Michael Krger OMICRON

DIAGNOSTIC MEASUREMENTS ON
ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES


Diagnostic Measurements on Rotating
Electrical Machines
Electrical Measurement Methods - Overview
Insulation Resistance and the Polarisation Index (PI)
Dielectric Response
Capacitance and Dielectric Dissipation (Power) Factor
Partial Discharge (PD) Measurement
Online PD Measurements on a 330MVA Hydro Generator
PD Location
Case Study - Measurements on a Hydro Generator

Page 2


Measurement Method Application Indicated by FRT*
on-/off-
line
Winding Resistance
Contact Problems Broken or
Loose Connections
High Temperatures
(Temperature Sensors or
Infrared Camera)
FRT off
Insulation Resistance
Moisture in the Insulation,
Ageing, Dirt
Routine Test FRT off
Polarisation Index
Moisture in the Insulation,
Ageing, Dirt
Routine Test FRT off
C-tan
Moisture in the Insulation,
Ageing, Dirt
Routine Test FRT off
*F=Fingerprint, R=Routine, T=Troubleshooting
Electrical Measurement Methods I
PAGE 3


Measurement Method Application Indicated by FRT*
on-/off-
line
Partial Discharge
Measurement (offline)
Voids in the Insulation, Discharges at
the inner and outer Corona
Protection and at the End Windings
Routine Test FRT off
Partial Discharge
Measurement (online)
Voids in the Insulation, Discharges at
the inner and outer Corona
Protection and at the End Windings
Routine Test FRT on
Frequency Response
Analysis (FRA)
Shorted Turns and Ground Faults on
Claw Pole Rotors, broken Damper
Bars
Routine Test FRT off
Impedance Measurement
Shorted Turns and Ground Faults on
Claw Pole Rotors
Routine Test FRT off
*F=Fingerprint, R=Routine, T=Troubleshooting
Electrical Measurement Methods II
PAGE 4
Diagnostic Measurements on Rotating
Electrical Machines
Electrical Measurement Methods - Overview
Insulation Resistance and the Polarisation Index (PI)
Dielectric Response
Capacitance and Dielectric Dissipation (Power) Factor
Partial Discharge (PD) Measurement
Online PD Measurements on a 330MVA Hydro Generator
PD Location
Case Study - Measurements on a Hydro Generator

Page 5
Insulation Resistance Measurement
Page 6
Measurement Time Current
U-VWE 60 s 25.9809 nA
Measurement Time Current
U-VWE 600s 3.7637 nA
PI = 25.98 / 3.76 = 6.9

Time Constant
Page 7
dry
humid
Diagnostic Measurements on Rotating
Electrical Machines
Electrical Measurement Methods - Overview
Insulation Resistance and the Polarisation Index (PI)
Dielectric Response
Capacitance and Dielectric Dissipation (Power) Factor
Partial Discharge (PD) Measurement
Online PD Measurements on a 330MVA Hydro Generator
PD Location
Case Study - Measurements on a Hydro Generator

Page 8
Dielectric Response
Combination of PDC and FDS
Page: 9
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
n
A
]

Zeit [s]
Trans-
formation
Frequency [Hz]
V
e
r
l
u
s
t
f
a
k
t
o
r



0,001
0,001
1
1000
1000 1
100
1
Frequenz [Hz]
T
a
n

D
e
l
t
a

1000
1
0,001
0,1
1. f > 0,1 Hz
Frequency Domain
2. f < 0,1 Hz
Time Domain
3. Transformation of the Time
Domain Data into the
Frequency Domain

Polarisations- und
Depolarisationsstrom
PDC
Frequency Domain
Spectroscopy
FDS
FDS / PDC Measurement
Page 10
FDS / PDC Measurement with 2 Channels
Page 11
FDS Result
Page 12
PDC Result
Page 13
Diagnostic Measurements on Rotating
Electrical Machines
Electrical Measurement Methods - Overview
Insulation Resistance and the Polarisation Index (PI)
Dielectric Response
Capacitance and Dielectric Dissipation (Power) Factor
Partial Discharge (PD) Measurement
Online PD Measurements on a 330MVA Hydro Generator
PD Location
Case Study - Measurements on a Hydro Generator

Page 14
Measurement of Dielectric Losses
Page 15
Dielectric losses in insulating systems (tan )
conducting losses (tan
C
)
polarization losses (tan
P
)
partial discharge losses (tan
PD
)
tan = tan
C
+ tan
P
+ tan
PD
Dielectric losses: tan = f (U)
Tip-Up Test according to IEEE 286 Tan-Delta Test according to IEC 60894
Tip-Up Test (IEEE 286)
Page 16

Tan-Delta Test (IEC 60894)
Page 17

Test Equipment
Page 18

C-Range with 2 CR500
Page 19

LC
f
LC
C
L

2
1 1 1
= = =
L = 20H
Test Current with different Inductors
Page 20
0 H 80 H 40 H 26.6 H = 80 II 40
cap
ind
Test Setup C-Tan-Delta Measurement
Page 21
Diagnostic Measurements on Rotating
Electrical Machines
Electrical Measurement Methods - Overview
Insulation Resistance and the Polarisation Index (PI)
Dielectric Response
Capacitance and Dielectric Dissipation (Power) Factor
Partial Discharge (PD) Measurement
Online PD Measurements on a 330MVA Hydro Generator
PD Location
Case Study - Measurements on a Hydro Generator

Page 22
PD Fault in Head Windings
Page: 23
VATech Hydro Austria
Cross-Coupling in
the Stator Winding
Page 24
CORE
L1
L2
L3
neutral
3 2 1 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 36 35 34 33 32
E
E
H
PD
Capacitive Coupling Inductive Coupling Capacitive & Inductive
Coupling
Capacitive Coupling Inductive Coupling
Capacitive & Inductive Coupling to the coils
of the same phase
Capacitive & Inductive Coupling to the coils
of other two phases
PD Measurement
with 3 Synchronous Channels
Page 25
L1
L2
L3
L1
L2
L3
Inner PD source
L1>L2>L3
3PARD
ti meframe
1 s
Interne TE Quelle in
der L1 Wicklung
3PARD = 3 Phase Amplitude Related Diagram
Synchronous 4-Channel PD Measurement
Phase U
1
-U
2
Page 26

Channel 1 = U1
Page 27
Channel 2 = U2
Page 28
Channel 3 = V1


Channel 4 = W1
Page 29
PD Calibration Matrix
Page 30

Cal Input 2nC 1 2 3 4
1 1.00 0.28 0.30 0.27
2 0.37 1.00 0.30 0.28
3 0.27 0.09 1.00 0.28
4 0.27 0.07 0.30 1.00
Channel
Synchronous 4-Channel PD Measurement
without Filtering
Page 31

U1 U2
V W
3PARD
Page 32

3PARD = 3 Phase Amplidude Related Diagram
or in this case:
3 Channel Amplitude Related Diagram
U1
U2
V
Synchronous 3-Channel PD Measurment
with 3PARD Filtering - Cluster A
Page 33
A
U1
U2
V
Synchronous 3-Channel PD Measurment
with 3PARD Filtering - Cluster B
Page 34

B
U1
U2
V
Simultaneous Measurement of PD,
Capacitance and Tan Delta
Page 35
Simultaneous
Measurement of
PD, Capacitance
and Tan Delta
Page 36
Simultaneous Measurement of PD,
Capacitance and Tan Delta on U-VWE
Page 37
C-tan und PD Levels + PRPD at 23 Voltage Levels in
approx. 6 Minutes
Diagnostic Measurements on Rotating
Electrical Machines
Electrical Measurement Methods - Overview
Insulation Resistance and the Polarisation Index (PI)
Dielectric Response
Capacitance and Dielectric Dissipation (Power) Factor
Partial Discharge (PD) Measurement
Online PD Measurements on a 330MVA Hydro Generator
PD Location
Case Study - Measurements on a Hydro Generator

Page 38
Measurement Setup
Page 39
Coupling Capacitors
PD Coupler
Page 40
PD Instruments
connected to
the Couplers
Page 41
Calibration
Page 42
PD Measurement without Filtering
Page 43
PD Measurement with 3PARD Filtering
Page 44
PD Coupler with Small Capacitances
Page 45
PD Coupler with 220pF
Page 46
5.5nC on UVW
5.5nC an XYZ
9nF an UVW 100kHz-900kHz
220pF an UVW 3.5MHz-4.5MHz
9nF an XYZ 100kHz-900kHz
9nF an UVW 100kHz-900kHz
220pF an UVW 3.5MHz-4.5MHz
9nF an XYZ 100kHz-900kHz
Calibration Signal at HV
Calibration Signal at the
Star Point
Diagnostic Measurements on Rotating
Electrical Machines
Electrical Measurement Methods - Overview
Insulation Resistance and the Polarisation Index (PI)
Dielectric Response
Capacitance and Dielectric Dissipation (Power) Factor
Partial Discharge (PD) Measurement
Online PD Measurements on a 330MVA Hydro Generator
PD Location
Case Study - Measurements on a Hydro Generator

Page 47
PD Measurement on a 6kV Generator
Page 48
PD Measurement on a 6kV Generator
Page 49
Hochspannung U
Sternpunkt X
Kopplung am Wickelkopf in V und W
PD at End Corona Protection
Page 50
PD at End Corona Protection
Page 51
Diagnostic Measurements on Rotating
Electrical Machines
Electrical Measurement Methods - Overview
Insulation Resistance and the Polarisation Index (PI)
Dielectric Response
Capacitance and Dielectric Dissipation (Power) Factor
Partial Discharge (PD) Measurement
Online PD Measurements on a 330MVA Hydro Generator
PD Location
Case Study - Measurements on a Hydro Generator

Page 52
Generator
Page 53
Dielectric Response with FDS
Page 54
Dielectric Response with PDC
Page 55
Drying of the Winding with 250A
Page 56
Drying of the Winding with 250A
Page 57
Winding Resistance Measurement with 100A
Page 58
0.0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
U
V
W
Fault: Broken Soldered Joints
Page 59
Measurement of the Dielectric Response
Before and After Drying (FDS - tan)
Page 60
vor Trocknung
nach Trocknung
tan
[%]
Measurement of the Dielectric Response
Before and After Drying (FDS - Capacitance)
Page 61
before drying
after drying

c [F]
before drying: C (1mHz) / C (50Hz) = 14.3
after drying: C (1mHz) / C (50Hz) = 2.5
Measurement of the Dielectric Response
Before and After Drying (PDC)
Page 62
before drying
after drying
PD Measurement
Phase U-X

Page 63
PD Measurement Phase U-X at 2.5kV
Page 64
U
X
Location of the PD Fault with Ultrasonic
Page 65
PD Fault
Page 66
Repair of the PD Fault
Page 67
PD Measurment U-X After Repair
Page 68
U
X
Dismounted
Rotor
Page 69
Dirt in the End Windings
Page 70
Dirt in the End Windings
Page 71
After Cleaning the End Windings
Page 72
After Cleaning the End Windings
Page 73
Identification of Phase U with a Contactless
Voltage Checker (300V AC on U1)
Page 74
Ultrasonic Measurement No US-Signal !
Page 75
PD Test Phase U up to 6400V
Page 76
Breakdown at 6400V
PD Test Phase U up to 6400V
Page 77
Location of the Breakdown (Smoke with 2A)
Page 78
Lower or Upper Bar ? (I = 2A)
Page 79
0.01A
2.04A
Cutting out the Faulty Coil
Page 80
New Soldering Joints
Page 81
Insulated Soldering Joint
Page 82
Repaired Winding
Page 83
FDS Phase U Before and After Repair
Page 84
before repair
and drying
before repair
after drying
after repair
FDS Phase U Before and After Repair
Page 85
before repair
and drying
before repair
after drying
after repair
michael.krueger@omicron.at
Questions and Remarks?