m
(across 1K) on oscilloscope.
6. Calculate the input impedance according to the following formula:
Z
in
= V
in
/ I= (V
in
/V
m
) x 1
7. Change the frequency of 1 MHz and note the values of V
in
and V
m
at this frequency.
8. Note down these results. The input impedance at 100 KHz is around 80 and at 1MHz is
around
50
Parameter V
in
V
m
Z
in
Low Frequency
High Frequency
OBJECT # 03: MEASURING THE ATTENUATION OF THE LINE.
The ohmic resistance R & the conductance G are responsible for energy dissipation in the form
of heat. These losses determine the attenuation. Characteristics are expressed in terms of
"attenuation" "a" and can be calculated by:
a=20 log (V
2
/V
1
)
Where VI = amplitude of signal at I/P
V2 = amplitude of signal at 0/P
a = attenuation for given length
In this experiment we will measure the attenuation for the different trunks of transmission line
available on the trainer.
OBJECT # 03: MEASURING THE ATTENUATION OF THE LINE.
The ohmic resistance R & the conductance G are responsible for energy dissipation in the form
of heat. These losses determine the attenuation. Characteristics are expressed in terms of
"attenuation" "a" and can be calculated by:
a=20 log (V
2
/V
1
)
Where VI = amplitude of signal at I/P
V2 = amplitude of signal at 0/P
a = attenuation for given length
In this experiment we will measure the attenuation for the different trunks of transmission line
available on the trainer.
OBJECT # 03: MEASURING THE ATTENUATION OF THE LINE.
The ohmic resistance R & the conductance G are responsible for energy dissipation in the form
of heat. These losses determine the attenuation. Characteristics are expressed in terms of
"attenuation" "a" and can be calculated by:
a=20 log (V
2
/V
1
)
Where VI = amplitude of signal at I/P
V2 = amplitude of signal at 0/P
a = attenuation for given length
In this experiment we will measure the attenuation for the different trunks of transmission line
available on the trainer.
Concept of matched line:
Though the concept of match line is not treated in detail in this manual but the subject is
certainly known to the students from the theoretical course. We have already found out the
characteristic impedance of the line as 50 from the previous experiment. The short-circuited
resistance of the line when measured with Digital Multimeter is shown to be 18. Therefore;
the total effective resistance of the line is 68. For optimum power transfer we should have the
source resistance and terminating resistance also as 68. Assuming generator resistance as
50, for this purpose, the student must set Ri to 1 this setting RL to 68 initially
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust Ri and RL for 18 and 68 respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make connections as shown in Fig 3b.
3. Set the sine-wave frequency to approx 100 KHz and level to 0.4 V.
4. Oscilloscope CH 1 shows applied input CH 2 shows outputs.
5. Measure signal level at Input, and at 25, 50, 75, and 100 m lengths.
6. Tabulate as under:
Length (m) V1(input) V2 (output) Attenuation(a)
25
50
75
100
7. Now, calculate the attenuations in dB at various lengths by the formula given below: a = 20
Log V2/ V1.
8. The attenuation is approx -2 dB at 100 m.
9. Try the same with open-ended line and short-ended line
Concept of matched line:
Though the concept of match line is not treated in detail in this manual but the subject is
certainly known to the students from the theoretical course. We have already found out the
characteristic impedance of the line as 50 from the previous experiment. The short-circuited
resistance of the line when measured with Digital Multimeter is shown to be 18. Therefore;
the total effective resistance of the line is 68. For optimum power transfer we should have the
source resistance and terminating resistance also as 68. Assuming generator resistance as
50, for this purpose, the student must set Ri to 1 this setting RL to 68 initially
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust Ri and RL for 18 and 68 respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make connections as shown in Fig 3b.
3. Set the sine-wave frequency to approx 100 KHz and level to 0.4 V.
4. Oscilloscope CH 1 shows applied input CH 2 shows outputs.
5. Measure signal level at Input, and at 25, 50, 75, and 100 m lengths.
6. Tabulate as under:
Length (m) V1(input) V2 (output) Attenuation(a)
25
50
75
100
7. Now, calculate the attenuations in dB at various lengths by the formula given below: a = 20
Log V2/ V1.
8. The attenuation is approx -2 dB at 100 m.
9. Try the same with open-ended line and short-ended line
Concept of matched line:
Though the concept of match line is not treated in detail in this manual but the subject is
certainly known to the students from the theoretical course. We have already found out the
characteristic impedance of the line as 50 from the previous experiment. The short-circuited
resistance of the line when measured with Digital Multimeter is shown to be 18. Therefore;
the total effective resistance of the line is 68. For optimum power transfer we should have the
source resistance and terminating resistance also as 68. Assuming generator resistance as
50, for this purpose, the student must set Ri to 1 this setting RL to 68 initially
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust Ri and RL for 18 and 68 respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make connections as shown in Fig 3b.
3. Set the sine-wave frequency to approx 100 KHz and level to 0.4 V.
4. Oscilloscope CH 1 shows applied input CH 2 shows outputs.
5. Measure signal level at Input, and at 25, 50, 75, and 100 m lengths.
6. Tabulate as under:
Length (m) V1(input) V2 (output) Attenuation(a)
25
50
75
100
7. Now, calculate the attenuations in dB at various lengths by the formula given below: a = 20
Log V2/ V1.
8. The attenuation is approx -2 dB at 100 m.
9. Try the same with open-ended line and short-ended line
RESULTS:
a) _____________________________________________________________________________
b) _____________________________________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________________________________
RESULTS:
a) _____________________________________________________________________________
b) _____________________________________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________________________________
RESULTS:
a) _____________________________________________________________________________
b) _____________________________________________________________________________
c) ____________________________________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 3: Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of
transmission line trainer (ST2266)
Stationary waves
Frequency characteristic of the line.
Phase displacement between the current & voltage at input of line
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 3: Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of
transmission line trainer (ST2266)
Stationary waves
Frequency characteristic of the line.
Phase displacement between the current & voltage at input of line
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 3: Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of
transmission line trainer (ST2266)
Stationary waves
Frequency characteristic of the line.
Phase displacement between the current & voltage at input of line
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
OBJECTIVE#1: STUDY OF STATIONARY WAVES
A line that has not been terminated with a load equal to its characteristic impedance is subject to a
reflection phenomenon of the power from the remote end. The amount of the reflected power
depends on the amount of mismatch between the characteristic impedance of the line and the load
impedance. In the extreme cases of short-circuited line (RL = 0) and open line (RL=), situation
of total reflection occur for either the current wave or the voltage wave. The purpose of this test is
to study the establishment of the stationary waves within the line.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust Ri, and RL for 18 and 68 respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make connections as shown in Fig.16
3. Set oscilloscope to 0.1 V / div for both channels.
4. Adjust the sine generator for a output of 0.2 Vp-p (2 div Deflection on CH 1) and at
frequency 100 KHz.
5. Observe the peak to peak voltages on CH 2 at 100 m and at intermediate sockets at 75 m, 50
m & 25 m and Om.
6. Tabulate results as under :
DISTANCE V p-p
0m
25m
50m
75m
100m
OBJECTIVE#1: STUDY OF STATIONARY WAVES
A line that has not been terminated with a load equal to its characteristic impedance is subject to a
reflection phenomenon of the power from the remote end. The amount of the reflected power
depends on the amount of mismatch between the characteristic impedance of the line and the load
impedance. In the extreme cases of short-circuited line (RL = 0) and open line (RL=), situation
of total reflection occur for either the current wave or the voltage wave. The purpose of this test is
to study the establishment of the stationary waves within the line.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust Ri, and RL for 18 and 68 respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make connections as shown in Fig.16
3. Set oscilloscope to 0.1 V / div for both channels.
4. Adjust the sine generator for a output of 0.2 Vp-p (2 div Deflection on CH 1) and at
frequency 100 KHz.
5. Observe the peak to peak voltages on CH 2 at 100 m and at intermediate sockets at 75 m, 50
m & 25 m and Om.
6. Tabulate results as under :
DISTANCE V p-p
0m
25m
50m
75m
100m
OBJECTIVE#1: STUDY OF STATIONARY WAVES
A line that has not been terminated with a load equal to its characteristic impedance is subject to a
reflection phenomenon of the power from the remote end. The amount of the reflected power
depends on the amount of mismatch between the characteristic impedance of the line and the load
impedance. In the extreme cases of short-circuited line (RL = 0) and open line (RL=), situation
of total reflection occur for either the current wave or the voltage wave. The purpose of this test is
to study the establishment of the stationary waves within the line.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust Ri, and RL for 18 and 68 respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make connections as shown in Fig.16
3. Set oscilloscope to 0.1 V / div for both channels.
4. Adjust the sine generator for a output of 0.2 Vp-p (2 div Deflection on CH 1) and at
frequency 100 KHz.
5. Observe the peak to peak voltages on CH 2 at 100 m and at intermediate sockets at 75 m, 50
m & 25 m and Om.
6. Tabulate results as under :
DISTANCE V p-p
0m
25m
50m
75m
100m
Calculate the stationary wave ratio ls' by the following formula: (For 100 KHz ls' is approx.
1.25)
SWR=_______________
7. The reflection coefficient 'r' of the line shows how much of the energy supplied at the UP is
being reflected as a consequence of the load decoupling. The reflection coefficient is normally
expressed in percentage and can be determined from the stationary wave ratio through the
following formula: (At 100 KHz 'r' is approx. 1I %)
r =________________
OBJECTIVE#2: FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTIC OF THE LINE.
Frequency of the input signal increases, the line attenuation due to both the ohmic resistance(R)
and the conductance (G) progressively increases because of "Skin effect. The cut off frequency
of the line is defined as the frequency at which the attenuation reaches the level of -3dB compared
to the low frequency level -3dB is approximately down to 70 %.
The purpose of this test is to measure the cut off frequency for the coaxial Line provided in
ST2266. This measurement is performed with terminated line.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust Ri and R
L
for 18 f and 68 D respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make connections as shown in Fig. 14.
3. Set oscilloscope to 0.1 V / div for both channels.
4. Adjust the sine generator for an output of 0.2 V
p-p
(2 div. deflection on CHI) and at
frequency 40 KHz.
5. At this point CHI is reading 2 div. deflections and CH2 is reading 1,6 div. (This is due to
the fix attenuation of the line)
6. Now, vary the frequency of generator gradually keeping the input amplitude constant
(observe CH 1 and maintain 2 div deflection by adjusting AMP VAR control) till the
waveform at the end of 100 m line falls to -3 dB (1.4 div of CH 2 on the oscilloscope).
7. Note, this frequency on the oscilloscope. This frequency is known as the cut off
frequency.
8. For the cable used in this trainer this frequency is approximately 3.5 MHz
Calculate the stationary wave ratio ls' by the following formula: (For 100 KHz ls' is approx.
1.25)
SWR=_______________
7. The reflection coefficient 'r' of the line shows how much of the energy supplied at the UP is
being reflected as a consequence of the load decoupling. The reflection coefficient is normally
expressed in percentage and can be determined from the stationary wave ratio through the
following formula: (At 100 KHz 'r' is approx. 1I %)
r =________________
OBJECTIVE#2: FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTIC OF THE LINE.
Frequency of the input signal increases, the line attenuation due to both the ohmic resistance(R)
and the conductance (G) progressively increases because of "Skin effect. The cut off frequency
of the line is defined as the frequency at which the attenuation reaches the level of -3dB compared
to the low frequency level -3dB is approximately down to 70 %.
The purpose of this test is to measure the cut off frequency for the coaxial Line provided in
ST2266. This measurement is performed with terminated line.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust Ri and R
L
for 18 f and 68 D respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make connections as shown in Fig. 14.
3. Set oscilloscope to 0.1 V / div for both channels.
4. Adjust the sine generator for an output of 0.2 V
p-p
(2 div. deflection on CHI) and at
frequency 40 KHz.
5. At this point CHI is reading 2 div. deflections and CH2 is reading 1,6 div. (This is due to
the fix attenuation of the line)
6. Now, vary the frequency of generator gradually keeping the input amplitude constant
(observe CH 1 and maintain 2 div deflection by adjusting AMP VAR control) till the
waveform at the end of 100 m line falls to -3 dB (1.4 div of CH 2 on the oscilloscope).
7. Note, this frequency on the oscilloscope. This frequency is known as the cut off
frequency.
8. For the cable used in this trainer this frequency is approximately 3.5 MHz
Calculate the stationary wave ratio ls' by the following formula: (For 100 KHz ls' is approx.
1.25)
SWR=_______________
7. The reflection coefficient 'r' of the line shows how much of the energy supplied at the UP is
being reflected as a consequence of the load decoupling. The reflection coefficient is normally
expressed in percentage and can be determined from the stationary wave ratio through the
following formula: (At 100 KHz 'r' is approx. 1I %)
r =________________
OBJECTIVE#2: FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTIC OF THE LINE.
Frequency of the input signal increases, the line attenuation due to both the ohmic resistance(R)
and the conductance (G) progressively increases because of "Skin effect. The cut off frequency
of the line is defined as the frequency at which the attenuation reaches the level of -3dB compared
to the low frequency level -3dB is approximately down to 70 %.
The purpose of this test is to measure the cut off frequency for the coaxial Line provided in
ST2266. This measurement is performed with terminated line.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust Ri and R
L
for 18 f and 68 D respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make connections as shown in Fig. 14.
3. Set oscilloscope to 0.1 V / div for both channels.
4. Adjust the sine generator for an output of 0.2 V
p-p
(2 div. deflection on CHI) and at
frequency 40 KHz.
5. At this point CHI is reading 2 div. deflections and CH2 is reading 1,6 div. (This is due to
the fix attenuation of the line)
6. Now, vary the frequency of generator gradually keeping the input amplitude constant
(observe CH 1 and maintain 2 div deflection by adjusting AMP VAR control) till the
waveform at the end of 100 m line falls to -3 dB (1.4 div of CH 2 on the oscilloscope).
7. Note, this frequency on the oscilloscope. This frequency is known as the cut off
frequency.
8. For the cable used in this trainer this frequency is approximately 3.5 MHz
OBJECT #3: PHASE DISPLACEMENT BETWEEN THE CURRENT & VOLTAGE AT
INPUT OF LINE.
The phase displacement between the current & voltage at input of line, under the different load
Conditions viz. matched line, open line and short-circuited line, See Fig. 1a.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust Ri and RL for 18 and 68 respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make the connections as shown in Fig. 1b.
3. A1 resistance in series between the generator and the transmission line as shown, in
Fig.1b allows measuring the value of input current.
4. Set sine wave frequency to 100 KHz (use CRO).
5. Set the oscilloscope to XY mode.
6. Output across 1 is connected to Y and input signal is connected to X.
7. Observe suitable Lissajous pattern on CRO by adjusting V / div of each channel.
OBJECT #3: PHASE DISPLACEMENT BETWEEN THE CURRENT & VOLTAGE AT
INPUT OF LINE.
The phase displacement between the current & voltage at input of line, under the different load
Conditions viz. matched line, open line and short-circuited line, See Fig. 1a.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust Ri and RL for 18 and 68 respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make the connections as shown in Fig. 1b.
3. A1 resistance in series between the generator and the transmission line as shown, in
Fig.1b allows measuring the value of input current.
4. Set sine wave frequency to 100 KHz (use CRO).
5. Set the oscilloscope to XY mode.
6. Output across 1 is connected to Y and input signal is connected to X.
7. Observe suitable Lissajous pattern on CRO by adjusting V / div of each channel.
OBJECT #3: PHASE DISPLACEMENT BETWEEN THE CURRENT & VOLTAGE AT
INPUT OF LINE.
The phase displacement between the current & voltage at input of line, under the different load
Conditions viz. matched line, open line and short-circuited line, See Fig. 1a.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust Ri and RL for 18 and 68 respectively with the help of DMM.
2. Make the connections as shown in Fig. 1b.
3. A1 resistance in series between the generator and the transmission line as shown, in
Fig.1b allows measuring the value of input current.
4. Set sine wave frequency to 100 KHz (use CRO).
5. Set the oscilloscope to XY mode.
6. Output across 1 is connected to Y and input signal is connected to X.
7. Observe suitable Lissajous pattern on CRO by adjusting V / div of each channel.
8. The Lissajous pattern allows measuring the phase displacement between the two signals
through the ratio of the semi axis of the ellipse. The phase displacement is approx. 15 at 100
KHz.
OBSERVATION:
Y
1
Y
2

Fig 1b
RESULT:
a) ________________________________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________________________________
c) ________________________________________________________________________
8. The Lissajous pattern allows measuring the phase displacement between the two signals
through the ratio of the semi axis of the ellipse. The phase displacement is approx. 15 at 100
KHz.
OBSERVATION:
Y
1
Y
2

Fig 1b
RESULT:
a) ________________________________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________________________________
c) ________________________________________________________________________
8. The Lissajous pattern allows measuring the phase displacement between the two signals
through the ratio of the semi axis of the ellipse. The phase displacement is approx. 15 at 100
KHz.
OBSERVATION:
Y
1
Y
2

Fig 1b
RESULT:
a) ________________________________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________________________________
c) ________________________________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 4: Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of
transmission line trainer (ST2266)
Fault localization within the line.
Line under pulsed condition.
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 4: Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of
transmission line trainer (ST2266)
Fault localization within the line.
Line under pulsed condition.
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 4: Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of
transmission line trainer (ST2266)
Fault localization within the line.
Line under pulsed condition.
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
OBJECTIVE 1: FAULT LOCALIZATION WITHIN THE LINE.
The Localization of the faults within the line can be performed following different methods. The
method shown here for performing this test is of special interest, being based upon the use of the
phenomenon of the establishment of stationary waves, Let's assume that the line is broken at
unknown point between two ends.'"If the line is connected to a signal generator, the wave will be
reflected from the break point, and a stationary wave condition is established between the I/P and
the breakpoint. The waves along the line have maximum and minimum points at regular intervals
corresponding to 1/4 of the wave - length of the I/P signal. For the fault to be pinpointed, it is
necessary to determine, the frequency value at which a voltage minimum occurs at the I/P. This
frequency is noted as . The same operation is repeated at the remote end, of broken cable, and
obtaining f2 value. These values are substituted in the following formula:
L=[f2/(f1+f2)]xl
Where,
1= line length in meters
1' = distance in nits of the point of fault referred to the UP -of the line.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connections as shown in Fig. 20 a. Note that the line is broken at 50 m length.
2. Set oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.1 V/ div.
3. Adjust the sine generator for 0/P of 0.4 V p-p (4 div deflection on CH 1).
4, Keep the frequency variable control at the minimum position
5. Gradually increase the frequency and note the frequency at which the signal on CRO falls
to minimum. This frequency is fl.
6. Repeat the test at the other end of the line as shown in Fig. 20 b and note the Frequency at
which signal on CRO falls to minimum. This is 12.
7. Enter these values in the formula and calculate the distance of break point from the I/P.
For the fault generated at 50 m fl and 12 are 900 KHz approx.
Observation:
F1=_________________ F2=_________________
L = _________________ L=_________________
OBJECTIVE-2: LINE UNDER PULSED CONDITION.
If the line is supplied with a pulsed signal and the line is not matched at the ends, the pulses sent
into the line will be more or less reflected as a function of the mismatch. The reflected fraction of
the pulse moves along the line in the opposite direction to the generator and when the
characteristic impedance of the line is not matched to the impedance of the generator it is again
reflected to the other end. The purpose of this test is to study the propagation of the pulse edges
along the line, under different matching conditions viz. open line, short circuited line & matched
line.
Observation:
F1=_________________ F2=_________________
L = _________________ L=_________________
OBJECTIVE-2: LINE UNDER PULSED CONDITION.
If the line is supplied with a pulsed signal and the line is not matched at the ends, the pulses sent
into the line will be more or less reflected as a function of the mismatch. The reflected fraction of
the pulse moves along the line in the opposite direction to the generator and when the
characteristic impedance of the line is not matched to the impedance of the generator it is again
reflected to the other end. The purpose of this test is to study the propagation of the pulse edges
along the line, under different matching conditions viz. open line, short circuited line & matched
line.
Observation:
F1=_________________ F2=_________________
L = _________________ L=_________________
OBJECTIVE-2: LINE UNDER PULSED CONDITION.
If the line is supplied with a pulsed signal and the line is not matched at the ends, the pulses sent
into the line will be more or less reflected as a function of the mismatch. The reflected fraction of
the pulse moves along the line in the opposite direction to the generator and when the
characteristic impedance of the line is not matched to the impedance of the generator it is again
reflected to the other end. The purpose of this test is to study the propagation of the pulse edges
along the line, under different matching conditions viz. open line, short circuited line & matched
line.
PROCEDURE :
1. Adjust Ri, and RL for 18 0 and 68 S2 respectively with the help of DMM.
2 Make connections as shown in Fig.22.
3. Observe the I/P and 0/P wave shapes and also amplitude levels on the Oscilloscope.
4. Now make the load open and repeat the same procedure.
5. Again, repeat the experiment for short-circuited load.
6. Note the observations for all 3 conditions of load and compare them
Observation:
Conditions Waveform
For Matched
Condition
For Open Load
For Short Circuited
Load
Result:
a) ________________________________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________________________________
PROCEDURE :
1. Adjust Ri, and RL for 18 0 and 68 S2 respectively with the help of DMM.
2 Make connections as shown in Fig.22.
3. Observe the I/P and 0/P wave shapes and also amplitude levels on the Oscilloscope.
4. Now make the load open and repeat the same procedure.
5. Again, repeat the experiment for short-circuited load.
6. Note the observations for all 3 conditions of load and compare them
Observation:
Conditions Waveform
For Matched
Condition
For Open Load
For Short Circuited
Load
Result:
a) ________________________________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________________________________
PROCEDURE :
1. Adjust Ri, and RL for 18 0 and 68 S2 respectively with the help of DMM.
2 Make connections as shown in Fig.22.
3. Observe the I/P and 0/P wave shapes and also amplitude levels on the Oscilloscope.
4. Now make the load open and repeat the same procedure.
5. Again, repeat the experiment for short-circuited load.
6. Note the observations for all 3 conditions of load and compare them
Observation:
Conditions Waveform
For Matched
Condition
For Open Load
For Short Circuited
Load
Result:
a) ________________________________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 5: To study the reflectometer and calculate the SWR for a coaxial cable
at different frequencies
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 5: To study the reflectometer and calculate the SWR for a coaxial cable
at different frequencies
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 5: To study the reflectometer and calculate the SWR for a coaxial cable
at different frequencies
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
STUDY OF STANDING WAVE RATIO AND REFLECTION COEFFICIENT:
Standing Wave Ratio: The SWR is usually defined as a voltage ratio called the VSWR (voltage
standing wave ratio) is the measurement of maximum voltage (current) to minimum voltage
(current) on a transmission line and measures the perfection of the termination of the line.
A problem with transmission lines is that impedance mismatches in the cable tend to reflect the
transmitted waves back toward the source end of the cable, preventing all the power from
reaching the destination end. SWR measures the relative size of these reflections. An ideal
transmission line would have an SWR of 1:1, with all the power reaching the destination and no
reflected power. The voltage component of a standing wave in a uniform transmission
line consists of the forward wave (with amplitude ) superimposed on the reflected wave (with
amplitude ).
Reflection Coefficient Reflections occur as a result of discontinuities, such as an imperfection in
an otherwise uniform transmission line, or when a transmission line is terminated with other than
its characteristic impedance. The reflection coefficient is defined thus:
.
For the calculation of VSWR, only the magnitude of , denoted by , is of interest.
The voltage standing wave ratio is then equal to:
OBJECT#1: STUDY OF THE REFLECTOMETER:
PROCEDURE:
Connect the generator to the input of the reflectometer given in figure with a cable of 9cm,
75 . The output marked as OUTSCOPE.
: maximum negative reflection, when the line is short-circuited
: no reflection, when the line is perfectly matched
: maximum positive reflection, when the line is open-circuited
STUDY OF STANDING WAVE RATIO AND REFLECTION COEFFICIENT:
Standing Wave Ratio: The SWR is usually defined as a voltage ratio called the VSWR (voltage
standing wave ratio) is the measurement of maximum voltage (current) to minimum voltage
(current) on a transmission line and measures the perfection of the termination of the line.
A problem with transmission lines is that impedance mismatches in the cable tend to reflect the
transmitted waves back toward the source end of the cable, preventing all the power from
reaching the destination end. SWR measures the relative size of these reflections. An ideal
transmission line would have an SWR of 1:1, with all the power reaching the destination and no
reflected power. The voltage component of a standing wave in a uniform transmission
line consists of the forward wave (with amplitude ) superimposed on the reflected wave (with
amplitude ).
Reflection Coefficient Reflections occur as a result of discontinuities, such as an imperfection in
an otherwise uniform transmission line, or when a transmission line is terminated with other than
its characteristic impedance. The reflection coefficient is defined thus:
.
For the calculation of VSWR, only the magnitude of , denoted by , is of interest.
The voltage standing wave ratio is then equal to:
OBJECT#1: STUDY OF THE REFLECTOMETER:
PROCEDURE:
Connect the generator to the input of the reflectometer given in figure with a cable of 9cm,
75 . The output marked as OUTSCOPE.
: maximum negative reflection, when the line is short-circuited
: no reflection, when the line is perfectly matched
: maximum positive reflection, when the line is open-circuited
STUDY OF STANDING WAVE RATIO AND REFLECTION COEFFICIENT:
Standing Wave Ratio: The SWR is usually defined as a voltage ratio called the VSWR (voltage
standing wave ratio) is the measurement of maximum voltage (current) to minimum voltage
(current) on a transmission line and measures the perfection of the termination of the line.
A problem with transmission lines is that impedance mismatches in the cable tend to reflect the
transmitted waves back toward the source end of the cable, preventing all the power from
reaching the destination end. SWR measures the relative size of these reflections. An ideal
transmission line would have an SWR of 1:1, with all the power reaching the destination and no
reflected power. The voltage component of a standing wave in a uniform transmission
line consists of the forward wave (with amplitude ) superimposed on the reflected wave (with
amplitude ).
Reflection Coefficient Reflections occur as a result of discontinuities, such as an imperfection in
an otherwise uniform transmission line, or when a transmission line is terminated with other than
its characteristic impedance. The reflection coefficient is defined thus:
.
For the calculation of VSWR, only the magnitude of , denoted by , is of interest.
The voltage standing wave ratio is then equal to:
OBJECT#1: STUDY OF THE REFLECTOMETER:
PROCEDURE:
Connect the generator to the input of the reflectometer given in figure with a cable of 9cm,
75 . The output marked as OUTSCOPE.
: maximum negative reflection, when the line is short-circuited
: no reflection, when the line is perfectly matched
: maximum positive reflection, when the line is open-circuited
Apply 75 to the bridge port, marked Zn keeping the part Zx load less.
Turn the potentiometer OUTLEVEL clockwise turn switch HI/LOWto the position HI.
The modulation is not used and so it must b disconnected.
Turn the generator on the frequency meter should indicate 701.5 MHZ; remember that this
frequency can b obtained easily by pressing up and down.
The voltage measured by the voltmeter adjust the OUTLEVEL to take the reading to known
value for example 300 mV
Now connect the second 75 termination to the port marked as Zx, the output decrease to
the zero because the bridge will balance. By varying the frequency the output will
constantly null because behavior of impedances Zn and Zx ill be same at all range of
frequencies
Connect 50 to port Zx the SWR in this case:
75/50=1.5
The reflection coefficient or the ratio of reflected to incident voltages is
= (SWR-1)/ (SWR+1) = 1.5-1/1.5+1=0.2
Connect 100 instead of 50 to the port Zx, the SWR is now 1.333 i.e. the reading of
SWR is slight different as previous one.
OBJECT#2: MEASUREMENT FOR EACH FREQUENCY:
PROCEDURE:
Set the generator at a certain frequency (for example 701.1MHZ) and regulate the
amplitude of the generator to obtain a reading of 300mv. This voltage is the reference
value corresponding to a total reflection at the end.
Connect generator, rho-tector, cables and multimeters as shown in figure below
The ratio of voltages measured with the multimeter to the reference voltages
corresponding to the total reflection is the reflection coefficient of load ZL connected to
the 75 ohms lines. In the theory, being in perfect matching conditions between line and
load (Z0=ZL=75ohms), the reflection coefficient should b null
Insert ZL=50 and 100 ohms with direct load and with transmission line load the reflection
coefficient is different in respect to last case
From the formula: SWR= (1+)/ (1- ), measure at different frequencies.
Apply 75 to the bridge port, marked Zn keeping the part Zx load less.
Turn the potentiometer OUTLEVEL clockwise turn switch HI/LOWto the position HI.
The modulation is not used and so it must b disconnected.
Turn the generator on the frequency meter should indicate 701.5 MHZ; remember that this
frequency can b obtained easily by pressing up and down.
The voltage measured by the voltmeter adjust the OUTLEVEL to take the reading to known
value for example 300 mV
Now connect the second 75 termination to the port marked as Zx, the output decrease to
the zero because the bridge will balance. By varying the frequency the output will
constantly null because behavior of impedances Zn and Zx ill be same at all range of
frequencies
Connect 50 to port Zx the SWR in this case:
75/50=1.5
The reflection coefficient or the ratio of reflected to incident voltages is
= (SWR-1)/ (SWR+1) = 1.5-1/1.5+1=0.2
Connect 100 instead of 50 to the port Zx, the SWR is now 1.333 i.e. the reading of
SWR is slight different as previous one.
OBJECT#2: MEASUREMENT FOR EACH FREQUENCY:
PROCEDURE:
Set the generator at a certain frequency (for example 701.1MHZ) and regulate the
amplitude of the generator to obtain a reading of 300mv. This voltage is the reference
value corresponding to a total reflection at the end.
Connect generator, rho-tector, cables and multimeters as shown in figure below
The ratio of voltages measured with the multimeter to the reference voltages
corresponding to the total reflection is the reflection coefficient of load ZL connected to
the 75 ohms lines. In the theory, being in perfect matching conditions between line and
load (Z0=ZL=75ohms), the reflection coefficient should b null
Insert ZL=50 and 100 ohms with direct load and with transmission line load the reflection
coefficient is different in respect to last case
From the formula: SWR= (1+)/ (1- ), measure at different frequencies.
Apply 75 to the bridge port, marked Zn keeping the part Zx load less.
Turn the potentiometer OUTLEVEL clockwise turn switch HI/LOWto the position HI.
The modulation is not used and so it must b disconnected.
Turn the generator on the frequency meter should indicate 701.5 MHZ; remember that this
frequency can b obtained easily by pressing up and down.
The voltage measured by the voltmeter adjust the OUTLEVEL to take the reading to known
value for example 300 mV
Now connect the second 75 termination to the port marked as Zx, the output decrease to
the zero because the bridge will balance. By varying the frequency the output will
constantly null because behavior of impedances Zn and Zx ill be same at all range of
frequencies
Connect 50 to port Zx the SWR in this case:
75/50=1.5
The reflection coefficient or the ratio of reflected to incident voltages is
= (SWR-1)/ (SWR+1) = 1.5-1/1.5+1=0.2
Connect 100 instead of 50 to the port Zx, the SWR is now 1.333 i.e. the reading of
SWR is slight different as previous one.
OBJECT#2: MEASUREMENT FOR EACH FREQUENCY:
PROCEDURE:
Set the generator at a certain frequency (for example 701.1MHZ) and regulate the
amplitude of the generator to obtain a reading of 300mv. This voltage is the reference
value corresponding to a total reflection at the end.
Connect generator, rho-tector, cables and multimeters as shown in figure below
The ratio of voltages measured with the multimeter to the reference voltages
corresponding to the total reflection is the reflection coefficient of load ZL connected to
the 75 ohms lines. In the theory, being in perfect matching conditions between line and
load (Z0=ZL=75ohms), the reflection coefficient should b null
Insert ZL=50 and 100 ohms with direct load and with transmission line load the reflection
coefficient is different in respect to last case
From the formula: SWR= (1+)/ (1- ), measure at different frequencies.
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 6: To observe the Impedance Transformation property of Transmission
lines
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 6: To observe the Impedance Transformation property of Transmission
lines
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 6: To observe the Impedance Transformation property of Transmission
lines
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMATION
The presence of the standing wave is due to the energy the line if the line is the most, namely it
la open- or short-circuited, the reflection is total.
An ideal line terminated on its characteristic impedance is perfectly transparent: voltage and
current are constant on each of its points and so also the measured impedance is constant.
With standing wave, voltage and current vary along the line, repeating with reduced wave length
in respect to the frequency one, caused by the different propagation speed.
as the voltage and current keep constant at any half wavelength, also when standing wave, are
present, they will be the same at a distance of a whole number of wavelength from the load, so
the impedance to be measured is the one of the mismatched load, whatever the characteristic
impedance is.
if the line is open-circuited, in fact, there is a voltage antinodes, due to the numb of incident and
reflected waves, at half wavelength from its end; if the line is short-circuited there is a node,
namely the voltage is null
But, at a quarter wavelength and with a short-circuited line, there le the same antinodes of an
open line under the: same conditions: we can say that a quarter wave length transforms the
impedance.
As halt wavelength line segment don't transform impedance the same can be applied to 3/4, 5/4,
etc wavelength lines. this is true if the characteristics impedance of the line is always the same,
but if the quarter wavelength segment has different characteristic impedance we obtain the same
behavior, which is a value transformation of the impedance from calculation, we obtain the
formula which gives the ratio between characteristic impedance it of the quarter wavelength
segment and the input and output impedances at and z
0
.
Lets see an application of the above said by using the rho-tector (fig).
apply a signal of 300v with the termination Zn=75 ohm; the line length between
generator and rho-tector is not important, consequently we'll use a cable of 1 m (75 ohm)
connect ex to a cable of 50 ohm (connect at the other end of the cable the female-female
adapter), 43 cm long, which corresponds to 3 half wavelengths around 700 mhz.
Terminate the cable with 75 Ohm and vary the frequency around 701.1 MHz to obtain the
minimum reading on the multimeter. This means, at this frequency, where in matching
conditions, although the line and the load have different Impedance
IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMATION
The presence of the standing wave is due to the energy the line if the line is the most, namely it
la open- or short-circuited, the reflection is total.
An ideal line terminated on its characteristic impedance is perfectly transparent: voltage and
current are constant on each of its points and so also the measured impedance is constant.
With standing wave, voltage and current vary along the line, repeating with reduced wave length
in respect to the frequency one, caused by the different propagation speed.
as the voltage and current keep constant at any half wavelength, also when standing wave, are
present, they will be the same at a distance of a whole number of wavelength from the load, so
the impedance to be measured is the one of the mismatched load, whatever the characteristic
impedance is.
if the line is open-circuited, in fact, there is a voltage antinodes, due to the numb of incident and
reflected waves, at half wavelength from its end; if the line is short-circuited there is a node,
namely the voltage is null
But, at a quarter wavelength and with a short-circuited line, there le the same antinodes of an
open line under the: same conditions: we can say that a quarter wave length transforms the
impedance.
As halt wavelength line segment don't transform impedance the same can be applied to 3/4, 5/4,
etc wavelength lines. this is true if the characteristics impedance of the line is always the same,
but if the quarter wavelength segment has different characteristic impedance we obtain the same
behavior, which is a value transformation of the impedance from calculation, we obtain the
formula which gives the ratio between characteristic impedance it of the quarter wavelength
segment and the input and output impedances at and z
0
.
Lets see an application of the above said by using the rho-tector (fig).
apply a signal of 300v with the termination Zn=75 ohm; the line length between
generator and rho-tector is not important, consequently we'll use a cable of 1 m (75 ohm)
connect ex to a cable of 50 ohm (connect at the other end of the cable the female-female
adapter), 43 cm long, which corresponds to 3 half wavelengths around 700 mhz.
Terminate the cable with 75 Ohm and vary the frequency around 701.1 MHz to obtain the
minimum reading on the multimeter. This means, at this frequency, where in matching
conditions, although the line and the load have different Impedance
IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMATION
The presence of the standing wave is due to the energy the line if the line is the most, namely it
la open- or short-circuited, the reflection is total.
An ideal line terminated on its characteristic impedance is perfectly transparent: voltage and
current are constant on each of its points and so also the measured impedance is constant.
With standing wave, voltage and current vary along the line, repeating with reduced wave length
in respect to the frequency one, caused by the different propagation speed.
as the voltage and current keep constant at any half wavelength, also when standing wave, are
present, they will be the same at a distance of a whole number of wavelength from the load, so
the impedance to be measured is the one of the mismatched load, whatever the characteristic
impedance is.
if the line is open-circuited, in fact, there is a voltage antinodes, due to the numb of incident and
reflected waves, at half wavelength from its end; if the line is short-circuited there is a node,
namely the voltage is null
But, at a quarter wavelength and with a short-circuited line, there le the same antinodes of an
open line under the: same conditions: we can say that a quarter wave length transforms the
impedance.
As halt wavelength line segment don't transform impedance the same can be applied to 3/4, 5/4,
etc wavelength lines. this is true if the characteristics impedance of the line is always the same,
but if the quarter wavelength segment has different characteristic impedance we obtain the same
behavior, which is a value transformation of the impedance from calculation, we obtain the
formula which gives the ratio between characteristic impedance it of the quarter wavelength
segment and the input and output impedances at and z
0
.
Lets see an application of the above said by using the rho-tector (fig).
apply a signal of 300v with the termination Zn=75 ohm; the line length between
generator and rho-tector is not important, consequently we'll use a cable of 1 m (75 ohm)
connect ex to a cable of 50 ohm (connect at the other end of the cable the female-female
adapter), 43 cm long, which corresponds to 3 half wavelengths around 700 mhz.
Terminate the cable with 75 Ohm and vary the frequency around 701.1 MHz to obtain the
minimum reading on the multimeter. This means, at this frequency, where in matching
conditions, although the line and the load have different Impedance
Push keys UP and DOWN together to go back to 701.5 MHz and regulate the sensibility
of the oscilloscope to take the trace to the upper limit of the screen or, Let's suppose to
use a 300 mV value in our examples,

Now connect the second 75 ohm termination to the Port marked as Zx the output will
decrease to zero because the bridge will be balanced. On varying the frequency, the
output will keep constantly zero, because the behavior of impedances Zn and Z
X
will the
same at different frequencies
Connect 50 Ohm to the port Zx. The SWR in this case
75
50
=1.5
The reflection coefficient, or ratio of the reflected to the incident voltage, is
RHO=
SWR-1
SWR+1
=
1.5-1
1.5+1
= .
PROCEDURE:
1. In order to check the 300ohms impedances proceed as follows:
2. Connect generator, Reflectometric Bridge and balun 4:1as in figure the balun transform,
with a ratio 4:1, the impedance at its terminals. The 75 ohms seen by the balun toward the
Reflectometric bridge are transform into 300 ohm to t the balun terminals, and note the
reduction of measured SWR
3. Terminate the balun terminals with the 300 ohms line, terminated with a 300 ohm
resistance too and note a decrease of SWR which is analoguous to the last case
4. The 75 ohms line impedances are checked in a similar way by using a 1:1 balun and the
75 ohm line.
Fig 1 Fig2
OBSERVATION CHART AND RESULTS:
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 7: To observe the frequency response of simple dipoles and folded
dipoles
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 7: To observe the frequency response of simple dipoles and folded
dipoles
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 7: To observe the frequency response of simple dipoles and folded
dipoles
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ____________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ____________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ____________________________________________
Remarks if any : ____________________________________________
Signature : ____________________________________________
FOLDED DIPOLE
Current distribution in the wire which is fed at
one end with high frequency source is
sinusoidal its value will be zero after quarter
wave and then it will change sign and
consequently direction in space
If the segment above the quarter wave is folded
over the quarter wave before it , the current
have the same direction
Frequency Response of the Folded Dipole
In order to measure the Frequency response of the folded dipole we must use the balun 4:1
which transform the impedance from 300 to 75 ohms connect generator rho rector cables and
multi meter as in figure
SIMPLE DIPOLE THIN AND THICK DIPOLE
The simple dipole is one of the basic antennaits characteristic impedance is 73 ohms
Theoretically the dipole length is half wave length I diameter ratio is infinite usually
there is a shorting
Coefficient k(ranging from 0.9 to .99) according to which the half wave length in free
space must be multiplied in order to have the half wave dipole length once the diameter
of conductor
Frequency Response in Simple Dipole
Measurement can be taken in correspondence to the single frequency value or, by using the
sweep for a determine frequency interval
FOLDED DIPOLE
Current distribution in the wire which is fed at
one end with high frequency source is
sinusoidal its value will be zero after quarter
wave and then it will change sign and
consequently direction in space
If the segment above the quarter wave is folded
over the quarter wave before it , the current
have the same direction
Frequency Response of the Folded Dipole
In order to measure the Frequency response of the folded dipole we must use the balun 4:1
which transform the impedance from 300 to 75 ohms connect generator rho rector cables and
multi meter as in figure
SIMPLE DIPOLE THIN AND THICK DIPOLE
The simple dipole is one of the basic antennaits characteristic impedance is 73 ohms
Theoretically the dipole length is half wave length I diameter ratio is infinite usually
there is a shorting
Coefficient k(ranging from 0.9 to .99) according to which the half wave length in free
space must be multiplied in order to have the half wave dipole length once the diameter
of conductor
Frequency Response in Simple Dipole
Measurement can be taken in correspondence to the single frequency value or, by using the
sweep for a determine frequency interval
FOLDED DIPOLE
Current distribution in the wire which is fed at
one end with high frequency source is
sinusoidal its value will be zero after quarter
wave and then it will change sign and
consequently direction in space
If the segment above the quarter wave is folded
over the quarter wave before it , the current
have the same direction
Frequency Response of the Folded Dipole
In order to measure the Frequency response of the folded dipole we must use the balun 4:1
which transform the impedance from 300 to 75 ohms connect generator rho rector cables and
multi meter as in figure
SIMPLE DIPOLE THIN AND THICK DIPOLE
The simple dipole is one of the basic antennaits characteristic impedance is 73 ohms
Theoretically the dipole length is half wave length I diameter ratio is infinite usually
there is a shorting
Coefficient k(ranging from 0.9 to .99) according to which the half wave length in free
space must be multiplied in order to have the half wave dipole length once the diameter
of conductor
Frequency Response in Simple Dipole
Measurement can be taken in correspondence to the single frequency value or, by using the
sweep for a determine frequency interval
MEASUREMENT FOR SINGLE FREQUENCIES
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect generator rho-rector cables and multimeter as in figure set the generator at
701.5 connect the short circuit termination to ZL and regulate the generator to obtain a
reading of 100mv on the multimeter this voltage is a reference value corresponding to
a total reflection situation
2. Remove the short circuit and connect the load ZL constituted by the thick short dipole
3. The ratio of the voltage measured now on the multi meter to the reference on which
corresponds to the total reflection (100mv in the present case ) is the dipole reflection
coefficient in theory coefficient should be null as being in normal matching condition
between line and load (z0-z1=75 ohm) actually a the reflection value RHO will be
measured caused by mismatching
4. from this ratio SWR=
1+rho
1-rho
we can determine the standing wave ratio
5. Repeat above process by replacing thick short dipole to thin long dipole.
6. Repeat above process by replacing thin long to folded dipole shown in figure below
2
0
1
9
1
8
1
7
1
6
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5
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4
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3
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RESULTS:
Center Frequency for the Thin-Long Dipole
Center Frequency for the Thick-Short Dipole
Center Frequency for the Folded Dipole
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 8: To observe the frequency response of the BATWING and
SPIRAL antennas
Name of Student: __________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ______________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : __________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : __________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : __________________________________________________
Remarks if any : __________________________________________________
Signature : __________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 8: To observe the frequency response of the BATWING and
SPIRAL antennas
Name of Student: __________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ______________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : __________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : __________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : __________________________________________________
Remarks if any : __________________________________________________
Signature : __________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 8: To observe the frequency response of the BATWING and
SPIRAL antennas
Name of Student: __________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ______________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : __________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : __________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : __________________________________________________
Remarks if any : __________________________________________________
Signature : __________________________________________________
SPIRAL ANTENNA
The spiral antenna belongs to those antennas which are frequency independent, which
means that they have an extremely large bandwidth.
The spiral antennas can be plane or disc one type, with arms varying from 2 to 6.
The impedance of a spiral antenna with two arms is around 70-100 ohm.
The radiation diagram depends on the number of the arms, and its particularity lies 'In the
fact that, in theory, it is independent. Actually there are asymmetries depending on the
frequency, caused by the finite dimensions of the arms of the spiral.
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF THE SPIRAL ANTENNA
Connect generator, rho-tector, cables and multimeter as in fig.4.19, and repeat measurements
carried, out for the simple dipole (par.4.3.1). All the generator range has a good matching
SPIRAL ANTENNA
The spiral antenna belongs to those antennas which are frequency independent, which
means that they have an extremely large bandwidth.
The spiral antennas can be plane or disc one type, with arms varying from 2 to 6.
The impedance of a spiral antenna with two arms is around 70-100 ohm.
The radiation diagram depends on the number of the arms, and its particularity lies 'In the
fact that, in theory, it is independent. Actually there are asymmetries depending on the
frequency, caused by the finite dimensions of the arms of the spiral.
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF THE SPIRAL ANTENNA
Connect generator, rho-tector, cables and multimeter as in fig.4.19, and repeat measurements
carried, out for the simple dipole (par.4.3.1). All the generator range has a good matching
SPIRAL ANTENNA
The spiral antenna belongs to those antennas which are frequency independent, which
means that they have an extremely large bandwidth.
The spiral antennas can be plane or disc one type, with arms varying from 2 to 6.
The impedance of a spiral antenna with two arms is around 70-100 ohm.
The radiation diagram depends on the number of the arms, and its particularity lies 'In the
fact that, in theory, it is independent. Actually there are asymmetries depending on the
frequency, caused by the finite dimensions of the arms of the spiral.
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF THE SPIRAL ANTENNA
Connect generator, rho-tector, cables and multimeter as in fig.4.19, and repeat measurements
carried, out for the simple dipole (par.4.3.1). All the generator range has a good matching
OBSERVATION CHART
BASE VOLTAGE (Vm) USING THE SHORT CIRCUITED TERMINATOR IS TO SET 300mv
S. No FREQ (In
MHz)
BATWING ANTENNA SPIRAL ANTENNA
Reflection
voltages
RHO SWR Reflection
voltages
RHO SWR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
RESULT: ____________________________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 09: To plot the radiating pattern of THICK SHORT and THIN
LONG dipoles antennas
Name of Student: ___________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: _______________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ___________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ___________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ___________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ___________________________________________________
Signature : ___________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 09: To plot the radiating pattern of THICK SHORT and THIN
LONG dipoles antennas
Name of Student: ___________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: _______________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ___________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ___________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ___________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ___________________________________________________
Signature : ___________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 09: To plot the radiating pattern of THICK SHORT and THIN
LONG dipoles antennas
Name of Student: ___________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: _______________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ___________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ___________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ___________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ___________________________________________________
Signature : ___________________________________________________
RADIATION DIAGRAM
The radiation diagram can be obtained by using the antenna under test both as receiver or
transmitter. In this second case the transmitting antenna is rotated in all directions, with
the same power supplied from the generator, and the received signal strength is measured
for each rotating angle. The result is represented by a diagram.
The Cartesian graph (fig.4.20, with X = angle, Y = voltage referred to the maximum
value) is usually substituted by the POLAR representation (fig.4.21).
The union of these points forms the POLAR DIAGRAM, which represents the variation
of the field transmitted or received by the antenna to or from various directions. The
external circle corresponds to the maximum intensity and the center to the null value.
The behavior of the antenna while receiving or transmitting is the same, so we have ,only
one polar diagram. It allows to "see" the BEAM of the emitted electromagnetic field; the
BEAM WIDTH of the antenna is defined as the angle between the points on the polar
diagram for which the received (or radiated) power is reduced to its half (-3dB).
The electromagnetic field and the antenna behavior must be analyzed in three
dimensions.
In a dipole, for example, the radiated electromagnetic field creates something like the
diagram of fig.4.22 with null value in the arms, and the diagram of fig.4.21 represents
one of its sections for the plane containing the dipole.
The radiation diagram measurement is a very delicate operation, as the field radiated by
the antenna can be reflected by objects and so can reach the receiving antenna from
different directions: the rotation can increase these reflected signals to the maximum and
consequently measurements could be false.
Errors are also caused by the presence of the operator, of the feeder cable, and of the
antenna stands: besides measurements must be carried out in condition of "FAR FIELD",
in other words the distance between transmitter and receiver should be 5-10 times the
wavelength
Actually professional measurements are taken inside special ANECHOIC CHAMBERS';
where there is absence of reflection because their walls absorb the electromagnetic waves
without reflecting them, or outside in very large spaces
RADIATION DIAGRAM
The radiation diagram can be obtained by using the antenna under test both as receiver or
transmitter. In this second case the transmitting antenna is rotated in all directions, with
the same power supplied from the generator, and the received signal strength is measured
for each rotating angle. The result is represented by a diagram.
The Cartesian graph (fig.4.20, with X = angle, Y = voltage referred to the maximum
value) is usually substituted by the POLAR representation (fig.4.21).
The union of these points forms the POLAR DIAGRAM, which represents the variation
of the field transmitted or received by the antenna to or from various directions. The
external circle corresponds to the maximum intensity and the center to the null value.
The behavior of the antenna while receiving or transmitting is the same, so we have ,only
one polar diagram. It allows to "see" the BEAM of the emitted electromagnetic field; the
BEAM WIDTH of the antenna is defined as the angle between the points on the polar
diagram for which the received (or radiated) power is reduced to its half (-3dB).
The electromagnetic field and the antenna behavior must be analyzed in three
dimensions.
In a dipole, for example, the radiated electromagnetic field creates something like the
diagram of fig.4.22 with null value in the arms, and the diagram of fig.4.21 represents
one of its sections for the plane containing the dipole.
The radiation diagram measurement is a very delicate operation, as the field radiated by
the antenna can be reflected by objects and so can reach the receiving antenna from
different directions: the rotation can increase these reflected signals to the maximum and
consequently measurements could be false.
Errors are also caused by the presence of the operator, of the feeder cable, and of the
antenna stands: besides measurements must be carried out in condition of "FAR FIELD",
in other words the distance between transmitter and receiver should be 5-10 times the
wavelength
Actually professional measurements are taken inside special ANECHOIC CHAMBERS';
where there is absence of reflection because their walls absorb the electromagnetic waves
without reflecting them, or outside in very large spaces
RADIATION DIAGRAM
The radiation diagram can be obtained by using the antenna under test both as receiver or
transmitter. In this second case the transmitting antenna is rotated in all directions, with
the same power supplied from the generator, and the received signal strength is measured
for each rotating angle. The result is represented by a diagram.
The Cartesian graph (fig.4.20, with X = angle, Y = voltage referred to the maximum
value) is usually substituted by the POLAR representation (fig.4.21).
The union of these points forms the POLAR DIAGRAM, which represents the variation
of the field transmitted or received by the antenna to or from various directions. The
external circle corresponds to the maximum intensity and the center to the null value.
The behavior of the antenna while receiving or transmitting is the same, so we have ,only
one polar diagram. It allows to "see" the BEAM of the emitted electromagnetic field; the
BEAM WIDTH of the antenna is defined as the angle between the points on the polar
diagram for which the received (or radiated) power is reduced to its half (-3dB).
The electromagnetic field and the antenna behavior must be analyzed in three
dimensions.
In a dipole, for example, the radiated electromagnetic field creates something like the
diagram of fig.4.22 with null value in the arms, and the diagram of fig.4.21 represents
one of its sections for the plane containing the dipole.
The radiation diagram measurement is a very delicate operation, as the field radiated by
the antenna can be reflected by objects and so can reach the receiving antenna from
different directions: the rotation can increase these reflected signals to the maximum and
consequently measurements could be false.
Errors are also caused by the presence of the operator, of the feeder cable, and of the
antenna stands: besides measurements must be carried out in condition of "FAR FIELD",
in other words the distance between transmitter and receiver should be 5-10 times the
wavelength
Actually professional measurements are taken inside special ANECHOIC CHAMBERS';
where there is absence of reflection because their walls absorb the electromagnetic waves
without reflecting them, or outside in very large spaces
Construction of a polar diagram
Set antenna and instruments as in fig.4.23
set the generator to a determinate output level and to the center frequency of the antenna
under test
adjust the dipole length and the sensitivity of the meter to obtain the maximum reading
Rotate the antenna under test and fill a table with the angle (Azimuth) and the
corresponding received amplitude, measured as "number of lighted lads Nix' (fig.4.24).
Calculate the ratio A of the different amplitudes to the maximum one, and fill the table
with these values
Plot the polar diagram, representing A in function of the Azimuth: the obtained diagram
will be similar to the one shown in fig.4.21, where the width of the lobes will depend on
the antenna under test
Construction of a polar diagram
Set antenna and instruments as in fig.4.23
set the generator to a determinate output level and to the center frequency of the antenna
under test
adjust the dipole length and the sensitivity of the meter to obtain the maximum reading
Rotate the antenna under test and fill a table with the angle (Azimuth) and the
corresponding received amplitude, measured as "number of lighted lads Nix' (fig.4.24).
Calculate the ratio A of the different amplitudes to the maximum one, and fill the table
with these values
Plot the polar diagram, representing A in function of the Azimuth: the obtained diagram
will be similar to the one shown in fig.4.21, where the width of the lobes will depend on
the antenna under test
Construction of a polar diagram
Set antenna and instruments as in fig.4.23
set the generator to a determinate output level and to the center frequency of the antenna
under test
adjust the dipole length and the sensitivity of the meter to obtain the maximum reading
Rotate the antenna under test and fill a table with the angle (Azimuth) and the
corresponding received amplitude, measured as "number of lighted lads Nix' (fig.4.24).
Calculate the ratio A of the different amplitudes to the maximum one, and fill the table
with these values
Plot the polar diagram, representing A in function of the Azimuth: the obtained diagram
will be similar to the one shown in fig.4.21, where the width of the lobes will depend on
the antenna under test
Radiation diagram of simple dipole
Set the generator to 701.5 MHz for measurement with short (thin or thick) dipole, to
649.5 MHz for measurements with the long dipole
take measurements following the instruction of paragraph
4.10.1. The results will be similar to those of fig. 4.25
the polar graph is shown in fig.4.26. The dashed circle corresponds to amplitudes which
are 0.707 times (-3 dB) the maximum one. In theory, the values should be symmetrical in
respect to the two axes, actually the beam will present asymmetries, caused by a not
perfectly symmetrical supply or by external reflections.
OBSERVATION CHART
S.No. AZIMUTH
ANGEL
THCK SHORT DIPOLE THICK LONG DIPOLE
NX A=NX/Nmax NX A=NX/Nmax
1 0
2 30
3 60
4 90
5 120
6 150
7 180
8 210
9 240
10 270
11 300
12 330
13 360
RESULTS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 10: To study the Reciprocity theorem for antenna
Name of Student: _________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: _____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : _________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : _________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : _________________________________________________
Remarks if any : _________________________________________________
Signature : _________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 10: To study the Reciprocity theorem for antenna
Name of Student: _________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: _____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : _________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : _________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : _________________________________________________
Remarks if any : _________________________________________________
Signature : _________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 10: To study the Reciprocity theorem for antenna
Name of Student: _________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: _____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : _________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : _________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : _________________________________________________
Remarks if any : _________________________________________________
Signature : _________________________________________________
RECIPROCITY THEOREM FOR ANTENNAS
OBJECT:
To study the Reciprocity theorem for antenna
PROCEDURE:
1. Mount 3-E folded, dipole yagi antenna at the transmitting end. 5-E folded dipole yagi antenna
at the receiving end. (any two antenna can be taken but keeping in mind that both should be of
same polarization)
2. Take the radiation pattern for 3E folded dipole yagi antenna.
3. Now interchanging the transmitting & receiving side antennas.
4. Take the radiation pattern for 5E folded dipole Antenna_
5. You will get the same nature of radiation patterns. It proves the reciprocity theorem.
Note: The facility of changing the antenna at detector side is given for above experiments and to
measure the characteristic of low power Antenna because in detector Antenna only a folded
dipole element and reflector is present. So if we connect 3E folded dipole or 5E folded dipole
antenna, receiving current gets increased.
RECIPROCITY THEOREM FOR ANTENNAS
OBJECT:
To study the Reciprocity theorem for antenna
PROCEDURE:
1. Mount 3-E folded, dipole yagi antenna at the transmitting end. 5-E folded dipole yagi antenna
at the receiving end. (any two antenna can be taken but keeping in mind that both should be of
same polarization)
2. Take the radiation pattern for 3E folded dipole yagi antenna.
3. Now interchanging the transmitting & receiving side antennas.
4. Take the radiation pattern for 5E folded dipole Antenna_
5. You will get the same nature of radiation patterns. It proves the reciprocity theorem.
Note: The facility of changing the antenna at detector side is given for above experiments and to
measure the characteristic of low power Antenna because in detector Antenna only a folded
dipole element and reflector is present. So if we connect 3E folded dipole or 5E folded dipole
antenna, receiving current gets increased.
RECIPROCITY THEOREM FOR ANTENNAS
OBJECT:
To study the Reciprocity theorem for antenna
PROCEDURE:
1. Mount 3-E folded, dipole yagi antenna at the transmitting end. 5-E folded dipole yagi antenna
at the receiving end. (any two antenna can be taken but keeping in mind that both should be of
same polarization)
2. Take the radiation pattern for 3E folded dipole yagi antenna.
3. Now interchanging the transmitting & receiving side antennas.
4. Take the radiation pattern for 5E folded dipole Antenna_
5. You will get the same nature of radiation patterns. It proves the reciprocity theorem.
Note: The facility of changing the antenna at detector side is given for above experiments and to
measure the characteristic of low power Antenna because in detector Antenna only a folded
dipole element and reflector is present. So if we connect 3E folded dipole or 5E folded dipole
antenna, receiving current gets increased.
Angle Folded Yagi Yagi Folded
(Degree) Tx (A) Rx(B) Tx(B) Rx(A)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
RESULTS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 11: Use of Directional coupler in power transmission & reflected
measurement
Name of Student: __________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ______________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : __________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : __________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : __________________________________________________
Remarks if any : __________________________________________________
Signature : __________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 11: Use of Directional coupler in power transmission & reflected
measurement
Name of Student: __________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ______________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : __________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : __________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : __________________________________________________
Remarks if any : __________________________________________________
Signature : __________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 11: Use of Directional coupler in power transmission & reflected
measurement
Name of Student: __________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ______________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : __________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : __________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : __________________________________________________
Remarks if any : __________________________________________________
Signature : __________________________________________________
Connect up the equipment with the horn antenna as the effective load and with the
directional coupler in the forward coupling position as shown in figure 1
The probe diode-detector S detects the power coupled in the forward direction. The depth
of penetration can be adjusted by the nut and should be close to Maximum.
FIG 1: FORWARD DIRECTOR
Adjust the amplifier-detector sensitivity control and if necessary the attenuator to obtain a
reasonable (mid-scale) reading on the meter. Record the detector current in a table similar
to that given above. This result provides a reference directly proportional to the power
incident on the horn antenna load
Next reverse the directional coupler (shown in figure 2) to measure the power reflected
Rum the horn antenna. The directional coupler is now position to couple power flowing
in the reverse direction. and record your results In the table
Connect up the equipment with the horn antenna as the effective load and with the
directional coupler in the forward coupling position as shown in figure 1
The probe diode-detector S detects the power coupled in the forward direction. The depth
of penetration can be adjusted by the nut and should be close to Maximum.
FIG 1: FORWARD DIRECTOR
Adjust the amplifier-detector sensitivity control and if necessary the attenuator to obtain a
reasonable (mid-scale) reading on the meter. Record the detector current in a table similar
to that given above. This result provides a reference directly proportional to the power
incident on the horn antenna load
Next reverse the directional coupler (shown in figure 2) to measure the power reflected
Rum the horn antenna. The directional coupler is now position to couple power flowing
in the reverse direction. and record your results In the table
Connect up the equipment with the horn antenna as the effective load and with the
directional coupler in the forward coupling position as shown in figure 1
The probe diode-detector S detects the power coupled in the forward direction. The depth
of penetration can be adjusted by the nut and should be close to Maximum.
FIG 1: FORWARD DIRECTOR
Adjust the amplifier-detector sensitivity control and if necessary the attenuator to obtain a
reasonable (mid-scale) reading on the meter. Record the detector current in a table similar
to that given above. This result provides a reference directly proportional to the power
incident on the horn antenna load
Next reverse the directional coupler (shown in figure 2) to measure the power reflected
Rum the horn antenna. The directional coupler is now position to couple power flowing
in the reverse direction. and record your results In the table
FIG 2: REVERSE DIRECTOR
For each of the 3 loads work out the following:
power reflection coefficient
voltage reflection coefficient
voltage standing wave ratio VSWR=
FIG 2: REVERSE DIRECTOR
For each of the 3 loads work out the following:
power reflection coefficient
voltage reflection coefficient
voltage standing wave ratio VSWR=
FIG 2: REVERSE DIRECTOR
For each of the 3 loads work out the following:
power reflection coefficient
voltage reflection coefficient
voltage standing wave ratio VSWR=
Comment on the results obtained for each component as regards the degree of matching it
presents to its waveguide teed line. The properties of a waveguide coupler have been
investigated by measuring the ratio of powers coupled in forward and reverse directions for 3
different components. From these results the VSWRs of the components were determined.
Applicators of directional couplers and construction for a typical coupler have also been
considered.
OBSERVATION:
RESULTS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Detector meter current , mA HORN ANTENNA RESISTIVE TERMINATION
Forward director , I
f
Reverse director, I
r
Power reflection coefficient
P
t
/P
i
= I
r
/I
f
= r
2
Voltage reflection coefficient , r
= (I
r
/I
f
)
VSWR, S = 1+r/1-r
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 12:To investigate the radiation pattern of a Rectangular waveguide
Pyramidal horn antenna in polar radiation diagram
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ______________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ______________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ______________________________________________
Remarks if any : ______________________________________________
Signature : ______________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 12:To investigate the radiation pattern of a Rectangular waveguide
Pyramidal horn antenna in polar radiation diagram
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ______________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ______________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ______________________________________________
Remarks if any : ______________________________________________
Signature : ______________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 12:To investigate the radiation pattern of a Rectangular waveguide
Pyramidal horn antenna in polar radiation diagram
Name of Student: ____________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ______________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ______________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ______________________________________________
Remarks if any : ______________________________________________
Signature : ______________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Antennas are essential components in the transmission and reception of radio waves. In the
microwave range highly directive antennas capable of producing the narrow beams required for
the line of sight links and satellite communications can be designed. The horn antenna, whose
radiation characteristics are investigated in this assignment, plays an important role as a radiator
of microwave energy in its own right and also as a primary feed for reflector antennas employed
in microwave radio Lilts and radar.
The directional characteristics of an antenna the directions it radiates energy kilo space - can be
visited graph catty by plotting radiated power density versus angular direction. These polar
plots are known as far-field radiation diagrams, the latter qualifying the condition that
measurements are taken at a sufficiently tar distance from the antenna to represent the
characteristics as dependent primarily on angular direction. Close to an antenna the radiation
pattern is very complex and seldom used in practice. The Far-field conditions are satisfied at
distances,
Where D= Largest antenna and = transmitted wavelength
To fully describe the directional properties ran antenna two radiation diagrams are normally
required: one in the horizontal plane, in the case of the horn antenna this would be the H-
plane with respect to the horn sketched in figure , and one for the vertical plane, the E-
plane in figure a.
A typical radiation diagram for an antenna with directional radiation (and receiving)
properties such as a horn or a parabolic reflector fed by a horn Is shown in figure The
angular Spread on the main beam between points where he power drops to one-half or
by 3 dB from the maximum is known as the 3-db beam width and is an important
measure of an antenna's directivity. Not all radiation is confined to the main beam and
subsidiary beams at lower power levels and known as side-lobes occur. Side-lobes and
spill-over radiation can cause interference in microwave radio systems and their levels
mast be carefully controlled by antenna designers.
INTRODUCTION
Antennas are essential components in the transmission and reception of radio waves. In the
microwave range highly directive antennas capable of producing the narrow beams required for
the line of sight links and satellite communications can be designed. The horn antenna, whose
radiation characteristics are investigated in this assignment, plays an important role as a radiator
of microwave energy in its own right and also as a primary feed for reflector antennas employed
in microwave radio Lilts and radar.
The directional characteristics of an antenna the directions it radiates energy kilo space - can be
visited graph catty by plotting radiated power density versus angular direction. These polar
plots are known as far-field radiation diagrams, the latter qualifying the condition that
measurements are taken at a sufficiently tar distance from the antenna to represent the
characteristics as dependent primarily on angular direction. Close to an antenna the radiation
pattern is very complex and seldom used in practice. The Far-field conditions are satisfied at
distances,
Where D= Largest antenna and = transmitted wavelength
To fully describe the directional properties ran antenna two radiation diagrams are normally
required: one in the horizontal plane, in the case of the horn antenna this would be the H-
plane with respect to the horn sketched in figure , and one for the vertical plane, the E-
plane in figure a.
A typical radiation diagram for an antenna with directional radiation (and receiving)
properties such as a horn or a parabolic reflector fed by a horn Is shown in figure The
angular Spread on the main beam between points where he power drops to one-half or
by 3 dB from the maximum is known as the 3-db beam width and is an important
measure of an antenna's directivity. Not all radiation is confined to the main beam and
subsidiary beams at lower power levels and known as side-lobes occur. Side-lobes and
spill-over radiation can cause interference in microwave radio systems and their levels
mast be carefully controlled by antenna designers.
INTRODUCTION
Antennas are essential components in the transmission and reception of radio waves. In the
microwave range highly directive antennas capable of producing the narrow beams required for
the line of sight links and satellite communications can be designed. The horn antenna, whose
radiation characteristics are investigated in this assignment, plays an important role as a radiator
of microwave energy in its own right and also as a primary feed for reflector antennas employed
in microwave radio Lilts and radar.
The directional characteristics of an antenna the directions it radiates energy kilo space - can be
visited graph catty by plotting radiated power density versus angular direction. These polar
plots are known as far-field radiation diagrams, the latter qualifying the condition that
measurements are taken at a sufficiently tar distance from the antenna to represent the
characteristics as dependent primarily on angular direction. Close to an antenna the radiation
pattern is very complex and seldom used in practice. The Far-field conditions are satisfied at
distances,
Where D= Largest antenna and = transmitted wavelength
To fully describe the directional properties ran antenna two radiation diagrams are normally
required: one in the horizontal plane, in the case of the horn antenna this would be the H-
plane with respect to the horn sketched in figure , and one for the vertical plane, the E-
plane in figure a.
A typical radiation diagram for an antenna with directional radiation (and receiving)
properties such as a horn or a parabolic reflector fed by a horn Is shown in figure The
angular Spread on the main beam between points where he power drops to one-half or
by 3 dB from the maximum is known as the 3-db beam width and is an important
measure of an antenna's directivity. Not all radiation is confined to the main beam and
subsidiary beams at lower power levels and known as side-lobes occur. Side-lobes and
spill-over radiation can cause interference in microwave radio systems and their levels
mast be carefully controlled by antenna designers.
Figure a typical radiation diagram for a directional microwave antenna
One of the most important parameters of an antenna is its gain. Antenna gain compares
the power radiated in the direction of the main beam with that of a hypothetical
antenna radiating equally in all directions. Antenna gain is defined as: G=
Where p = power density W/m
2
radiated by antenna to given direction
Pi=power density radiated equally in all directions=
P = total power radiated
r = distance from antenna
4P
r
2
= surface area of sphere radius
Plot the polar radiation diagram of the horn antenna on polar graph paper, an example 01
which is shown below In figure 2 6.5. 0 is the angular direction and I. the diode detector
output current, is directly proportional to power for small signal levels. Thus a polar plot of I
versus B represents the power radiation diagram.
From the radiation diagram determine the beam width between halt-power points. A (3 dB)
level, which is the angle between points on the polar curve where the power drops to hall
of the maximum gain of the 0 a 0' position
5mA 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 .5mA
FigPolar graph paper for plotting radiation diagram
Interchange transmitter and receiver antennas so their respective roles are charged and repeat
Figure a typical radiation diagram for a directional microwave antenna
One of the most important parameters of an antenna is its gain. Antenna gain compares
the power radiated in the direction of the main beam with that of a hypothetical
antenna radiating equally in all directions. Antenna gain is defined as: G=
Where p = power density W/m
2
radiated by antenna to given direction
Pi=power density radiated equally in all directions=
P = total power radiated
r = distance from antenna
4P
r
2
= surface area of sphere radius
Plot the polar radiation diagram of the horn antenna on polar graph paper, an example 01
which is shown below In figure 2 6.5. 0 is the angular direction and I. the diode detector
output current, is directly proportional to power for small signal levels. Thus a polar plot of I
versus B represents the power radiation diagram.
From the radiation diagram determine the beam width between halt-power points. A (3 dB)
level, which is the angle between points on the polar curve where the power drops to hall
of the maximum gain of the 0 a 0' position
5mA 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 .5mA
FigPolar graph paper for plotting radiation diagram
Interchange transmitter and receiver antennas so their respective roles are charged and repeat
Figure a typical radiation diagram for a directional microwave antenna
One of the most important parameters of an antenna is its gain. Antenna gain compares
the power radiated in the direction of the main beam with that of a hypothetical
antenna radiating equally in all directions. Antenna gain is defined as: G=
Where p = power density W/m
2
radiated by antenna to given direction
Pi=power density radiated equally in all directions=
P = total power radiated
r = distance from antenna
4P
r
2
= surface area of sphere radius
Plot the polar radiation diagram of the horn antenna on polar graph paper, an example 01
which is shown below In figure 2 6.5. 0 is the angular direction and I. the diode detector
output current, is directly proportional to power for small signal levels. Thus a polar plot of I
versus B represents the power radiation diagram.
From the radiation diagram determine the beam width between halt-power points. A (3 dB)
level, which is the angle between points on the polar curve where the power drops to hall
of the maximum gain of the 0 a 0' position
5mA 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 .5mA
FigPolar graph paper for plotting radiation diagram
Interchange transmitter and receiver antennas so their respective roles are charged and repeat
the experiment to obtain the radiation diagram of the second antenna. Compare the two
diagrams and their 3 db beam width.
The gain of an aperture type antenna is given by the formula:
G=
4

A
Where = aperture efficiency A = aperture area
The radiation diagram of Horn antennas has been investigated experimentally using a basic
microwave test bench. The polar radiation diagram has been plotted and the 3dB beam width
of the antenna determined. The measurements taken were In the H-plane and indicated the
horn antenna to have a directive radiation pattern.
P
T
= total power transmitted
P
R =
power received
Or the ratio P
R
/P
T
And utilizing the formula
P
R
=P
T
x G
T
x

4r
2
x G
R
Where G
T
, G
R
= gain of transmitter, receiver antennas which in our case
can be assumed equal.
PROCEDURE:
Switch on the console power supply and X-band oscillator source. Set the
attenuator to a km attenuator setting, typically 40
o
on the attenuator scale, and
turn the amplifier-detector control up to maximum sensitivity.
Align the antennas for the line-of-sight 0
o
position. In this position the
transmitter antenna will be radiating directly in line with the receiver and
correspond to maximum antenna gains and maximum received signal.
Adjust attenuator and detector-amplifier sensitivity to obtain a meter reading close
to full scale deflection. Record this reading
The radiation diagram for the transmitter horn can now be obtained by rotating the
transmitter section from the 0' position through steps of 5
o
up to 40
o
either side of
the 0
o
position,
Record measurement of received signal Level as indicated on the detector meter in
a table such as that given below.
The angle of rotation Q
o
can be set by use of a protractor and aligning the edge of
the transmitter horn at right angles to 0
o
direction as indicated in figure
WARNING!
Do NOT look directly into the transmitter antenna when
taking measurements in this experiment.
Remember, although the power levels produced by the
microwave source In the Trainer are low, microwave radiation
can cause harm and eyes are particularly sensitive.
WARNING!
Do NOT look directly into the transmitter antenna when
taking measurements in this experiment.
Remember, although the power levels produced by the
microwave source In the Trainer are low, microwave radiation
can cause harm and eyes are particularly sensitive.
WARNING!
Do NOT look directly into the transmitter antenna when
taking measurements in this experiment.
Remember, although the power levels produced by the
microwave source In the Trainer are low, microwave radiation
can cause harm and eyes are particularly sensitive.
RESULTS:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Angular
Direction
Diode detector meter reading mA
0
o
5
o
10
o
15
o
20
o
25
o
30
o
35
o
40
o
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 13: To Study the working of Doppler radar and the object counting
with the help of radar
Name of Student: ________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ________________________________________________
Signature : ________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 13: To Study the working of Doppler radar and the object counting
with the help of radar
Name of Student: ________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ________________________________________________
Signature : ________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 13: To Study the working of Doppler radar and the object counting
with the help of radar
Name of Student: ________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ________________________________________________
Signature : ________________________________________________
OBJECT-1:
To Study the working of Doppler radar
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the horn antenna with trans-
receiver unit, with the help of screws.
2. Fit it on the tripod and adjust the
suitable height for experiment.
3. Connect the din connector cable from
trainer board to trans-receiver unit.
4. Switch ON the power supply for trainer
board.
5. Connect a CRO probe on TP 1 and
wave your hand in front of antenna.
Procedure for using software:
1. Install the software and open it.
2. Connect the audio cable from EP socket of TP 1 to Line in input (sound
card input) of PC.
3. Select "Start Acquisition".
4. Now we can observe the waveform on PC. For measurements we have to
select "Stop Acquisition" and then we can measure the frequency and
time by selecting "Experiments".
5. By selecting "Display" we observe the waveform in time domain as well
as in frequency domain.
6. In this way we can perform all the experiments within the suitable distance of 3 to 5
meter.
7. Observe the Doppler frequency on CRO/PC. It is generated because of waving the hand.
We can move any object in front of it Doppler echo's will be that always.
OBJECT-1:
To Study the working of Doppler radar
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the horn antenna with trans-
receiver unit, with the help of screws.
2. Fit it on the tripod and adjust the
suitable height for experiment.
3. Connect the din connector cable from
trainer board to trans-receiver unit.
4. Switch ON the power supply for trainer
board.
5. Connect a CRO probe on TP 1 and
wave your hand in front of antenna.
Procedure for using software:
1. Install the software and open it.
2. Connect the audio cable from EP socket of TP 1 to Line in input (sound
card input) of PC.
3. Select "Start Acquisition".
4. Now we can observe the waveform on PC. For measurements we have to
select "Stop Acquisition" and then we can measure the frequency and
time by selecting "Experiments".
5. By selecting "Display" we observe the waveform in time domain as well
as in frequency domain.
6. In this way we can perform all the experiments within the suitable distance of 3 to 5
meter.
7. Observe the Doppler frequency on CRO/PC. It is generated because of waving the hand.
We can move any object in front of it Doppler echo's will be that always.
OBJECT-1:
To Study the working of Doppler radar
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the horn antenna with trans-
receiver unit, with the help of screws.
2. Fit it on the tripod and adjust the
suitable height for experiment.
3. Connect the din connector cable from
trainer board to trans-receiver unit.
4. Switch ON the power supply for trainer
board.
5. Connect a CRO probe on TP 1 and
wave your hand in front of antenna.
Procedure for using software:
1. Install the software and open it.
2. Connect the audio cable from EP socket of TP 1 to Line in input (sound
card input) of PC.
3. Select "Start Acquisition".
4. Now we can observe the waveform on PC. For measurements we have to
select "Stop Acquisition" and then we can measure the frequency and
time by selecting "Experiments".
5. By selecting "Display" we observe the waveform in time domain as well
as in frequency domain.
6. In this way we can perform all the experiments within the suitable distance of 3 to 5
meter.
7. Observe the Doppler frequency on CRO/PC. It is generated because of waving the hand.
We can move any object in front of it Doppler echo's will be that always.
OBJECT-2:
To study the object counting with the help of radar
PROCEDURE:
a) Assemble the horn antenna with trans-receiver unit, with the help of screws.
b) Fit it on the tripod and adjust the suitable height for experiment.
c) Connect the din connector cable from trainer board to transreceiver unit.
d) Switch ON the power supply for trainer board.
e) Connect a CRO probe or PC Line In cable at TP 1.
f) If you wave your hand from Radar range then it will generate the Doppler echo signal.
g) Now switch ON the object counter.
h) Note as you switch ON the counter with power ON switch then it will take some readings
because oscillators is just started at that time and during the time to get oscillator's output
constant some Doppler echo's are generated.
i) That can be done reset 000 with the help of reset switch.
j) Now pass the object from Radar range or wave your hand as like object is passing.
k) We can compare the number of pulses on the CRO or events captured on CRO with the
number of object passed. Some errors may be occur because of low speed, other reflection,
and also depends on conductivity of objects etc.
l) You can see or observe if objects are small possibility of error is increased.
m) This experiment gives the general working of trainer
RESULTS:
a) _______________________________________________________________________
b) _______________________________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 14: To Study Broad Side Array Antenna
Name of Student: ________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ________________________________________________
Signature : ________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 14: To Study Broad Side Array Antenna
Name of Student: ________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ________________________________________________
Signature : ________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 14: To Study Broad Side Array Antenna
Name of Student: ________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ________________________________________________
Signature : ________________________________________________
OBJECT: To Study Broad Side Array Antenna
Possibly the simplest array consists of a number of dipoles of equal size, equally spaced along a
straight line (i.e. collinear), with all dipoles fed in the same phase from the same source. Such an
arrangement is called a broadside array. The broadside array is strongly directional at right
angles to the plane of the array while radiating very little in the plane.
RESULTS:
a) _______________________________________________________________________
b) _______________________________________________________________________
OBJECT: To Study Broad Side Array Antenna
Possibly the simplest array consists of a number of dipoles of equal size, equally spaced along a
straight line (i.e. collinear), with all dipoles fed in the same phase from the same source. Such an
arrangement is called a broadside array. The broadside array is strongly directional at right
angles to the plane of the array while radiating very little in the plane.
RESULTS:
a) _______________________________________________________________________
b) _______________________________________________________________________
OBJECT: To Study Broad Side Array Antenna
Possibly the simplest array consists of a number of dipoles of equal size, equally spaced along a
straight line (i.e. collinear), with all dipoles fed in the same phase from the same source. Such an
arrangement is called a broadside array. The broadside array is strongly directional at right
angles to the plane of the array while radiating very little in the plane.
RESULTS:
a) _______________________________________________________________________
b) _______________________________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 15: To Study Loop Antenna
Name of Student: ________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ________________________________________________
Signature : ________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 15: To Study Loop Antenna
Name of Student: ________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ________________________________________________
Signature : ________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 15: To Study Loop Antenna
Name of Student: ________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ________________________________________________
Signature : ________________________________________________
OBJECT: To Study Loop Antenna
This antenna consists of signal or multiple loop arrangements. The total loop perimeter is
generally 1/2 wavelength long or multiple. In the basic configuration this antenna has very low
impedance so that it is used only for reception for the reasons of matching efficiency. In order to
raise the impedance our loop antenna model uses a radiating element a two conductor strip line
loop shaped. See fig 44. The current in the opposite side of the arms of the loop add up and
subtract the effects to the radiated wave, so that the radiation diagrams appears to have a rather
odd and unexpected pattern. Typical radiation pattern of this antenna is shown in fig 45.
Normally loop is circular but in our case it is a square loop. Mount the loop antenna on the
transmitting mast using I. shape BNC and proceed for taking reading as in the experiment no 2.
RESULTS:
a) _______________________________________________________________________
b) _______________________________________________________________________
OBJECT: To Study Loop Antenna
This antenna consists of signal or multiple loop arrangements. The total loop perimeter is
generally 1/2 wavelength long or multiple. In the basic configuration this antenna has very low
impedance so that it is used only for reception for the reasons of matching efficiency. In order to
raise the impedance our loop antenna model uses a radiating element a two conductor strip line
loop shaped. See fig 44. The current in the opposite side of the arms of the loop add up and
subtract the effects to the radiated wave, so that the radiation diagrams appears to have a rather
odd and unexpected pattern. Typical radiation pattern of this antenna is shown in fig 45.
Normally loop is circular but in our case it is a square loop. Mount the loop antenna on the
transmitting mast using I. shape BNC and proceed for taking reading as in the experiment no 2.
RESULTS:
a) _______________________________________________________________________
b) _______________________________________________________________________
OBJECT: To Study Loop Antenna
This antenna consists of signal or multiple loop arrangements. The total loop perimeter is
generally 1/2 wavelength long or multiple. In the basic configuration this antenna has very low
impedance so that it is used only for reception for the reasons of matching efficiency. In order to
raise the impedance our loop antenna model uses a radiating element a two conductor strip line
loop shaped. See fig 44. The current in the opposite side of the arms of the loop add up and
subtract the effects to the radiated wave, so that the radiation diagrams appears to have a rather
odd and unexpected pattern. Typical radiation pattern of this antenna is shown in fig 45.
Normally loop is circular but in our case it is a square loop. Mount the loop antenna on the
transmitting mast using I. shape BNC and proceed for taking reading as in the experiment no 2.
RESULTS:
a) _______________________________________________________________________
b) _______________________________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 16: To Study Slot Antenna
Name of Student: ________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ________________________________________________
Signature : ________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 16: To Study Slot Antenna
Name of Student: ________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ________________________________________________
Signature : ________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
Engr. Syeda Aimen Naseem
EXPERIMENT # 16: To Study Slot Antenna
Name of Student: ________________________________________________________________
Roll No.: ____________________________________Group:_____________________________
Date of Experiment : ________________________________________________
Report Submitted on : ________________________________________________
Marks Obtained : ________________________________________________
Remarks if any : ________________________________________________
Signature : ________________________________________________
OBJECT: To Study Slot Antenna
This antenna is constructed in the form of a A./2 long slot in a metal sheet and is fed at the
middle of the slot on opposed sides. The behavior of antenna is similar to dipole and the
polarization is vertical. See fig 54. Recording of the radiation pattern of this antenna requires
therefore the detector to be mounted rotated 900on its axis (receiving antenna vertically) typical
radiation pattern is shown in fig 55. Mount the antenna on the top of transmitting mast take the
readings and draw the graphs as in experiment no 2. Mount the detector antenna vertically using
L Shape BNC on the top of receiver mast and once again take the readings and plot the graph in
vertical plane.
RESULTS:
a) _______________________________________________________________________
b) _______________________________________________________________________
OBJECT: To Study Slot Antenna
This antenna is constructed in the form of a A./2 long slot in a metal sheet and is fed at the
middle of the slot on opposed sides. The behavior of antenna is similar to dipole and the
polarization is vertical. See fig 54. Recording of the radiation pattern of this antenna requires
therefore the detector to be mounted rotated 900on its axis (receiving antenna vertically) typical
radiation pattern is shown in fig 55. Mount the antenna on the top of transmitting mast take the
readings and draw the graphs as in experiment no 2. Mount the detector antenna vertically using
L Shape BNC on the top of receiver mast and once again take the readings and plot the graph in
vertical plane.
RESULTS:
a) _______________________________________________________________________
b) _______________________________________________________________________
OBJECT: To Study Slot Antenna
This antenna is constructed in the form of a A./2 long slot in a metal sheet and is fed at the
middle of the slot on opposed sides. The behavior of antenna is similar to dipole and the
polarization is vertical. See fig 54. Recording of the radiation pattern of this antenna requires
therefore the detector to be mounted rotated 900on its axis (receiving antenna vertically) typical
radiation pattern is shown in fig 55. Mount the antenna on the top of transmitting mast take the
readings and draw the graphs as in experiment no 2. Mount the detector antenna vertically using
L Shape BNC on the top of receiver mast and once again take the readings and plot the graph in
vertical plane.
RESULTS:
a) _______________________________________________________________________
b) _______________________________________________________________________
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
LAB # OBJECTIVE
01 To study different types of transmission and get orientation of the Transmission line (TX-
LINE) and Antenna trainer
02 Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of transmission line trainer
(ST2266)
Characteristics of the line
Input impedance of the line
Attenuation of the line
03 Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of transmission line trainer
(ST2266)
Stationary waves
Frequency characteristic of the line.
Phase displacement between the current & voltage at input of line
04 Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of transmission line trainer
(ST2266)
Fault localization within the line.
Line under pulsed condition.
05 To study the Reflectometer and calculate the SWR for a coaxial cable at different
frequencies
06 To find the characteristics Impedance of a line from observations & To observe the
Impedance Transformation property of Transmission lines
07 To observe the frequency response of simple dipoles and folded dipoles
08 To observe the frequency response of the BATWING and SPIRAL antennas
09 To plot the radiating pattern of THICK SHORT and THIN LONG dipoles antennas
10 To study of reciprocity theorem of antenna
11 Use of Directional coupler in power transmission & reflected measurement
12 To investigate the radiation pattern of a Rectangular waveguide Pyramidal horn antenna in
polar radiation diagram
13 To Study the working of Doppler radar and the object counting with the help of radar on
radar trainer (NV2001)
14 To Study Broad Side Array Antenna
15 To Study Loop Antenna
16 To Study Slot Antenna
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
LAB # OBJECTIVE
01 To study different types of transmission and get orientation of the Transmission line (TX-
LINE) and Antenna trainer
02 Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of transmission line trainer
(ST2266)
Characteristics of the line
Input impedance of the line
Attenuation of the line
03 Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of transmission line trainer
(ST2266)
Stationary waves
Frequency characteristic of the line.
Phase displacement between the current & voltage at input of line
04 Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of transmission line trainer
(ST2266)
Fault localization within the line.
Line under pulsed condition.
05 To study the Reflectometer and calculate the SWR for a coaxial cable at different
frequencies
06 To find the characteristics Impedance of a line from observations & To observe the
Impedance Transformation property of Transmission lines
07 To observe the frequency response of simple dipoles and folded dipoles
08 To observe the frequency response of the BATWING and SPIRAL antennas
09 To plot the radiating pattern of THICK SHORT and THIN LONG dipoles antennas
10 To study of reciprocity theorem of antenna
11 Use of Directional coupler in power transmission & reflected measurement
12 To investigate the radiation pattern of a Rectangular waveguide Pyramidal horn antenna in
polar radiation diagram
13 To Study the working of Doppler radar and the object counting with the help of radar on
radar trainer (NV2001)
14 To Study Broad Side Array Antenna
15 To Study Loop Antenna
16 To Study Slot Antenna
USMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WAVE PROPAGATION & ANTENNAS (EE-412)
SPRING 2014 (CS-LAB)
LAB # OBJECTIVE
01 To study different types of transmission and get orientation of the Transmission line (TX-
LINE) and Antenna trainer
02 Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of transmission line trainer
(ST2266)
Characteristics of the line
Input impedance of the line
Attenuation of the line
03 Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of transmission line trainer
(ST2266)
Stationary waves
Frequency characteristic of the line.
Phase displacement between the current & voltage at input of line
04 Analysis of transmission line with different characteristics of transmission line trainer
(ST2266)
Fault localization within the line.
Line under pulsed condition.
05 To study the Reflectometer and calculate the SWR for a coaxial cable at different
frequencies
06 To find the characteristics Impedance of a line from observations & To observe the
Impedance Transformation property of Transmission lines
07 To observe the frequency response of simple dipoles and folded dipoles
08 To observe the frequency response of the BATWING and SPIRAL antennas
09 To plot the radiating pattern of THICK SHORT and THIN LONG dipoles antennas
10 To study of reciprocity theorem of antenna
11 Use of Directional coupler in power transmission & reflected measurement
12 To investigate the radiation pattern of a Rectangular waveguide Pyramidal horn antenna in
polar radiation diagram
13 To Study the working of Doppler radar and the object counting with the help of radar on
radar trainer (NV2001)
14 To Study Broad Side Array Antenna
15 To Study Loop Antenna
16 To Study Slot Antenna